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‘mfiKAuN ijhf kOVf scu’
 
 dfs nUM afpxy (JUiTaF dy jQy ivcNo) Cyk lYx dI hI iZwl sI ik vydFqI jI ny afpxI  sMpfdnF vfly guriblfs pusqk qy afp hI lfeI rok nUM vfps lYx dI KLbr aKLbfrF  ivc Cpvf idwqI . dfs dy mn ivc ivsLvfsL bx igaf ik jLrUr koeI gMBIr gurmiq  ivroDI Byq hY jo guriblfs nUM CyqI qoN CyqI Dfrmik gRMQ bfxfAux qy jLor lwg irhf hY ? aslIaq lwBx leI Aus pusqk nUMN vDyry iekfgRqf nfl pVqflxf sLurU kr idqf . acncyq hI bicqR nftk ivclI lAU kusLU nUM gurU nfnk sfihb jI dy vzwky drsf  rhI gfQf jhI 
Identical
khfxI njLrIN cVHI. iDafn nfl ivcrfn qoN ajyhy qwQ  iml gey ijs qoN XkIn bxdf hY ik bicqR nftk vI guriblfs pfqsLfhI dI lVI  ivc ilKy Ausy ilKfrI dI hI ikRq hY. BUimkf ivc vydFqI jI dy ilKy anusfr, guriblfs pfqsfhI 6 dI kQf aTfrvIN sdI Aus smyN qoN iswK jgq ivc sxfeI jf  rhI hY jdoN dsm gRMQ df ajy iksy ny ijLkr qwk vI nhI sI suixaf. ijs dI bfxI df  kIrqn aqy aKMz pfT kIqf jf rhy hox Aus gRMQ df jnmdfqf AuhI guriblfs  pfqsLfhI 6 jo gurmiq dI pCfx imtf dyx dI XojnF aDIn iliKaf hox sbwboN hI Aus  qy rokF lfAuxIaF peIaF? hyTF tUk ivc vydFqI jI dI aQvf zf: amrjIq isMG dI klm qoN pd arQ ilKy  hox qoN spwsLt hY ik AunHF dohF Bwdr pursLF ny ies gfQf nUM ghu nfl piVaf  ivcfiraf hoieaf hY. iPr kI kfrn hY ik sRI akfl qKLq dy muKI isK Drm dy  sMBflU bx bYTy igafnI joigMdr isMG jI vydFqI muK pujfrI ny aqy sLhId imsLnrI  kflj ivc hyTly drjy dy pRoPLYsr zf: amrjIq isMG nUM kyvl ies guriblfs dI 
 sMpfdnF krn dy ienfm vjoN hI ‘aMDyr ngrI idaF copt rijaF ny’ ipRMsIpl bxf 
 idqf hY. dohF ny bicqR nftk dI ies duKdfeI Gft nUM iks XojnF aDIn lukfeI  riKaf ? awj qwk ikAuN nf ies nUM sfry isK jgq dI ivcfr gocrf kIqf ? ikqy ieh  dovyN "mhF purK"
RSS
pRqI koeI guwJI vPLfdfrI qF nhIN inBf rhy ? siqgurU nfnk sfihb jI dI bKLsLsL df sdkf jo kuJ smiJaf qy suiJaf ilK ky  suihrd guurmuKF dI syvf ivc Byj irhf hF . dfs nUM kfhlI nfl eysy XojnF aDInN 
‘Cyikaf’ GOsLq kIqf dfs nfl sbMDq ho rhIaF puwCF dI buCfV dy AWuqr ivc ieh 
 kihx jogy bxy rhIey-
‘Aus Cyky hoey dI gwl asF nhIN suxnI (jy sux leI qF 
 sfzIaF 21 kulF nrkF ivc jf pYxIaF ny ?) so ies lyK qoN psInF Qf BfvyN igitaF 
 
 qfeIN af jfvy ‘isMG sfihbI’ toly ny krnf ‘QU Q’U hI hY . AunHF koloN gurmiq dy 
 anusfr iksy syD jF inaF dI afs, kwlr mfrI DrqI ivcoN aMbF dy bfgL dI afs 
 rwKx quwl hY. guriswKI nUM cVdI klf vl nUM ‘moVf pf quiraF’ vyKx/suxn dI lflsf 
 sMBflI bYTy 85 sflf ies kmjLor bwuZVy dI bfhF KVIaF krky duhfeI hY, hy pMQ  drdI gurmuK swjx jIE ! myry inmfxy dy ies suJfa/jodVI pwqr dI hr dlIl ghu  nfl ivcfr ky AusfrU nqIijaf vflI Xojn GVn leI-" hoie iekqR imlhu myry BfeI  duibDf dUir krhu ilv lfie ]" gurU hukm dI pflxf krn ivc iZwl nf kro . ikqy  smf eynf agFh nf lMG jfvy ik icVIaF rihMdf Kyq vI cug jfx ? ies Aumry jd-" sqir kf miqhIxu asIhF kf ivAuhfru n pfvY ]" gurU vfk vI idno idn asr ivKf  irhf hovy dfsry qoNN keI BuwlF hoeIaF hoxgIaF. inmfxy syvk nUM BuwlV jfx ky suDfr  kr lYxf jI . gurmiq anusfr jIvn bqIq kr rhy gurmuKF dI crn DUV:- dfsrf  gurbKLsL isMG  pihlF lVI vfr 4 lyK-(1) gurmiq df igafqf, sMsikRq df mhFn ivdvfn, vyd purfx afid Drm gMQF df jfxkfr, ihMdUaF df gurU, Auc kotI df ivdvfn  sRI gurU gRMQ sfihb jI dy pfvx srUp ivc arQ BrpUr ivafpkqf rUpI mfx vflf 
…[[
 pUjX bRfhmx jI srbwq nUM swjx bxf rhy anUpm gurmiq igafn df pwkf vYrI  ikAuN ikvyN ? ihMdU Drm dI ivsLysLqf- Bfrq ivcly sfry DrmF qoN pihlF pRgt hoey bVy ivsLfl 'ihMdU' Drm dI, bfkI DrmF qoN awzrI iek ivsLysLqf ieh vI hY ik ies Drm nUM buwD, ieslfm jF eIsfeI Drm vFg iksy iewk mhFpurK, pYgLMbr aQvf rwb dy byty ny nhIN  sgoN 'bRfhmx' ny afp hI clfieaf aqy bRfhmx gurU hI ies dI sMBfl krdf af  irhf hY. eyhI kfrn hY ik ihMdU Drm awj vI Ausy Xwug ivc Kloqf hoieaf hY ijs  Xwug ivc -(A)- Bgvfn hnUMmfn jI ny DrqI nfloN lwKF guxf vzy idnIar-{"idn  mih rYix rYix mih idnIaru Ausn sIq ibiD soeI ]"(879)} iBafnk agnI dy  aQfh BMzfr, kRoVF mIl dUr, asmfnI cmkdy-'sUrj' nUM kiQq qOr qy jMmidaF hI  ijAuN df iqAUN ingl ilaf sI.-(a)- sMsfr ivc Guwp hnyrf ho jfx krky DrqI 
 
