More From This User
Related Docuements
South African-developed PBMR will ensure that nuclear is the power ...
Article on viability of nuclear energy using South African-developed PBMR tec...
From Rudolph Pretorius
Nuclear power plants Subject: POWER PLANTENGINEERING
Unit 6 : NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Q1
-
State factors affecting the site selection of nuclear power plantsAns:
Site selection and evaluation are a crucial part of establishing a nuclearpower programme and can be significantly affected by
costs
and
publicacceptance.
While site selection of a nuclear power plant, the aim is to protect theplant against
external threats
as well as to minimize any
environmentaldetriments and threats
that might arise from it.Some important factors while site selection:
1.
Use of land and water area
:
Construction is not allowed on shore zonesbelonging to the coastal area of a sea or of a water system which wouldotherwise affect ecology.
2.
Availability of nuclear fuel, cooling water
: The site should be such that thefuel required for nuclear power generation such as uranium and others should beavailable near the site or transporting such fuel should not be difficult and timeconsuming. Also PWR, BWR mostly use light water H
2
O as their coolant as well asmoderator so water facility should be available near to the site and in plenty.
3.
Population and sources of livelihood in the region:
A nuclear power
plantsite
extends to about a kilometers’ distance from the facility. It is defined as anarea where only power plant related activities are allowed as a rule. Permanentsettlement is prohibited and only very limited employee accommodation orrecreational settlement is allowed.
4.
Human activities and human facilities:
In the plant’s vicinity there may notbe facilities or population centres where the necessary protective measures, suchas sheltering indoors or evacuation, would be difficult to implement. In theplant’s vicinity, no activities may be carried out that could pose an external threatto the plant. The general principle in the siting of nuclear power plants is to havethe facilities in a sparsely populated area and far away from large populationcentres. What justifies placement in a sparsely populated area is that emergencyplanning will then be directed at a smaller population group and will thus beeasier to implement. The licensee responsible for the operation of the nuclearpower plant shall have authority of decision over all activities in the area andshall be able to remove unauthorised individuals from the site, if necessary, orprevent such individuals from entering it. The plant site may contain other non-facility related activities provided that they do not pose a threat to plant safety
5.
External threats and environmental threats:
Examples of exceptional naturalphenomena include• Freezing or other clogging of the cooling water intake
•
Storms
•
Flood
6.
Seismic area evaluation:
Earthquake is a biggest threat to nuclear power plantand hazardous accidents might take place if the earthquake strikes the site.
Department of Mechanical Engg – Part time Degree classes 1
Nuclear power plants Subject: POWER PLANTENGINEERING7.
Transport arrangements and Traffic arrangements:
Transport system to theplant should be smooth and should not affect the working of plant due to delaysin transporting necessary material, men etc to the plant. A traffic lane maytraverse the site if the volume of traffic is small and if traffic can be directedelsewhere, if necessary. Visits onsite are allowed provided that the licensee hasthe possibility to control the movement of visitors.
8.
Radioactive releases
: Radiation is harmful to human life as well as ecology. Itcauses harmful effects and diseases to human life. According to the radiationexposure, limit on population around the plant is selected. When radiation dosesto the surrounding population are calculated, the region’s special characteristics—hydrological, geological and meteorological— as well as the living conditions andhabits of the population shall be considered.
9.
Protective zone:
The plant site is surrounded by a
protective zone
extendingto about a five kilometres’ distance from the facility. Land use restrictions are
inforce within the zone. Dense settlement and
hospitals or facilities inhabited orvisited by a
considerable number of people are not allowed
within the zone. Thezone may not contain such
significant productive activities as could be affectedby an accident at the nuclear power plant.
The number of permanent inhabitantsshould
not be in excess of 200. The number of persons
taking part in recreationalactivities may be
higher, provided that an appropriate rescue plan
can be drawnup for the area.
10.
Supply of electric power:
Reliable electric power transfer to the national gridand specific factors relating to the security of supply of electric power.
Q2- Draw a neat sketch of nuclear reactor and State various components of nuclear reactor.Ans:
A nuclear reactor is a device in whichnuclear chain reactionsare initiated,controlled, and sustained so that heat will be produced continuously which can befurther utilized for power generation.
•
A nuclear power plant uses the heat generated by a nuclear fission process todrive a steam turbine which generates usable electricity.
•
Fission is the splitting of atoms into smaller parts. Some atoms, themselves tiny,split when they are struck by even smaller particles, called neutrons. Each timethis happens more neutrons come out of the split atom and strike other atoms.This process of energyrelease is called a chain reaction.
•
Control rods, moderators, shielding, piping arrangements make nuclear reactoras a whole
Q3 – Explain with neat sketch working of Pressurized water reactor
.
Department of Mechanical Engg – Part time Degree classes 2
Nuclear power plants Subject: POWER PLANTENGINEERING
Ans: The pressurized water reactor is a light water type reactor i.e. the moderatorand coolant are both light water (H2O).Fuel used in PWR is enriched uranium U
235
in form of thin plates.
Figure:Working:
•
The cooling water circulates in two loops namely primary loop (water) andsecondary loop (water and steam), which are fully separated from one another.
•
The primary circuit water is continuously kept at a
very high pressure
andtherefore it does not boil even at the high operating temperature. (Hence it isnamed as pressurized water reactor.)
•
Constant pressure is ensured with the aid of the
pressurizer
(expansion tank).(If pressure falls in the primary circuit, water in the pressurizer is heated up byelectric heaters, thus raising the pressure. If pressure increases, colder coolingwater is injected to the pressurizer. Since the upper part is steam, pressure willdrop.)
•
The primary circuit water transfers its heat to the secondary circuit water in thesmall tubes of the steam generator; it cools down and returns to the reactorvessel at a lower temperature.
•
Since the secondary circuit pressure is much lower than that of the primarycircuit, the secondary circuit water in the steam generator starts to boil.
•
The steam goes from here to the turbine. When steam leaves the turbine, itbecomes liquid again in the condenser, from where it is pumped back to thesteam generator after pre-heating.
•
Normally, primary and secondary circuit waters cannot mix. In this way it can beachieved that any potentially radioactive material that gets into the primarywater should stay in the primary loop and cannot get into the turbine andcondenser. This is a barrier to prevent radioactive contamination from gettingout.
Department of Mechanical Engg – Part time Degree classes 3
of 00
Power Plant Engg- Nuclear Power Plants
3,585 Reads
Info and Rating
| Category: | Uncategorized. |
| Rating: | (12 Ratings) |
| Upload Date: | 03/06/2009 |
| Copyright: | Attribution Non-commercial |
| Tags: |
Leave a Comment
Case for Iran's Civil Nuclear Program - The Truth Obscured by Western Hypocrisy - http://bit.ly/84Q5hF
i want 2007 or 2008 papers of [power plant engineering of mechanical engineering