Human Rights Q&A

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vkŒl tcGit
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ar;cGe;f ESi thf ajzrsm;
1
HREIB
Author: Aung Myo Min
Director, HREIB
Layout &
Design By: Lwin Moe
Published By: Human Rights Education Institute of

Burma (HREIB)
Address: P.O.Box 37, Chiang Mai University Post

Office, Chiang Mai, 50202, Thailand.
E-Mail: hreburma@loxinfo.co.th
Web Site: http://www.hreib.org
First Edition: 2000 copies, August 2002.
© Aung Myo Min
All rights reserved. This work may be reproduced,

provided that no commercial use is made of it and the
author is acknowledged.
Funded by the Open Society Institute (OSI)
2
trSmpm
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tcGit hf a&;rsm;ta=umif;udk em;vnfoabmaygu, f rkH #ru rdryd wf0ef;usiw f iG f
vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_ wpHkwckjzpfyGm;ygu rnfonfhvkyfief;pOfrsdK;jzifh
ta&;,l aqmif&Gufwdkif=um;Edkifa=umif;udkyg od&Sdtaumiftxnfazmf
vkyaf qmifwwf&ef vdyk gonf? od@k ro S m csKd ;azmufc&H aomolrsm;tm; tultnD
ay;Edik rf nfjzpfovdk csKd ;azmuforl sm;udvk nf; oufqikd o f vkd ta&;,laqmif&u G f
Edkifrnfjzpfonf? vl@tcGifhta&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;awmif;qdk=uolwdkif;onf
w&m;a&;qdik &f mtxl;u|r;f usio f rl sm;rjzpfEikd af omfvnf; odoifo h xd u kd o f nfh
vkyif ef;pOfrsm;ESihf umuG,rf r_ sm;udk od&x dS m;&efvt kd yfonf?
vl@tcGithf a&; ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdik if )H u usi;f yðyvkycf ahJ om vl@

tcGithf a&; oifwef;wkid ;f wGif oifwef;wufa&muforl sm;u Edik if w H um vl@
tcGifhta&; umuG,fr_ vkyfief;pOfrsm; ta=umif;udk ydkrdkavhvmvdka=umif;
xkwaf zmfajymqd=k uygonf? us,jf yef@vaS om Edik if w
H umtqifh vl@tcGit hf a&;
umuG,fr_vkyfief;pOfrsm;ESifh ,E W,m;rsm;ta=umif;udk vG,fvG,fulul
em;vnfEikd af prnfph mtkyrf sKd ; a&;om;&eftwGuf t}uHOm%frsm; ay;cJ=h uygonf?
xd@k twGuaf =umifh vl@tcGit hf a&;oifwef;rsm;twGi;f vl@tcGit hf a&;

umuG,rf v _ yk if ef;pOfEiS yhf wfoufI trsm;qH;k ar;avhar;x&Sad om ar;cGe;f rsm;udk
rSwfwrf;wifpkaqmif;um ,ckpmtkyftwGif;wGif xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf?
xdkar;cGef;rsm;ESifhtwl tudkufnDtoifhawmfqHk; tajzrsm;udkvnf; ajz=um;
xm;ygonf? tcsdK@tajzrsm;udk ,leq D ufu xkwaf 0cJah om Human Rights
Questions and Answers pmtkyfrS rSDjiif;xm;ygonf? vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh
ywfoufI txl;odrSwfavhvmvdkolrsm;twGuf vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fr_
3
vkyfief;pOf ta=umif;udk Tpmtkyfzwfjcif;jzifh taxmuftulðyEdkifrnf[k
ar#mfvifhygonf?
TpmtkyfatmifjrifpGma&;om;Edkifa&;twGuf tzufzufu 0dkif;0ef;

ulnaD y;cJo
h nfh vl@tcGit hf a&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdik if )H rS ±H;k 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf
vl@tcGit
hf a&;oifwef;rsm;udv k ufwyGJ @kd csaeaom oifwef;yd@k csaeolrsm;tm;vH;k
tjyif aiGa=u;axmufyu Hh n l cD ahJ om Burma Project - Open Society Insti-
tute tm; aus;Zl;txl;wif&y dS gonf? txl;ojzifh ar;cGe;f rsm;udk ar;jref;pkaqmif;
ay;cJo
h nfh vl@tcGit
hf a&; tqifjh rifeh nf;jyoifwef; (2002) ckEpS rf S oifwef;ol/
oifwef;om;rsm;. ulnrD u _ kd rSwwf rf;wif*% k ðf ytyfygonf?
atmifrsKd ;rif;
'g±ukd w
f m
vl@tcGifhta&;ynmay;Xme (jrefrmEdkifiH)
=o*kwvf / 2002 ckEpS f
4
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vl@tcGifhta&;Oya' 14
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pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGit
hf a&; 27
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vlrsKd ;a&;tajccHI cJjG cm;qufqrH _ 33
trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&; 36
uav;oli,fqdkif&mtcGifhta&; 41
vlenf;pkrsm; 43
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vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;umv 50
wOD;csif;wdkif=um;r_rsm; 55
txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sdrsm; 58
vl@tcGifhta&;r[mrif;}uD;±Hk; 63
tjynfjynfqdkif&mtvkyform;tzJG@csKyf 65
tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzJG@tpnf;rsm; 70
vl@tcGifhta&;ynmay; 72
vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; 75
5
vlŒtcGifhta&;
Ô vl@tcGifhta&;qdkonfrSmtb,fenf;?
vlom;wdk@onf arG;zGm;vmuwnf;u wlnDaom*k%foduQmESifh

tcGifhta&;wdk@jzifh arG;zGm;vmcJh=uonf? vlom;jzpfaoma=umifh wlnDaom
*k%o f u
d mQ rsm;&S=d u+yD; xd*k % k o
f u d mQ &S&d dS aeEdik &f eftwGuf vdt k yfaom t&mrsm;
onf vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;yifjzpfonf? vlom;wa,muf touf&Sifaexdkif
Edik af &;ESihf *k%o
f u d mQ &S&d dS aexdik Ef ikd af &;twGuf r&Srd jzpf vdt k yfaom t&mrsm;udk
vl@tcGit hf a&;[lI a,bl,stm;jzifh t"dym` ,fziG q hf Ekd ikd of nf?
vlom;wd@k onf vlom;jzpfaeaom tcsuaf =umifh xdt k &mrsm;udk vl

wOD;csi;f wa,mufcsi;f wdik ;f ydik q f ikd af eonf? rnfow l @kd jzifo
h m oufqikd o
f nf/
rnfow l @kd uawmhjzifh cHpm;cGirhf &S[
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odr;f ydu
k I f r&acs? Edik if aH wmftpd;k &w&yfu xdt k &mrsm;udk Edik if o H m;wOD;OD;tm;
cHpm;cGirhf ay;onfw h ikd af tmif vlom;wa,muf jzpfaoma=umifh xdt k &mrsm;udk
xdkEdkifiHom;u cHpm;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
xdt
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hf a&;rsm;jzpfonf[I l wGiw
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a&;qJ&G mwGif xdt
k ,ltqrsm;udk aqG;aEG;I xnfo h iG ;f a&;qJG jyXmef;vmcJ=h u
onf? w&m;Oya't& tumtuG,af y;&rnfh t&mrsm;tjzpf todtrSwf
ðyvmcJh=uonf?
6
Ô vlt
@ cGit
hf a&;t,ltqrsm;onf wuBmvH;k ESihf
tñuH;0ifygovm;?
,cktcsed wf iG f vl@tcGit hf a&;[lI rdrwd @kd wGiw f iG u

f s,u f s,f ajymqdk
aeaom vlom;wd@k . *k%o f ud mQ ESihf wef;wlnrD #rw _ @kd tay: wefz;kd xm;onfh
t,l tqrsm;udk a&S;,cif uwnf;u wnf&cdS ahJ om bmoma&;t,ltqrsm;/
tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;/ ,Ofaus;r_ xH;k pHrsm;twGi;f wGif awG@jrifEikd o f nf?
vl@tcGit
hf a&;[laom pum;vH;k udk 'kw, d urBmppf aemufyikd ;f rSom wGiw f iG f
us,uf s,f ajymqdo k ;kH pJv
G mjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; vltcGit hf a&;ESihf oufqikd o f nfh
t,ltqoabmw&m;wdk@udk a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif toGiftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh
vufcHusifhoHk;vmcJh=uonf? xdkt,ltqESifh qifwlaom t,ltqrsm;udk
vlom;wd@k . ,Ofaus;r_aygi;f pH/k xH;k wrf;"avhrsKd ;pHwk @kd wiG f awG@Eikd of nf?
a&S;a[mif; vlrt _ zJ@G tpnf;rsm;t=um;wGif “rdrt d ay:qufqv H okd nfh

yHpk t
H wdik ;f tjcm;vlrsm;udk rdru d pwifqufqyH g” [laom xH;k xrf;pOfvmrsm;udk
vufuikd pf GJ usio hf ;kH cJ=h uonf? [dELN a0'usr;f pmrsm;/ Ak'b < mom a[m=um;
csurf sm;/ bmbDv;kd eD;,rf;wd@k . [mrl&mbD ud"k Oya'usr;f rsm;/ c&pf,mef orRm
usr;f pmrsm;/ tpPvmrf ud&k rfusr;f pmrsm;ESihf uGejf zL;&Syf tqdt k rde@f rsm;wGif yg0if
aom vlom;wd@k apmifx h rd ;f &rnfh ud,
k u
f siw
hf &m;rsm;rSm ,ckajymqdak eonfh
vl@tcGit hf a&; t,ltqwefz;kd rsm;. tESpo f m&rsm;yif jzpfonf?
Ô xdw k efz;kd rsm;onf vufawGw

