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encewascomfortableorfun.Besidesthe discomfortingchallengestoourpresentwaysofthinking,feelingandactinginvolvedinthepresentationsmentionedabove,therewerethosemomentsofdeeplypersonalstatement;ofangercryingouttobehearddeeplyandnotjustsuperficially;offrustratedhopehopingyetenoughtosetbeforeusagainavisionthatmaynot,afterail,bebeyondourgrasp.Icherishthosemomentstoo.Sometimesevenmorethanthehappytimes,theymeanhope.Hopehangsnearourpersonalfrontiers.Pushingthosefrontiersisrough,butoh,sorewarding.Chicagoanswhoparticipatedinthehope-fulhurtneededSusanSavell'swords,sungthefollowingSundayatGoodShepherdParishMCC:
Aletterfromtheeditor
TheissuesinvolvedinourChristo-logicalcrossroadsareinterrelated.ThewordofSobrinoinElSalvador,CardenalinNicaragua,andahostofotherLatinAmericans,mustaffectourChristology.Somustthevoicesofthird-worldpeopleamongus.LikeReneeMcCoy.Herpower-fulpiece,"RaceandtheLesbian/GayCommunity,"alsoappearsinthisissue.BothpaperswerepresentedattherecentConferenceontheFutureofFaithsponsoredbythisjournalatNorthwesternUniversity,Chicago.Bothwerefollowedbyanimatedanddeeplyreflectivediscus-sion.Allowusafewmorewordsaboutthatevent.FeministtheologianRosemaryRadfordRuetherofferedananalysisofentrenchedanddefensivepatriarchyex-pressedasmysogynyamongchurch-men,evengaychurchmen,particularlyin thosehigh-churchtraditionsthatcontinuetorefuseordinationtowomen.Shecomparedthedynamicsofthatphenom-enontohomophobia,and,duringherengagingthreehourswithus,tracedamultitudeoftheimplicationsofpatriarchaldomination,respondingtoa.widerangeof questionsasthoughthey'dbeenpresentedtoherinadvance.JoanClark,firedbytheUnitedMethodistWomen'sDivisionwhenshecameoutandnowDirectoroftheEcumenicalWomen'sCenter,Chicago,presentedanoutlineoftheNewRightinreligion.Workshopsfocussedonstructureandcommunity,sexuality,newformsofworship,strugglingwiththeBible,men'sandwomen'sissuesandmore.Participantssharedtimesofcentering,play,worshipandmusicthroughout.TheweatherandLakeMichiganwatertemperaturecouldn'thavebeenmoreagreeabletoourcon-cludingpicnic.Ifyoumissedtheevent,chancesarewe'lldoitagain!Notthateveryminuteoftheconfer-INHISIMPORTANTbookbythesame title,JonSobrinoaddresseswhathecalls"ChristologyattheCrossroads."Apriest inElSalvador,Sobrinohasinmindthehumanliberationissues,andtheirpoliticalconsequences,facingpeopleoffaithinLatinAmerica.Thefeminists'propheticcritiqueofourfaithtraditionbringsustoanothercrossroadsinChristology.Inthisissue, KarenZiegleraddressesthedilemmain"JesusAccordingtoaLesbian."Heartsopenslowly,soslowlyUnfoldliketheflowerSingthesongsofthedove.Heartsopensurely,sosurely,MilkandhoneywillflowForthehungrytolove.
THEGAYCHRISTIANisatheo- logicaljournaloftheUniversalFellowshipofMetropolitanCom-munityChurches.Itspurposeistobuildcommunityamongpeopleoffaithwhohappenalsotobegay,women,ormembersofothersexualminoritiesbyprovidingatheolog- icalsoundingboardandrelevantecumenicalnews.TGCwriters speakforthemselves;theirview-pointsdononecessarilyrepresentanyofficialpolicy,position,ordoctrineofUFMCC.
Sometimestheslowly-openingheartsareourown.Wehopeyou,too,valuetheconflict occasionedbynewvisionsoflife-pos- sibilityandfaithaffirmation--asthey requireusagaintorethink,tofeeland experienceandreflect.Ifyoudo,TGCis publishedspeciallyforyou.Ifyouhaven't subscribedforyourselforafriendwho'll valueTGC,whynotdosorightnow?Nextissue,we'llreviewsomeimportant newandnot-so-newliterature.Therewill beareviewofJohnBoswell'slong-awaited Christianity,SocialToleranceandHomo-sexuality.SteveCarsonwillreviewElainePagels'TheGnosticGospels.Andbyway ofareviewofPaulSpike'sPhotographsofMyFather,we'lltrytotakeanotherlook atthedisturbingmurderofRobertSpike--sevenyearsafterhisson'sengrossingbiography.
Materialinthismagazineisoriginalunlessotherwisenoted.Pleasecredit THEGAYCHRISTIANwhenquoting fromus.Contentsarecopyrightedandmaynotbereproducedorextensivelyquotedwithoutpermission.
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TGC:2
I
 
Beyondcliches:
Ahistoryoflesbianoppression
~RlANNElANFOSSEN
FORMANYYEARSIacceptedwithoutquestionanoraltraditionthattiedthecauseoflesbianoppressionintheUnitedStatesprimarilytosexualpreferenceandsecondarilytogender.Ibelievedsimul-taneouslythecliches"wewereburnedatthestake"and"wewereignored."These apparentlycontradictorystatementsholdin tensiontheessenceofthelimitationofallwomenwithinWesternandrocentriche-gemony.Ahistoricalanalysisoflesbianoppressionrevealsthistensionandin-extricablytiesthelimitationofwomen'seroticoptionstoallotherrestrictionsimposedonwomen.InheroverviewofLesbianAmericanHistory,LisaDugganpointsoutthatinordertounderstandtheoppressionofthelesbianintheUnitedStatesitisnecessarytoexaminethebackgroundofinfluencesshapingtheattitudesofthepopulation.AcompletestudywouldthereforeincludeananalysisofAfrican,NativeAmericanandEuropeantradition.
