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www.veterinaryworld.orgVeterinary World Vol.1, No.9, September 2008www.veterinaryworld.orgVeterinary World Vol.1, No.9, September 2008
Nutrigenomics: Emerging face of molecular nutrition toimprove animal health and production
K.B. Kore, A.K. Pathak and Y.P. GadekarCentre of Advanced Studies in Animal Nutrition,Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243 122, India.
Introduction
Traditional research related to animal nutritionis mainly deals with either deficiency or excess ofthe particular nutrient which leads to ill health as wellas decreased animal production. But genomicrevolution has propelled the development of severalnew technologies that can be applied in nutritionalsciences (
Collins,et.al.,
2003). New techniques likegenomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and bioinfor-matic are now making their ways to solve theintervening puzzle between nutrient and genes(Daniel, 2002).This era of newer technologies have thepotential to improve the nutritional assessment andmeasures of bioavailability of various nutrients to getsustainable livestock production. The application ofthese innovative tools and the concepts developedfrom genomic studies assures to revise the thinkingof researches engaged in nutritional science toimprove animal health and ultimately the production.(Dawson, 2006)Since, recently various clinical trials deals withnutritional research have proved the relationshipamong diet, health, disease and production. Its wellknown fact that dietary deficiency, imbalance ofnutrients and or excess of diet has a profound effectleads to ill health indicative of that dietary compoundhave direct effects on molecular processes whichultimately change the gene expression. Advancementin nutritional science discovered that nutrients or theirmetabolites can regulate the various bodily functionsdirectly or by stimulating or inactivating specificregulators. Hence, to study the nutrient generelationship or interaction between genomics andnutrition, nutrigenomics has been introduced in thenutrition research (Mariman, 2006).
Nutrigenomics Concept
DellaPenna, in 1999, who defines first timenutritional genomics as the general approach to genediscovery that is currently most applicableto compounds of nutritional importance that aresynthesized or accumulated by plants and otherorganisms (Ordovas and Corella, 2004). It is ascience which deals with role of nutrient in geneexpression or their interrelationship.According to
Chavez,et.al.
(2003) Nutrige-nomics is the study of molecular relationshipsbetween nutritional stimuli and the response of thegenes. Müller and Kersten, (2003) defined thenutrigenomics as ‘the application of high-throughputgenomic tools in nutrition research. Applied wisely, itwill promote an increased understanding of hownutrition influences metabolic pathways andhomeostatic control; how this regulation is disturbedin the early phase of a diet-related disease, and towhat extent individual sensitizing genotypescontribute to such disease.’
Nutrient Gene Interaction
The diet has long been regarded as a complexmixture of natural substances that supplies both theenergy and building blocks to develop and sustainthe organism. However, nutrients have a variety ofbiological activities. Some nutrients have been foundto act as radical scavengers known as antioxidantsand as such are involved in protection againstdiseases. Other nutrients have shown to be potentsignalling molecules and act as nutritional hormones(Müller and Kersten, 2003). Some of the plantsecondary metabolites also known asphytochemicals act as a modulator of animal healthand production.Many diseases and disorders are related tosuboptimal nutrition in terms of essential nutrients,imbalance of macronutrients, or event toxicconcentrations of certain food compounds. There aremultietioetiological diseases which are due tointeraction of different nutrients along with severalgenes (Mariman, 2006). Due to remarkablediversity in all living beings differences in fooddigestion, nutrient absorption, metabolism, andexcretion have been observed and genetic
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