@ iG f b,fvt
kd ajctaersdK;
&SdaeygovJ?
vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh vl@*k%foduQmrsm;tm; todtrSwfrðyr_rsm;udk

,ae@wikd f &ifqikd f awG@jrif&vsu&f adS omfvnf; vlom;wdik ;f onf wlnrD &_ o
dS nf
[laom t,ltqudk vGefcJhaom &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif vufcHusifhoHk;
7
vmcJo h nf? 18 &mpkEiS hf 19 &mpkumvtwGi;f rsm;u Oa&mywdu k w f iG f “vlonf
vlom;jzpfaom obm0w&m;a=umifh tcGifhta&;ydkifqdkifcGifh &Sdonf? EdkifiH
wEdkifiH. EdkifiHom;jzpfaoma=umifh/ vlrsdK;ESifh bmoma&;tkyfpk0ifjzpfaom
ta=umif;tcsurf sm;a=umifh rnforl S tcGit hf a&; ydrk ykd ikd q
f ikd cf iG rhf &S”d [laom
obm0tcGit hf a&; (Natural Rights) t,ltqay:xGe;f cJo h nf? vlom;wdik ;f
wef;wljzpfonf [laom t,ltqudk a&S;ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmxJu xdkobm0
tcGifhta&;Oya'xJwGif vufcHcJh+yD;om; jzpfonf? odk@aomf vpfvsL&_r_rsm;/
tpJrG sm;ESihf wef;wlnrD #ru _ kd vufrcHonfh rSm;,Gi;f aom t,l0g'rsm;a=umifh
cJjG cm;zdEydS rf r_ sm;onf ,ae@wikd w f nf&adS eqJjzpfonf? xdt k ,l0g' rsm;u aeI
a&S;,cifESifh,ckrsufarSmuftcsdeftxd vdifuJGjym;r_/ tom;ta&mifvlrsdK;/
rsK;d &d;k ESihf bmoma&;t,ltq uJjG ym;r_ukd tajccHonfh u|eðf yjcif;rsm;/ zdEydS f
cJ G j cm;r_ r sm; jzpf a y:ap&ef v_ H @ aqmf a y;aevsuf & S d o nf u d k 0rf ; enf ; zG , f
awG@jrifae&vsuf&Sdonf?
8
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;umuG,rf +
Ô vlt
@ cGit
hf a&; umuG,rf q
_ akd om t,ltq rnfuo
hJ @kd
wdk;wufjzpfay:vmoenf;?
vl@tcGifhta&;udk umuG,fay;a&;[laom t,ltqonf tawG;

tac:w&yftjzpfrS pmxuftuQ&mwif a&;om;I todtrSwfjyKaom
tqifo h @kd wajz;ajz;csi;f ajymif;vJvmcJo h nf? 1215 ckEpS w f iG f ay:xGe;f vmcJh
aom t*FvefEikd if rH S r*~emumwmpmwrf; (Magna Carta)/ 1689 ckEpS w f iG f
ay:ayguv f mcJah om tcGit hf a&;Oya'o (Bill of Rights) wd@k onf vl@tcGihf
ta&; umuG,fay;a&;ESifh oufqdkifonfh yxrOD;qHk; pmxuftuQ&m
rSww f rf;wifcahJ om rSww f rf;rsm;yifjzpfonf? ,cifu ay:ayguv f ufccH ahJ om
obm0 tcGifhta&;rsm;udk w&m;Oya'qdkif&m Oya'rsm;tjzpf vufcHaom
t,ltqonf 18 &mpktwGi;f Y ay:xGe;f vmcJ+h yD; xdt k cGit
hf a&;rsm;udk Edik if . H
zJ@G pnf;yHtk ajccHOya'rsm;xJwiG f xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyvmcJo h nf? Edik if aH wmftpd;k &.
wm0efonf EdkifiHol EdkifiHom;rsm;. vGwfvyfcGifhudk umuG,fay;&rnf[lI
tpd;k &ESihf jynfow l @kd . qufpyfrw _ @kd ukd twdtvif; azmfjyvmcJo h nf? xdt k ,l
tqrsm;yg0ifonfh a=unmpmwrf;rsm;rSm 1789 ckESpfwGif ay:aygufcJhonfh
jyifopfEikd if o H m;ESiv hf @l tcGit hf a&;a=unmpmwrf; (Declaration of the Rights
of Man and of the Citizens) ESihf 1781 ckEp S w
f iG af y:aygucf ahJ om tar&duef
tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf; (American Bill of Rights) wdk@yifjzpfonf? 19
&mpktwGi;f a&mufaomtcg xdt k ,ltqudk vGwv f yfvmaom Edik if H tawmf
rsm;rsm;u vufcu H sio hf ;kH vmcJo h vdk vlra_ &;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;
udv k nf; wd;k wufvufcv H mcJo h nf? xdv k rl a_ &;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;
rsm;udk Edik if t H awmfrsm;rsm;. Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'rsm;wGif jyXmef;
9
xm;aomfvnf; wcgw&HwGif tcsdK@EdkifiHrsm;wGif Oya'rsm;jzifh ydwfyifuef@owf
xm;onfuv kd nf; awG@&wwfonf? Oya'jzifo h mrubJ vlra_ &;pepfrsm;jzifh
vnf; xdtk cGithf a&;rsm;udk uef@owfcaH e&onfukd ,ae@wikd f &ifqikd af e&vsuf
&Sdaeao;onf?
Ô Edik if w
H umu owfrwS jf yXmef;xm;onfh vlt
@ cGit
hf a&;
umuG,af &;wck vdt k yfonf qdak om t,ltq
b,fvdkay:aygufvmcJhovJ?
vl@tcGithf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI Edik if w H umu yxrOD;qH;k owfrw S jf yXmef;

xm;aom pmcsKyfrsm;rSm vGwv f yfpmG ud;k uG,, f =kH unfciG &hf o
dS nfukd vufcaH om
pmcsKyfrsm; (Oyrm - 1648 ck Westphalia pmcsKyfrsm;) ESihf u|eðf yr_zsuo f rd ;f aom
pmcsKyfrsm;jzpfonf? u|eðf yjcif;udk AD,ifemuGe*f &ufwiG f 1815 ckEpS u f wnf;u
pwif a 0zef j ypf w if c J h + yD ; 19 &mpk a ES m if ; yd k i f ; umvwG i f u|ef ð yjcif ; tm;
zsuof rd ;f a&;qdik &f m Edik if w
H umpmcsKyfrsm; (Oyrm - 1862 ck 0g&iS w f ef oabmwl
pmcsKyf/ 1885ck bmvifpmcsKyf) ay:ayguv f mcJo h nf? Edik if wH umtqifh yl;aygi;f
aqmif & G u f a &;toG i f j zif h aemuf x yf a y:ayguf v mcJ h a om pmcsKyf r sm;rS m
ppfyqGJ ikd &f m Oya'rsm; jzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh 1856ck yJ&pfa=unmpmwrf;/
1864 ck *seD AD m yxrpmcsKyf/ 1906 ck *seD AD m'kw, d pmcsKyf/ 1899 ckEiS hf 1907 ck
(onf[mcfph mcsKyf) wd@k jzpfonf? 1864 ckEpS w f iG f tjynfjynfqikd &f m =uufajceD
aumfrwDukd zJ@G pnf;Edik cf jhJ cif;onf ppfyq GJ ikd &f m Oya'rsm; ayguaf yguv f mjcif;.
tusdK;qufa=umifhyifjzpfonf?
yxrurBmppf+yD; aemufyikd ;f wGif vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk Edik if aH wmftpd;k &