1
Sincelittleinfor-mationisavailableonAfricanattitudes,andsincebothAfricanandNativeAmericanculturesweredrasticallyalteredbycontactwithEuropeanculture,thissurveywillfocusonWesternattitudestowardswomenandlesbianpractice.PriortothecommoneraandthebeginningsofChristianity,lesbianpracticewaseithernottakenseriouslyorignored.JaneRulein
LesbianImages
statesthatwhilethereismuchevidenceofmalehomosexualityinAncientGreece,thereislittledirectevidenceoflesbianism.MalesamesexrelationswereconsideredthehighestexpressionsofloveinthattheywerenottaintedbywhattheGreeksconsideredastheulteriormotiveofre-production.Heterosexualintercoursetoprocreatewasperformedasadutytothestate.However,Rulewrites:
MarianneVanFossen
is
astudentatUnionTheologicalSeminary,NewYork,andan exhorteroftheMetropolitanCommunityChurchofPhiladelphia.
WhattheGreeksfeltaboutlesbianpractice isnot...welldocumented,exceptwhatcan bepiecedtogetherofSappho'slifeandwork.
astoryof"admonitionagainstallsinsof excessandidolatryaswellasamoral explanationofthedisasterofcitiesactually destroyedbyearthquakeandfire.,,8It wasnotuntilthesecondcenturyBCEin otherHebrewwritingsthatmalehomo- sexualactsbecameregardedasthecauseofthedestructionofSodomandGomorrah. Atthattime,Hellenicculturewasbeingbrutallyinsinuatedand"theJewswereagainfightingtopreservetheirculture." ThatPaul,inhisconcernforthespiritualandrejectionofthesexual, includedlesbianpracticeintheonepossible NewTestamentreferencetothatactivityis debatablegiventheambiguityofRomans1:26-27.However,earlyChristianswere accusedofimmoralbehaviorthatincludedmaleandfemalesexualexpressionsoflove:Christianbehavioraldoctrinethereforebecamerigid,and"Jesus'doctrineoflove becameadoctrineofchastity.t'"MedievalChristianattitudesonsexual- ityarerootedfirmlyinneo-Platonism.As McNeillpointsoutin
TheChurchandtheHomosexual,
"theearlyFathersoftheChurchtendedtoaccepttheplatonicandstoicbody-minddualism."Themaleprinciple,reason,isidentifiedwiththe soul,andthefemaleprinciplewiththe body.Womenaresubordinatetomeninthatreasonismorespiritual,morepure, thanthebody.WomenbecameresponsiblefortheFall,andEvebecamethegreattemptress.
10
Churchmen,concernedwithwomen's sexuality,turnedtheirattentionspecificallytolesbians.JohnChrysthom
thoughtlesbianpracticeevenmoredis- gracefulthanhomosexualityamongmenbecausewomenshouldhavemoreshame thanmen,presumablybecausewomenwere sexuallyresponsiblefortheFall.
ThatlesbianpracticewasformerlyignoredisexplicitlyreflectedinaletterfromAugustinetohissister,asuperiorofa religiousorder:RulefeelsthatsincethesexeswerelargelysegregatedandconsideringtheevidenceofSappho'seroticattachmentstoherstudentsinherschoolforwomenontheIslandofLesbos,"ancientGreecewasobviouslya bisexualculture"forwomenandmen.
2
IntheMiddleEast,Rulereportsthatmanycountriesviewedhomosexualityasamatterof"tasteand
custom.t"
Malehomosexualitywasinsomecountriescompletelyacceptable.Lesbianismintheseextremepatriarchieswasnotaproblematicalphenomenon,sincethechoiceofawomanforawomanwasconsideredalesserchoice,expedientifnomenwereavailable.fButIsraeldidnotacceptmalehomo-sexuality.Israelwasatribalnomadicnationlongerthanotherancientsocieties, andthuswasmoreconcernedwithsurvival. Sincefertilitywasthoughttorestinthemale,samesexrelationsbetweenmenwerefelttoendangertribalsurvival,andwerecondemnedaswas"anystrongpleasurewhichcoulddistractpeoplefromvigilance."
5
Additionally,malehomosexualpractice wasassociatedwithvariouspaganculturessurroundingIsrael,andagainstwhichtheIsraelitesstruggledtokeeptheirterritoryandtheiridentity.ButtherearenolawsagainstlesbianpracticeintheHebrewScriptures.WomenwerecompletelysubjugatedandindeedwerechattelinAncientIsrael:Theirbehaviorwasnotmonitoredbylegalstatutesexceptwhenitviolatedmalepropertyrights,asinthecasesofadultery.
6
AccordingtoRule,onlyinlaterrabbinicallawaretherefoundproscriptionsagainstlesbianpractice:"Malehomosexualswerestillstonedtodeathwhilelesbians weresimplydisqualifiedfrommarriagewithapriest.?"SodomandGomorrah,usedforcenturiestolegitimatepersecutionofhomosexualmenandwomen,wasoriginallyTGC:3
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