 mfqf dI PLirafd qyy dyviqaF qoN afpxI Ausqiq sux ky Bgvfn hnUmfn jI ny sUrj  dyvqy nUM AuvyN df AuNvyN hI mUMh ivcoN bfhr kwZ idwqf-(e)-jdoN agsq munI ny smuMdr  pI ky ipsfb rfhIN kiZaf qF sfrf pfxI (imwTy qoN) Kfrf ho igaf ?-(s)-jdoN qoN  bRfhmx jI ny cUihMaF nUM afpxy cyilaF leI pUjnIk bxfieaf aQvf-(h)-jdoN qoN  lwut nIqI nfl GVy krmkFzI inXwmF dI pfbMdI ihMdUaF leI nrkI duKF qoN Cutkfry  df aqy surgF dI prfpqI df sfDn bx geI ? (Auprokq vrnx sfry njLfry awj vI 
TV
 qy vyKy jf skdy hn)
 ies ‘scfeI’ nUM ‘JUTlfieaf nhIN jf skdf ik krmkFzI 'mfieaf 
-jfl' sMsfr dy  lg Bg sfry bfRhmxf leI asMKF rupwXy afmdn df sdIvI sfDn bx cwuikaf hY. ihMdUaF dy hr Gr df pRoihq bx cuwkf hox dy kfrn ihMdU DrmIaF dI DOx duafly  bRfhmx gurU dI pkV ajyhI sKLq pY cuwkI hY ik hjLfrF sflF qoN lok BfvyN krvqu (afry) nfl cIry jFdy rhy-"arD srIru ktfeIaY isir krvqu Drfie ]" pXRfg  ivcly bVH dy rwuK nfl 'ltk-muey {hvflf-1974 ivc Cpy BfsLf ivBfg pMjfb 
 pitaflf df ‘mhfn kosL’
- sPLf 802 kflm qIjf}, lMmy smy qwk dy jpF qpF nfl  aMg sukf ley aQvf bRfhmx dy khy anusfr dyvI dyviqaF dI pRsMnqf leI byaMq 
 kurbfnIaF idwqIaF, jIAUNdy icKf ivc bYT sVy/sVIaF, ‘gAUmyD’, ‘asÍmyD, ‘nrmyD’
 afid jwgF ivc mnuwKF smyq byaMq jIaF dIaF kurbfnIaF idwqIaF, aQvf 'pUjf Bytf,(dMzI suafmI anusfr) dfn rUp lwut-coNG' qoN byaMq Dn lutfieaf, pr kdy iksy ny  bRfhmx dy "krm-Drm" rUpI duKdfeI pMKz-{"krm Drm pfKMz jo dIsih iqn jmu  jfgfqI lUtY ]"(787)} bfry jLrf vI ikMqU nf kIqf. 624-
BC
ivc (Bfv awj qoN  lg Bg 3200 sfl pihlF) jnmy mhfqmf buwD ny (ies mhfqmF jI dy 'isDfrQ,''sLfkÎmunI' , 'gOqm'
 nfm vI hn) bRfhmx dI phuMc qoN bfhrf ‘buwD Drm’
 clf ilaf, jo bVy vzy sLkqI sLflI rfj Bfg df mflk vI bx igaf pr bRfhmx dy  krm-bMDnF vwl AuNgl nf cuwk sikaf. Bfv, mhfqmf gOqm buwD ny bRfhmxF dy  insPl Brm jfl ivc PsI luwtI jFdI gLrIb jnqf nMU krm-DrmF dI aslIaq qoN  jLrf vI sucyq nf kIqf. BfeI gurdfs jI df kQn-"suxI pukfr dfqfr pRBu gurU nfnk jg mfih pTfieaf" Brm jfl ivc PsI duiKafrI jnqf dy idlF dI hfl duhfeI sux ky dfqfr pRBU jI  ny-"imqI 20 vYsfK sMmq 1526 (15 apRYl sn 1469) "nUM rfie Buie dI qlvMzI (ajokf nnkfxf sfihb aQvf nfnikafxf -ijLlf sLyKLUpurf pfiksqfn) ivKy mihqf 
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