tqifh oufoufjzifhom umuG,fIr&EdkifbJ EdkifiHwumtaejzifh yl;aygif;
aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfvm+yD[laom t,ltqrsm; wdk;yGm;vmcJhonf? xdkokd@
yl;aygiaf qmif&u
G Ef ikd &f ef vrf;prsm;udk pwif&mS azGvmcJ=h uonf? yxr urBmppf
10
t+yD; Edik if t
H pd;k &rsm;jzifh yxrOD;qH;k zJ@G pnf;cJah om Edik if aH ygi;f csKyftoif;}uD; (The
League of Nations) . vkyfudkifcGifhwm0efrsm;xJwGif vl@tcGifhta&;[lI
a&;om;azmfjyxm;cJhjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; xdktoif;}uD;onf EdkifiHwumtqifh
wGif vl@tcGit hf a&;umuG,Ef ikd af &; vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u G cf o
hJ nf? od@k aomf
EdkifiHtm;vHk;udk v$rf;ðcHvkyfaqmifEdkifcJhjcif;r&SdbJ EdkifiHtcsdK@wGif&Sdaom vlenf;pk
rsm;tm; tajctae taetxm;wckckt& umuG,fay;a&;twGufudkom
uef@owfvyk af qmifEikd cf o hJ nfukd awG@&onf?
20 &mpktpydik ;f wGif Edik if w H umtqifh vl@tcGit hf a&; umuG,af &;

pHcsed pf n
H e$ ;f rsm; owfrw S &f ef ñud;yrf;tm;xkwrf r_ sm; ydrk t kd m;aumif;vmcJo h nf?
1919 ckEpS w f iG f zJ@G pnf;cJah om tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyf (Inter-
national Labor Organization - ILO) u pufrv _ yk if ef;rsm;wGif vkyu f ikd af eaom
tvkyo f rm;rsm;ESihf oufqikd o f nfh pHcsed pf !
H e$ ;f rsm;udk Edik if wH umtqift h jzpf
owfrSwfvmEdkifcJhonf? 1926 pufwifbmv 25 &ufae@wGif *sDeDAmðrd@Y
vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhaom EdkifiHwum u|efðyr_qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfuvnf;
EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGif u|efðyjcif;zsufodrf;Edkif&eftwGuf pGrf;aqmifcsufwck
jzpfvmcJo h nf? 'kuo Q nfrsm; umuG,af &;qdik &f m pmcsKyfrsm;udv k nf; 1933 ckEiS hf
1938 ckESpfwdk@wGif jyXmef;vmEdkifcJhonf? xdkokd@wdk;wufvmr_rsm; &SdvmcJh
aomfvnf; Edik if rH sm;t=um; ppfyrGJ sm; jzpfymG ;aecsed t f wGi;f vl@tcGit hf a&; Oya'
rsm; ay:ayguv f mcJjh cif; r&Sad y?
1920 rS 1930 ckESpfrsm;twGif; ay:aygufvmcJhaom tm%m&Sif

tpd;k &rsm;onf rdrw d @kd Edik if eH ,ferdwtf wGi;f &Sd jynforl sm;. vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk
qd;k qd;k 0g;0g; csKd ;azmufusL;vGev f mcJ=h uonf? 'kw, d urBmppftwGi;f wGiv f nf;
vlrsKd ;/ bmoma&;ESihf Edik if o H m;jzpfrw
_ @kd a=umifh rsKd ;ðywfowfjzwf&ef óu;yrf;r_rsm;/
owfjzwfcrhJ r_ sm; jzpfymG ;cJ+h yD; vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf vl@*% k of u
d mQ wd@k tay: usL;vGef
apmfum;r_rsm; ay:xGe;f cJo h nf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh 'kw, d urBmppf=uD; aemufyikd ;f
11
wGif wurBmvH;k +idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf wd;k wufz@GH òz;a&; wd@k twGuf r&Srd jzpf av;pm;&ef
vdt
k yfaom vl@tcGit hf a&;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smuf&ef Edik if w H um vl@tcGihf
ta&; pmcsKyf,E , W m;rsm; vdt k yfonfqo kd nhf tcsuu f kd ydrk o
kd wdðy vufcv
H mcJh
=uonf?
Ô vlt
@ cGit hf a&;umuG,af &;udk Edik if w
H umuav;pm;&ef
vdtk yfonfqakd om t,ltqudk vufawGr@ nfuo hJ @kd
usifhoHk;vmygovJ?
vl@tcGithf a&; umuG,af &;udk Edik if w H umu av;pm;&ef vdt k yfonf

qdak om t,ltqudk 1945 ck ZGev f (26) &ufwiG f urBmu h v k or*~u vufrw S f
a&;xd;k cJah om ukvor*~ csmwmxJwiG f twdtvif;zGiq hf x kd m;onf? xdck smwm
wGif ukvor*~uo hJ @kd aom Edik if w
H um tzJ@G tpnf;}uD;. tajccH&nfreS ;f csuf
onf “vlom;rsKd ;qufw@kd tm; ppfyGJ ab;'%frS umuG,af y;&efEiS hf usm;/r ra&G;
wef;wltcGit hf a&;ESihf vl@wefz;kd &S&d dS *k%o f u d mQ twdik ;f aexdik Ef ikd o f nfh tajccH
vl@tcGifhta&;tay: ,Hk=unfouf0ifr_rsm; jyefvnf cdkifrmvmap&ef” [lI
azmfjyxm;onf? csmwm.tyd'k f (1) wGiv f nf; “ukvor*~. &nf&, G cf suf
rsm;onf vlrsdK;EG,f/ vdif/ bmompum;ESifh bmoma&; udk;uG,fr_wdk@tay:
cJjG cm;jcif;r&Sad pbJ vlwikd ;f . tcGit hf a&;ESihf tajccHvw G v f yfciG w
hf @kd tm; av;pm;
a&;twGuf tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðy&efESifh xGef;um;atmif vkyfaqmif&ef”
jzpfa=umif; qdx k m;onf? cJjG cm; qufqjH cif; r&Sad p& [laomoabmw&m;udk
xdktydk'fwGifomru tydk'f (55) wGifvnf; aemufxyfwzef wdwdusus
&Si;f jyxm;onfukd awG@&onf? wzef tyd'k f (56) wGiv f nf; “ukvor*~tzJ@G 0if
Edik if w
H ikd ;f onf csmwm. tyd'k f (55) wGif azmfjyxm;aom &nf&, G cf suf rsm;udk
atmifjrifap&eftwGuf Edik if t H vdu k jf zpfap/ Edik if rH sm;tcsi;f csi;f yl;aygi;f vufwI GJ
jzpfap ukvor*~tzJ@G EiS hf twlwuGvyk af qmif&ef” [lI a&;om;xm;onf?
12
xdu
k v
k or*~csmwmonf pmcsKyfpmwrf;wck jzpfaoma=umifh Oya' t&
pnf;aESmiftm;&Sdaomt&mjzpf+yD; EdkifiHwumOya'twGufvnf; aumif;rGef
aom tiftm;w&yfjzpfonf? vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk xGe;f um;atmif vkyaf qmif
&ef/ vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk apmifah &Smufay;&ef/ xd&k nf&, G cf surf sm; atmifjrif
ap&eftwGuf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh vnf;aumif;/ ukvor*~ESifhvnf;aumif;
yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G &f ef ukvor*~ tzJ@G 0if Edik if w
H ikd ;f onf ukvor*~csmwmt&
wm0eftjynfht0&Sdonf? odk@aomf xdkcsmwmxJwGif vl@tcGihfta&;rsm;udk
tao;pdwf zGifhqdk&Sif;jyxm;jcif; r&Sdovdk tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;. vkyfaqmifr_udk
wm0ef,al pmif=h unfEh ikd of nfh ,E ,W m; ryg0ifcahJ cs?
13
vlŒtcGifhta&;Oya'
Ô vlt
@ cGit
hf a&;Oya' rnfuo
hJ a@kd y:xGe;f vmcJo
h enf;?
EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&; Oya'rsm;wGif tajccHtusqHk;jzpfaom

tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit hf a&;a=unmpmwrf; (Universal Declaration of
Human Rights) udk 1948 ckEp S f 'DZifbmv (10) &ufae@wiG f jyXmef;Edik cf jhJ cif;
onf EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&;Oya' ay:aygufvmjcif;. ordkif;0if tjzpf
tysuyf ifjzpfonf? xdak =unmpmwrf;onf vlwikd ;f / Edik if w H ikd ;f ESihf oufqikd af om
vl@tcGit
hf a&; pHcsed pf !
H e$ ;f rsm;tjzpf ay:ayguv f mcJjh cif;jzpfonf?
ukvor*~csmwmwGif azmfjyxm;aom vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf vGwvf yfciG hf

rsm;udk t"dym` ,fziG q hf jkd cif;/ Edik if w
H um vl@tcGit
hf a&;pmcsKyf}uD; (International
Bill of Human Rights) wd@k ukd a&;om;jcif; ponfw h m0efrsm;udk vl@tcGit hf a&;
aumfr&Sif (Commission on Human Rights) u wm0ef,&l onf? xdak umfr&Sif
udk 1945 ckEpS wf iG f zJ@G pnf;xlaxmifc+hJ yD; ukvor*~atmuf&dS Xme}uD;wckjzpfaom
pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;aumifpD (Economic and Social Council- ECOSOC)
. vufatmufwiG f wnf&o dS nf?
Ô vlt
@ cGit
hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif rnfonft
h cGit
hf a&;rsm;
azmfjyxm;ygoenf;?
a=unmpmwrf;wGif yg0ifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh

Edik if aH &;ESihf Edik if o
H m;tcGit
hf a&;rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m
tcGifhta&;rsm;[lI ESpfrsdK; owfrSwfcJGjcm;xm;onf? EdkifiHa&;ESifh EdkifiHom;
14
tcGifhta&;rsm;wGif -
touf&SifcGifh/ vGwfvyfcGifh/ vHkðcHcGifh/
u|efðyjcif;ESifh ESdyfpufjcif;rS uif;vGwfcGifh/
Oya'a&S@wGif wef;wlnDcGifh/
rw&m;zrf;qD;r_/ csKyfaESmifr/_ jynfEiS rf r_ S umuG,jf cif;/
r#waom w&m;pD&ifr_&&SdcGifh/
ukd,fydkifypPnf; ydkifqdkifcGifh/
EdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifvkyfaqmifcGifh/
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cGifh/
vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac:cGifh/ ,Hk=unf/udk;uG,fcGifh/
vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf z:ajymqdck iG /hf
+idrf;csrf;pGmpka0;cGi/fh tzJG@zJG@pnf;cGifh/
rdrw d ikd ;f jynf&dS tpd;k &wGiyf g0ifciG hf wd@k jzpfonf?
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mtcGit

hf a&;rsm;wGif -
tvkyfvkyfcGifh/
tvkyw f /l vpmwef;wlcpH m;cGi/hf
tvkyform;tzJG@rsm; zJG@pnf;yg0ifcGifh/
vlaer_tqifhvHkavmufpGm&&SdcGifh/
ynmoif=um;cGifh/
,Ofaus;r_b0wGif yg0ifciG hf wd@k jzpfonf?
pmwrf;wckv;kH . tESpo f m& tcsurf sm;jzpfonfh “vl@tcGit

hf a&;onf
arG;&myg tcGit hf a&; jzpfonf? vlwikd ;f twGuf wef;wlnrD #jzpfonf? rnfou l rS
wm;jrpfyw d yf ifjcif; rvkyEf ikd ”f [laom tcsurf sm;udk a=unmpmwrf;. tzGihf
ed'ge;f wGif a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf?
15
tydk'faygif; (30) &Sdonfhteuf a=unmpmwrf;. tydk'f (1) wGif
vlom;wdik ;f onf wlnaD om *k%o f u
d mQ ESihf tcGit
hf a&;&Sad =umif; azmfjyxm;
onf? tyd'k f (2) wGif rnfow l OD; wa,mufurkd S rnfonft h a=umif;tcsuf
rsm;a=umifh xdt k cGit
hf a&;rsm;tm; cJjG cm;cHpm;apcGihf r&S&d [k azmfjyxm;onf?
tyd'k f (3) rS (27) twGi;f wGif oufqikd &f mvl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;+yD;
tyd'k f (28) rS (30) txdwiG f xdtk cGit hf a&;rsm;udk vlwikd ;f av;pm;vduk ef m&ef
wm0efrsm;udkazmfjyxm;onf?
Ô a=unmpmwrf;udk jyXmef;pOfu ukvor*~tzJ0@G if

r[kwaf o;aom Edik if rH sm;ua&m xdpk mwrf;udk
vufc=H uygvm;?
vl@tcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;onf Oya't& pnf;aESmiftm;&So d nfh

pmcsKyf pmwrf;r[kwfaomfvnf; EdkifiHwdkif;taejzifh xdkpmcsKyfyg tcGifhta&;
rsm;udk av;pm;vdu k ef m&ef vdt
k yfonf[al om Edik if w H umu ,lqowfrw S f
csurf sm; wd;k yGm;cJo h nf? xdpk mwrf;udk twnfðypOfu ukvor*~tzJ@G 0if 56
Edik if o
H m &Scd ahJ omfvnf; ,cktcg tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;rSm xdt
k csed u
f xuf oH;k qausmf
wd;k yGm;vmcJ+h yDjzpfonf? pmwrf;wGif yg0ifaom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk Edik if w
H ikd ;f u
av;pm;vufcHvmr_rsm; wdk;yGm;vmovdk xdkpmwrf;onf vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh
ywfoufI rSjD irf;ud;k um;p&mtjzpf vufcrH r_ sm;vnf; rsm;jym;vmcJo h nf?
xdkpmwrf;ESifh ukvor*~csmwmwdk@. v$rf;rdk;oufa&mufr_wdk@a=umifh

1950 ESihf 1960 ckEpS rf sm;twGi;f wGif udv k ekd eD ,fcs@J vufatmufrS jynforl sm;
onf vGwfvyfcGifhudk awmif;qdkwdkufyJG0if atmifjrifcJh=uonf? xdkpmwrf;.
tESpof m&rsm;udk Edik if rH sm;. tajccH zJ@G pnf;yHOk ya'rsm;xJwiG f xnfoh iG ;f jyXmef;
vmcJhonf?
16
Edik if w
H umu xdpk mwrf;tay: wefz;kd xm;r_ukd 1968 ckEpS f wD[&D ef òr@wiG f
usi;f ycJah om Edik if w H um vl@tcGit hf a&; nDvmcHwiG f twdtvif; awG@jrifEikd f
onf? xdn k v D mcHwiG f wufa&mufaom Edik if t H oD;oD;u “Ta=unmpmwrf;
onf ukvor*~tzJG@0if EdkifiHrsm;ESifh EdkifiHwum todkif;t0dkif;wdk@taejzifh
urBm@vlom;wdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk csdK;azmufapmfum;jcif;rðy&ef wm0ef&Sd
a=umif; txift&Sm; azmfjyxm;onf” [k wcJeuf oabmwlvufccH o hJ nf?
aemifEpS af ygi;f (25) ESpt f =umwGif xyfru H si;f ycJah om AD,ifem Edik if w
H um v@l
tcGit hf a&; nDvmcHwiG v f nf; wufa&mufvmaom Edik if aH ygi;f 171 Edik if w H @kd u
“Edi
k if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;pepfrsm;ra&G; Edik if w H ikd ;f onf Tpmwrf;yg tcGihf
ta&;rsm;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk xGef;um;atmif vkyfaqmif&ef/
umuG,af y;&ef wm0ef&o dS nf” [k a=unmcJo h nf?
Ô tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlt

@ cGit
hf a&;Oya'o (International Bill
of Human Rights) wGif rnfonfp h mcsKyfrsm;yg0ifygvJ?
tjynfjynfqikd &f m vl@tcGit

hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;onf tjynfjynf
qdik &f m vl@tcGithf a&;Oya'. yxrydik ;f jzpf+yD; 'kw, d tydik ;f wGif xdpk mwrf;wGif
yg0ifaom tcsufrsm;udkyif tus,fw0ifh azmfjyxm;onfh vl@tcGifhta&;
oabmwlpmcsKyfESpfck yg0ifonf? a=unmpmwrf;yg vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;
tus,fw0ifh azmfjyxm;onhf pmcsKyfESpfck ay:aygufvmap&ef tcsdefrsm;pGm
=umjrifch ohJ nf? 1966 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (16) &ufae@wiG f ukvor*~ taxGaxG
nDvmcHrS xdkpmcsKyfEpS fckudk twnfðyjyXmef;cJhonf? xdkpmcsKyfESpfckrSm - EdkifiH
wum EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf (The Inter-
national Convenant on Civil and Political Rights- ICCPR) ESihf Edi k if w
H um
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_ tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf (The
International Economic, Social and Cultural Rights- ICESCR) wd@k jzpf
onf? xdyk ifrpmcsKyfEpS cf t
k jyif aemufxyfyg0ifaom pmcsKyfrsm;rSm Edik if o H m;ESihf
17
EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufqufwJGpmcsKyf ESpfck
wd@k jzpfonf? aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyf teuf yxraemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfrmS Edik if H
om;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;tm; csdK;azmuf
usL;vGecf &H onfh vly*k Kd~ vf wOD;wa,mufcsi;f u xdu k sL;vGecf &H r_ukd oufqikd &f m
aumfrwDxo H @kd wdik =f um;Edik cf iG ðhf yaom pmcsKyf jzpfonf? aemufqufwGJ 'kw, d
pmcsKyfrmS pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Edik if rH sm;taejzifh ao'%f tjypfay;r_ukd zsuo f rd ;f &efEiS hf
oufqikd o f nfh pmcsKyfjzpfonf? Edik if w H um tpd;k &wd@k onf tjynfjynfqikd &f m
vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif yg0ifaom vl@tcGifhta&;wckcsif;udk
oabmwlygonf[k qdkae,Hkr# rvHkavmufawmhbJ xdktcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufI rdrdwdk@ tpdk;&taejzifh rnfodk@vkyfaqmif taumiftxnf
azmfaeonfukd xdyk ifrpmcsKyfrsm;wGif yg0ifaom vl@tcGit hf a&; tcsurf sm;jzifh
wdkif;wmoufaojy&awmhonf?
xdo
k @kd yifrpmcsKyfEpS cf u
k kd jyXmef;Edik cf jhJ cif;u 1950 ckEpS w
f iG f ukvor*~
wGif qH;k jzwfcohJ nfh Edik if o
H m;/ Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/
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tvSef rSw D ,G v f su&f o
dS nf [laomqH;k jzwfcsuu f kd wenf;tm;jzifh oufao
jyaeonf?
Ô Edik if w
H um vlt @ cGit
hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;ESihf
tjynfjynfqikd &f m vlt @ cGit
hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;wd@k
rnfuo hJ @kd uGmjcm;ygoenf;?
Ekid if w
H um vl@tcGit hf a&; pmcsKyfrsm;ESihf a=unmpmwrf; uGmjcm;csuf
rSm pmcsKyfrsm;wGif xdpk mcsKyfukd vufrw S x f ;kd xm;aom Edik if rH sm;tay: pnf;aESmif
tm; &Sjd cif;jzpfonf? pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Edik if rH sm;taejzifh pmcsKyfwiG f azmfjyxm;onfh
tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI rdrdwdk@ aqmif&Guftaumiftxnfazmfaer_
18
rsm;udk owfrw S x
f m;aom tcsed u f mv tydik ;f tjcm;t& tpD&ifcpH m wifjy
&onf? pmcsKyfyg vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; tqifhqifhudk av;pm;vdkufem&onf?
tjynfjynfqikd &f m a=unmpmwrf;wGif xdo k @kd tpD&ifcjH cif;/ taumiftxnf
azmf&jcif; vkyaf qmif&onfh pnf;aESmiftm; r&Sad y? od@k aomf vufrw S af &;xd;k
p&mrvdak omfvJ ukvor*~ tzJ@G 0ifwikd ;f onf ukvor*~ csmwmudk vufrw S f
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tvdt k avsmuf wm0ef&o dS mG ;+yDjzpfonf?
Ô Edik if w
H um vlt
@ cGit
hf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk
ajymif;vJjyifqifI &ygovm;?
pmcsKyfwiG f yg0ifaom tcsurf sm;udk jyifqifvykd gu od@k r[kwf jznfph u G f

vdyk gu xdpk mcsKyf. aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyftjzpf a&;om;&ygonf? rlva&;om;
pOf yg0ifaom tcsurf sm;ESihf rvHak vmufawmhonfh tcgrsKd ;ESihf aemufxyf ydrk kd
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Oyrm - Edik if o
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cJah omfvnf; wOD;csi;f wdik =f um;r_ukd cGiðhf yonfh vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;wckukd topf
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k avsmuf aemufqufwGJ
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rsm;u vufcv H u
kd ef mrnfjzpfa=umif; oD;jcm; jyefvnfvufrw
S xf ;kd &ef vdt
k yf
onf?
19
Ô jcGi;f csufxm; vufrw
S af &;xd;k jcif; qdo
k nfrmS tb,fenf;?
Edik if w
H Edik if u
H oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f yg0ifaom tcsut f vuf tyd'k f
rsm;udk ESpo f ufaomfvnf; yg0ifonfh tcsKd @tyd'k rf sm;udk vuf&w dS iG f taumif
txnfazmfaqmif&ef cufcaJ eygu od@k r[kwf xdt k yd'k yf gtcsuu f kd rvdv k m;ygu
xdt k yd'k u f kd csev f yS I
f pmcsKyfukd vufrw
S x f ;kd jcif;udk jcGi;f csux f m; vufrw S xf ;kd jcif;
(Reservation) [k ac:onf? od@k aomf xdo k @kd jciG ;f csux
f m; vufrw S af &;xd;k jcif;udk
tuef@towfjzifo h m vkyaf qmif&ef/ rnfonft h wGuaf =umifh xdo k @kd jcGi;f csuf
xm;I vufrSwfa&;xdk;&jcif;udk aocsmpGm &Sif;vif;azmfjy&ef ukvor*~u
Edik if rH sm;tm; yef=um;xm;onf?
20
Edik if o
hf a&;
Ô Edik if o
hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfwiG f
rnfonfh tcGit hf a&; rsm;udk tumtuG,af y;xm;ygovJ?
TpmcsKyfwGif EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;udk tus,f

w0ifah zmfjyxm;onf? Oyrm - touf&iS cf iG /hf yk*v ~ ud vGwv f yfciG /hf vGwv
f yfpmG
wifjyajymqdck iG /hf ,H=k unf ud;k uG,cf iG /hf ESyd pf ufjcif;rS uif;vGwcf iG /hf Oya'a&S@wiG f
wef;wlnw D &l cdS iG hf ponfw@kd yg0ifonf?
TpmcsKyft& pmcsKyfygtcsdK@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk EdkifiH. ta&;ay:

tajctaeESihf jynfov l x l .
k ta&;ay:umvtwGi;f rsKd ;wGif qdik ;f ihEH ikd of nf[k
qdkxm;onf? odk@aomf xdkodk@ qdkif;ihHr_onf vlrsdK;a&;/ vdif/ bmompum;/
udk;uG,fonfhbmomESifh vlr_&if;jrpfwdk@udk tajccHaom cJGjcm;r_rjzpfap&[k
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b0. pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m zG@H òz;wd;k wufr/_ Oya'wnfrE_ iS hf jynfow l @dk . vlrz_ v
l akH &;
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vkyaf qmifEikd o
f nf? tu,fI Edik if w H pfEikd if u
H xdo
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xdtk cGit
hf a&;tcsKd @ukd qdik ;f ihx H m;vdyk gu ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
csKyfxH tvsit f jref ta=umif;=um;&rnfjzpfonf?
ta&;ay:tajctae jyXmef;&onfh tcgrsKd ;wGif qd;k 0g;aom vl@tcGihf

ta&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;udk r=umc% awG@ñuH&avh&o dS nf? xdak =umifh ta&;ay:
umvwGijf zpfap/ ppfyu GJ mvtwGi;f jzpfap/ +idr;f csr;f aeaom umvwGijf zpfap
21
rnfonfhumvwGifrqdk tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk qdkif;iHhjcif;/ usL;vGefjcif;
rðy&ef[k xdkpmcsKyfxJrSmyif owfrSwfxm;jyefygonf? xdktcGifhta&;rsm;rSm
touf&iS v f ðkH cHciG /hf w&m;Oya'a&S@wiG f wef;wlnrD #ciG /hf ESyd pf ufjcif;ESihf u|eðf yjcif;rS
uif;vGwcf iG /hf vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac:cGi/hf vGwv f yfpmG ,H=k unf ud;k uG,cf iG /hf au|;jrD‡
ray;Edik af om tcsuaf =umifh axmifcsjcif;ESihf aemufa=umif;jyef tjypfay; ta&;
,lrw
_ @kd rS uif;vGwcf iG w hf @kd jzpf+yD; xdt
k cGit
hf a&;rsm;udk rnfonfu h mv rnfonfh
ta=umif;a=umifrh S qdik ;f iHjh cif;/ usL;vGejf cif;wd@k vkyaf qmifciG rhf &Sad y?
Ô Edik if o
hf a&;qdik &f m Edik if w
H um oabmwl
pmcsKyfyg tcsufrsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmfru _ kd rnfuo
hJ @kd
vkyfaqmifygovJ?
xdpk mcsKyf. tyd'k f (28)t& tzJ@G 0if (18) OD;yg0ifaom vl@tcGit hf a&;
aumfrwD (Human Rights Committee) udk zJ@G pnf;xm;ygonf? xdak umfrwD0if
(18) OD;udk pmcsKyftzJ@G 0if Edik if rH sm;u a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡muf&+yD; vGwv f yf u|r;f
usiaf om olrsm;jzpf&ygrnf? oufqikd &f mEdik if u H kd ud,k pf m;ðyaomolrsm; rjzpf
&yg? xdkaumfrwDuae+yD; pmcsKyftzJG@0if EdkifiHrsm;. pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;udk
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufr_ESifh ywfoufI apmifh=uyfavhvmygonf?
oufqikd &f mpmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;u wifoiG ;f vmaom yHrk eS t f pD&ifcpH m rsm;udk
aumfrwDu vufcI H Edik if t
H pd;k &rsm;. taumiftxnfazmf vkyaf qmifru _ kd
avhvmygonf? xdo k @kd tvSnu hf sEikd if u
H wifoiG ;f vmaom yHrk eS t f pD&ifcpH m
rsm;udk aumfrwD0ifrsm;u vltrsm;a&S@wGif avhvmygonf? xdkodk@avhvm
&mwGif vdt k yfygu ar;jref;Edik &f eftwGuf oufqikd &f mEdik if u H ,
kd pf m;vS,u f v kd nf;
zdwfac:xm;ygonf? tpD&ifcHpmudk avhvm+yD;qHk;ygu aumfrwDuaeI
rdrdwdk@awG@jrif,lqonfht"dutcsufrsm;/ t}uHay;csufrsm;/ oufqdkif&m
Edik if tH aejzifh ,ckxuf ydrk akd umif;rGeaf tmif taumiftxnfazmf vkyaf qmif
oifo h nf[k aumfrwDu ,lqaom tcsurf sm;udk xkwjf yefa=unmonf?
22
aumfrwDtaejzifh pmcsKyfygtyd'k f (41) t& Edik if w
H cku tjcm;Edik if H wck.
pmcsKyfygtcGifhta&;rsm;tm; csdK;azmufr_tay: wdkif=um;onfh wdkif=um;r_
rsm;udkvnf; vufcHpOf;pm;Edkifonf? odk@aomf ,cktcsdeftxd EdkifiHwEdkifiHu
tjcm;Edik if w
H Edik if t
H ay: wdik =f um;aomtr_ ray:ayguaf o;yg?
aumfrwDonf aumfrwD.vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;udk pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;

aumifprD w
S qifh taxGaxGnv
D mcHo@kd ESppf OfEpS w
f ikd ;f owif;ay;yd@k wifjyygonf?
Ô xdo
k o
@kd wif;ay;ydt
@k pD&ifcrH o
_ nf rnfr#oufa&mufr&_ ydS govJ?
vltcGit hf a&;udk tpD&ifcI H umuG,rf o _ nf oufqikd &f mEdik if rH sm;.

yl;aygi;f vufwyGJ g0if vufcrH t _ ay: rsm;pGmwnfraDS eonf? oufqikd &f mEdik if H
ud,k w
f ikd u
f vufcv H u
kd ef mr_r&Sv d #if aumfrwDtaejzifh t}uHay;csu/f ,lqcsuf
rsm;ay;jcif; oufoufxuf ydkrdkIvkyfaqmifIr&ay? odk@aomf EdkifiHtpdk;&
tawmfrsm;rsm;onf rdrw d @kd Eikd if .H vl@tcGit hf a&;ta=umif;tm; vltrsm;od&dS
rnfukd pd;k &draf vh&adS oma=umifh Edik if . H tpD&ifcpH mtm; vlo&d iS =f um; wifoiG ;f
apjcif;jzifh pmcsKyfyg tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk av;pm;vdu k ef mvmap&ef tpd;k &wd@k tay:
=oZmoufa&mufr_ wpfenf;tm;jzifh jzpfaponf?
xdk@jyif aumfrwD. t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm tpD&ifcHwifoGif;aom

EdkifiHESifh aumif;rGeftusdK;&Sdaom qufqHr_rsm; wdk;wufapa&;jzpfojzifh
pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;tm; Edik if t
H pd;k &taejzifh av;pm;vdu
k ef mr_ ydrk w
kd ;kd wufap&ef
aqmif&GufEdkifonf?
tpD&ifcHwifoGif;aom EdkifiHtaejzifhvnf; pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;udk

jynforl sm; od&edS m;vnfatmif vkyaf qmif&ef/ a'ooH;k bmompum;rsm;jzifh
bmomjyef&efEiS hf w&m; pD&ifa&;ESihf tkycf sKyfa&;u¾rsm;uvnf; xdpk mcsKyfyg
23
ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk ta&;w,l avhvmEdkifapa&;twGuf vdktyfovdk
vkyaf qmifay;ap&ef aumfrwDu wdu
k w
f eG ;f xm;onf?
Ô vltcGit
hf a&;aumfrwDxH vlwOD;wa,mufcsif; wdik =f um;Edik f
ygovm;?
tu,fI xdkwdkif=um;cH&onfhEdkifiHonf EkdifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifh

ta&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyf (1) udk vufrw S af &;xd;k
xm;ygu aumfrwDonf xdw k ikd =f um;r_ukd vufccH iG &hf odS nf? xdo
k @kd wikd =f um;r_onf
aumfrwDxH pmjzifq
h ufo,G If a&;om;wdik =f um;r_jzpf&rnf? tu,fI ud, k x
f d
vufa&muf csdK;azmufcH&olonf aumfrwDxH rwdkif=um;Edkifonfh tjzpfrsdK;
jzpfygu tjcm;olrsm;u ud,k pf m;ðy wdik =f um;r_uv kd nf; vufcEH ikd o f nf?
aumfrwDonf wdik =f um;vmaom tr_EiS yfh wfoufI tr_ukd vufcEH ikd f

rcHEikd f qdo
k nfh qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd yxrOD;qH;k qH;k jzwfonf? xd@k aemuf xdt k r_tay:
aumfrwD0ifrsm;om yg0ifaom wHcg;ydwpf pfaq;=um;emr_rsm; qufvufvyk f
aqmifygonf? xdktr_tm;vufcH/ rcHudkqHk;jzwfEdkif&eftwGuf xdktr_onf
trnfrazmfbJ wdkif=um;r_rjzpf&yg? vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;udk tvJGoHk;pm;vkyfI
wdkif=um;aom tr_rsdK;rjzpf&yg? xdk@jyif tjcm;aom EdkifiHwum wdkif=um;r_
vkyif ef;pOf wckcw k iG f wdik =f um;xm;aom tr_rjzpf&yg? xdt k r_EiS hf ywfoufI
oufqikd &f m Edik if aH wmfw&m;Oya't& wdik =f um;&rnfh ta&;,laqmif&u G rf r_ sm;
udk tm;vH;k vkyaf qmifc+hJ yD; jzpfaomfvnf; vHak vmufonfh pD&ifr&_ &Sad &;twGuf
auseyfr_ r&aom tr_rsKd ;jzpf&ygrnf?
aumfrwDu txl;vd_@0SufpOf;pm;xm;+yD; vufcHavmufonf[k

qHk;jzwfxm;aom wOD;wa,mufcsif;. wdkif=um;r_rsm;udk wdkif=um;cH&aom
oufqidk &f mEdik if q
H o
D @kd aumfrwD rSwqifh ay;yd@k today;&ygonf? xdo
k @kd ay;yd@k &
24
jcif;rSm oufqdkif&m EdkifiHtaejzifh xdktr_ESifh ywfoufaom ajz&Sif;r_rsm;/
ta&;,laqmif&u G af eqJ&ydS gu rnfuo hJ @kd aqmif&u G af eqJ jzpfonf [laom
tcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI ar;cGef;xkwf&efjzpfygonf? xdkodk@ay;ydk@t+yD; (6)
vtwGi;f xdo k ufqikd &f mEdik if u
H xdt k jzpftysuEf iS hf ywfoufI &Si;f vif;ajymqdk
aom tcsurf sm;/ tu,fI xdt k jzpftysuEf iS hf ywfoufI wpHw k &m ta&;,l
aqmif&u G f xm;+yD;jzpfygu rnfuo hJ @kd aqmif&u G x
f m;a=umif; azmfjya&;om;
onfh pmudk aumfrwDxH jyefvnfay;yd@k tpD&ifc&H ygonf? xdo k @kd Edik if t
H pd;k &u
wifjyaom tpD&ifcpH mrsm;/ wdik =f um; aomol od@k r[kwf ud, k x f v d ufa&muf
usL;vGecf &H olw@kd u wdik =f um;aom tcsurf sm; tm;vH;k udk aumfrwDu avhvm&
ygonf? xd@k aemuf aumfrwDtaejzifh xdt k r_upd EP iS hf ywfoufI rnfo@kd awG@jrif
,lqa=umif;/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh EkdifiHawmftpdk;&taejzifh rnfodk@ ta&;,l
aqmif&u G af y;oifah =umif; azmfjyxm;onfh tcsurf sm;udk oufqikd &f mEdik if EH iS hf
wdik =f um;olw@kd xH jyefvnfay;yd@k ygonf? xdo k @kd aumfrwD. awG@jrif,q l csuf
rsm;ESihf qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk trsm;od&EdS ikd af tmif a=unmygonf?
Ô aumfrwD. awGj@ rif,q

l csufrsm;udk Edik if rH sm;u av;pm;
ygovm;?
vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfrwD. awG@jrif,q l csurf sm;onf w&m;Oya't&

oHk;oyfcsuf rsm;yifjzpfonf? odk@aomf w&m;Oya't& ta&;,laqmif&Guf
Edik jf cif; r&Syd g? xdak =umifh xdo
k @kd q;kH jzwfcsurf sm;/ awG@jrif,ql csurf sm;tm; vdu k ef m
aqmif&Gufjcif;&Sdr&Sd [laom tcsufrSm oufqkdif&mEdkifiHay:wGif rlwnfae
ygonf? vdu k ef maqmif&u G af om Edik if rH sm;rSmvnf; &nf&, G cf sutf rsKd ;rsKd ; &Sw
d wf
onfukd awG@&onf? tcsKd @u pmcsKyfwiG f wm0ef&rdS t _ m; trSew f u,f jynfjynfh
00 vufcHaoma=umifh jzpfwwfovdk tcsdK@EdkifiHrsm;uvnf; EdkifiHwum
tvnfwiG f rsuEf mS aumif;&&Sv d akd oma=umifh jzpfavh&o dS nf?
25
tcsd K @Ed k i f i H r sm;u vd k u f e maqmif & G u f & mwG i f v nf ; trS e f w u,f
=unf=unfomomjzifh vdkufemjcif;rsdK;r[kwfbJ rjiif;omI vdkufemonfh
oabmrsKd ;rsm;vnf; &Sw d wf onf? Oyrm - e,fomvefEikd if t H ay: aumfrwDu
qHk;jzwfcsuf/ awG@jrif,lqcsuf csrSwfonfhtcg e,fomvefEdkifiHu xdkodk@
qHk;jzwfvdkufonfudk tomw=unf vufcHonfr[kwfbJ aumfrwDtay:
av;pm;aomtm;a=umifhom xdkodk@vdkufavsmaqmif&GufcJhjcif; jzpfonf[k
xkwjf yefajymqdck +hJ yD; qH;k jzwfonft h wdik ;f vdu
k ef mcJo
h nf?
od@k &mwGif aumfrwDu qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;/ awG@jrif,q l csuu f kd jynfjh ynfh
00 vdkufemaom om"ursm;vnf; &Sdygonf? Oyrm - zifvefEdkifiHonf
aumfrwDu av;pm;vdkufemoifhonf[k xkwfazmfajymqdkonfhtwdkif; rdrd
Edik if o
H m;r[kwo f rl sm;tm; xdr;f odr;f xm;jcif; qdik &f mOya'udk ðyjyifajymif;vJ
cJ,
h rkH u xdok @kd xrd ;f odr;f cHc&hJ olrsm;udyk if avsmaf =u;ay;cJo
h nf? arm&pfo#Eikd if H
onfvnf; arm&do#trsKd ;orD;rsm;u wdik =f um;cJo h nfh vdiu
f jGJ ym;r_ukd tajccHI
rdom;pkb0twGif; tpdk;&u 0ifa&mufpGufzufonf[kqdkaom tpdk;&.
Oya'wckudk aumfrwDu vufcHoHk;oyfcJhonfhtwdkif; arm&do#tpdk;&u
ajymif;vJay;cJhonf?
aumfrwD. qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk av;pm;vdu

k ef m aqmif&u G rf _ t&Sed f
t[kef ydkrdkwdk;wufaumif;rGefvmap&eftwGuf aumfrwD. qHk;jzwfcsufudk
Edik if rH sm;u rnfo@kd av;pm;taumiftxnfazmfaea=umif; a&;om;tpD&ifcH
csurf sm;udk awmif;qdEk ikd cf iG t
hf m%m tjynft
h 0ay;xm;onfh txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;
a&;t&m&Sd (Special Rapporteur) wOD;udk aumfrwDu cef@tyfxm;onf?
26
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra+ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r+tcGit
hf a&;
Ô pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGithf a&;qdik &f m oabmwl

pmcsKyfwiG f rnfonfh tcGit hf a&;rsm; yg0ifygovJ?
xdpk mcsKyfwiG yf g0ifaom pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m tcGihf

ta&;rsm;rSm - tvkyfvkyfydkifcGifh/ oifwifhavsmufywfaom vkyfief;cGifESifh
wef;wltvkyftwGuf vkyfc wlnDpGmcHpm;cGifh/ tvkyform;or*~rsm;odk@
0ifa&mufcGifh/ vlr_zlvHka&; cHpm;ydkifcGifh/ vHkavmufaom pm;0wfaea&;ESifh
vlaer_tqifhtwef;cHpm;cGifh/ usef;rma&;/ ynma&;wdk@wGif tjrifhrm;qHk;
cHpm;ydik cf iG /hf ,Ofaus;r_b0wGif yg0ifciG w hf @kd jzpfonf? pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEidk if rH sm;onf
rdrEd ikd if &H dS t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; tpGr;f uket f oH;k ðyI Edik if o
H m;rsm;taejzifh xdk
tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk wjznf;jznf;csi;f ESihf tjynft h 0cHpm;&&S&d ef vkyaf qmifay;zd@k
wm0ef&o dS nf? ,ckpmcsKyfwiG f azmfjyxm;aom rnfonft h cGit
hf a&;udrk S jiif;
y,fjcif;rðyEdkifyg?
Ô pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGit

hf a&;qdik &f m
oabmwlpmcsKyfukd rnfonfh enf;jzifh apmif=h uyfygovJ?
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf

wGif yg0ifaom tcsurf sm;tm; apmif=h uyfaom aumfrwDrmS pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlr_
a&; aumifpu D 1985 ckEpS w f iG f zJ@G pnf;cJah om pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_
tcGithf a&;qdik &f m aumfrwD (Committee on Economic, Social and Cul-
tural Rights) jzpfonf? xda k umfrwDwiG f aumfrwD0if (18) OD; yg0ifygonf?
xdkaumfrwD0ifrsm;udk pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;u a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf&+yD;
27
vGwv f yfu|r;f usiaf omolrsm; jzpf&ygrnf? oufqikd &f mEdik if uH kd ud,
k pf m;ðyaom
olrsm;rjzpf&yg? xdak umfrwDuaeI pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;u pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;
tm; rnfuo hJ @kd taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u G af eonfukd apmif=h uyfavhvm
ygonf?
xdkaumfrwD0ifrsm;onf pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;u wm0efusonfh

twdkif; tvSnfhus tcsdefrSefrSefwifoGif;vmaom pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;ESifh
ywfoufI rnfuJhodk@ wdk;wufatmif vkyfaqmifaea=umif;udk azmfjyonfh
tpD & if c H p mrsm;tm; avh v moH k ; oyf y gonf ? xd k o d k @ avh v mpOf t wG i f ;
oufqikd &f mtpd;k &. ud, k pf m;vS,v f nf; &Sad e&+yD; aumfrwDtaejzifh aemufxyf
xyfrHod&Sdvdkaom tcsufrsm;&Sdygu xdkudk,fpm;vS,ftm; ar;jref;&ygonf?
xdk@tjyif aumfrwDonf xkdoufqdkif&mEdkifiH. ta=umif;t&m wpHkwckESifh
ywfoufI txl;u|r;f usirf &_ adS om ukvor*~ txl;jyKat*sipf rD sm;xH vdt k yf
aom tcsut f vufrsm; ar;jref;pHpk rf;Edik o
f vdk tjcm;tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzJ@G rsm;
udkvnf; aumfrwDuodvdkaom pmcsKyfygta=umif;t&mESifh ywfoufI
tpD&ifcHpmwifoGif;&ef odk@r[kwf E_wfjzifhtpD&ifcH&ef zdwf=um;Edkifygonf?
tu,fI oufqidk &f mEdik if u H vdt k yfaom aemufqufwGJ tcsut f vufrsm;
wifjyEdik jf cif;r&Syd gu aumfrwDtaejzifh vdt k yfaom qef;ppfrr_ sm;/ twwfynm
ydkif;qdkif&m tultnDrsm;/ t}uHay;csufrsm; yhHydk;Edkif&eftwGuf tzJG@0ifwOD;
od@k r[kwf ESpOf ;D yg0ifaom ud, k pf m;vS,t f zJ@G tm; xdEk ikd if t
H wGi;f od@k avhvm&ef
twGuf apv$wjf cif;udk vufc&H eftwGuf xdt k pd;k &tm; yef=um;Edik o f nf?
aumfrwDonf Edik if t
H oD;oD;. tpD&ifcpH mrsm;tay: rdrw d @kd oH;k oyf
awG@jrifcsurf sm;ESihf aemufq;kH tqifh qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;
aumifpDxHodk@ ESpfpOftpD&ifcH wifjy&onf? xdktpD&ifcHpmwGif pmcsKyfyg tcGifh
ta&;rsm;ukd vufawG@taumiftxnf azmf&mwGif ñuHawG@&onft h csurf sm;/
tcuftcJrsm;ESihf a&S@quft}uHðycsurf sm;vnf; yg0ifavh&ydS gonf? xdt k csuf
28
rsm;onf trsm;jynfolwdk@tm; today;onfh ta&;}uD;aom tcsufrsm;
jzpfygonf?
TaumfrwDonf vlwOD;wa,mufcsif;u rdrdEdkifiHtpdk;&tay:

pmcsKyfyg tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; csdK;azmufaea=umif; wdkif=um;r_ESifh pmcsKyf
tzJ@G 0ifEikd if H wEdik if t
H ay: tjcm;tzJ@G 0ifEikd if u
H wdik =f um;r_ukd vufrcHyg?
Ô vlt
@ cGit hf a&;ESifh ywfoufI Edik if t
H pd;k &wd@k av;pm;vdu k ef m&ef
wm0ef&o dS nf[Il Edik if w
H umu owfrw S jf yXmef;jcif;onf
xdEk idk if aH &;. jynfwiG ;f a&;udk 0ifa&muf pGuzf uf&m
ra&mufb;l vm;?
Ekid if w
H umqufqaH &;ESihf ywfoufaom "avhx;kH pH Oya'rsm;wGif Edik if H
wEdik if .H jynfwiG ;f a&;udk tjcm;Edik if w H Edik if uH 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufciG hf vH;k 0r&S[
d k
twdtvif; azmf!e$ ;f xm;onf? vl@tcGit hf a&;qdo
k nfrmS xdEk ikd if .
H jynfwiG ;f
a&;&mrsm;jzpfonf[k vGefcJhaom umvaygif;rsm;pGmu oabmaygufcH,l
xm;cJ=h uonf? od@k &mwGif vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufusL;vGefrr_ sm;onf urBmh
+idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf vH+k cHKa&;udk xdyg;aESmuf,u S af ponf[I l ,lqvmonfh tcsed rf S
pI ,cifu,lqxm;cJhaom vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_qdkonfrSm EdkifiH
wEdik if . H jynfwiG ;f a&;jzpfonf[al om ,lqcsurf mS tvdt k avsmuf aysmuf
uG,foGm;cJhonf? 1993 ckESpf AD,ifem vl@tcGifhta&;nDvmcHwGif xkwfjyef
cJhaom a=unmcsufESifh a&S@vkyfief;pOfwGif “vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; xGef;um;ap
&efEiS hf ‚wd@k ukd umuG,&f efrmS Edik if w H umtodik ;f t0dik ;f u w&m;0iftodtrSwf
ðyxm;aom tcsufrsm;jzpfonf” [k azmfjyxm;onf? xdk@jyif 1993 ckESpf
'DZifbmv 20 &ufae@u taxGaxGnv D mcHuaeI xkwjf yefa=unmcJah om
ukvor*~ qH;k jzwfcsut f rSwf 48§125 . tyd'k f (3) ESihf (5) wGiv f nf; “urBmh
ukvor*~EiS hf tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;tm;vH;k . wm0efEiS hf 0wW&m;rSm vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf
29
tajccHvw G vf yfciG whf @kd xGe;f um;apa&;ESihf av;pm;apa&;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡muf
ðy&efEiS hf vl@tcGithf a&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sm; jzpfymG ;ygu 0dik ;f 0ef;owdcsyf apmif=h uyf
ay;&ef” jzpfonf[k azmfjyxm;ygonf? xdq k ;kH jzwfcsurf mS yif “vl@tcGithf a&;
rsm;ESihf tajccHvw G v f yfciG w hf @kd ukd umuG,af &;/ xGe;f um;apa&;ESihf tjrifq h ;kH
em;vnfoabmayguaf pa&;onf Edik if w H um todik ;f t0dik ;f u w&m;0iftod
trSwfðyxm;aom tcsufrsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf xdkvkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Guf
&mwGif rsuEf mS vdu k jf cif;/ yk*v ~ u d tpJjG zifh vkyaf qmifjcif;rsm;uif;onfh rl0g'rsm;
xm;&SdI aqmif&Guf&rnf” [k azmfjyxm;jyefygonf? xdk@a=umifh vl@tcGifh
ta&;ESifh ywfoufI Edik if t H pd;k &wd@k av;pm;vdu k ef m&ef wm0ef&o dS nf[Il Edik if H
wumu owfrSwf jyXmef;jcif;onf EdkifiHwumu wm0ef&Sdonfhtwdkif;
vkyfaqmifjcif;omjzpfonf?
vl@tcGit
hf a&; csKd ;azmufrE_ iS yhf wfoufI Edik if w H umu 0dik ;f 0ef;jypfwif
ta&;,ljcif;cH&aom Edik if rH sm;onf ukvor*~csmwm. tyd'k f 2 (7) wGif azmfjy
xm;onfh “EkdifiHwEdkifiH&Sd jynfwGif;Oya'rsm;. w&m;pD&ifxHk;rsm; atmuf
wGi&f adS om ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk ukvor*~taejzifh 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif;
rðy&” [laomtcsufudk axmufjyI EdkifiHwum. ta&;,lapmifh=uyfr_udk
umuG,af jymqdw k wf=uonf? od@k aomf xdo k @kd ajymqdck surf sm;onf Edik if w H um
Oya'rsm;atmufwiG &f adS om xdEk ikd if t
H pd;k &. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm; ysuu f u G jf cif;udk
umuG,&f eftwGuf qifajcay;av#mufvjJ cif;omjzpfonf[I l Edik if wH umu
vufcHvmcJh=uonf?
xdq k ifajcrsKd ;jzifh xdEk ikd if .

H vl@tcGit
hf a&; csKd ;azmufrt
_ ay: Ekid if w H um
u ta&;,lrt _ m; &yfwo hH mG ;atmif vkyaf qmifI r&Edik af wmhyg? xd@k jyif Edik if rH sm;
tcsi;f csi;f t=um; +idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf wnf+idraf t;csr;f a&;udk &&S&d efrmS Edik if tH oD;oD;
wGif vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;udk &&Sdapaom tajctaersdK; zefwD;
wnfaqmufEikd rf o S m jzpfEikd rf nf[k ukvor*~rS todtrSwðf yvmcJo h nf?
30
Ô Edik if w
H um vlt
@ cGit
hf a&;Oya'otjyif aemufxyf
ta&;}u;D aom vlt @ cGithf a&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;
&Sdygao;vm;?
Edik if w
H um vl@tcGit
hf a&;Oya'owGif yg0ifaom tjynfjynfqikd &f m
vl@tcGit
hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;ESihf yifrpmcsKyfw@kd tjyif ‚wd@k xw
J iG f ryg0ifao;
aom tjcm;tao;pdwf tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI ukvor*~ taxGaxG
nDvmcHESifh ukvor*~&Sd tjcm;Oya'ðyEdkifaomXmersm;u jyXmef;xm;onfh
vl@tcGifhta&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm; (Conventions)/ vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m
a=unmcsufrsm; (Declarations)ESihf t}uHay;csurf sm; (Recommendations)
ajrmufrsm;pGm&Sdygao;onf?
oabmwl pmcsKyfrsm;onf vufrw S xf ;kd xm;aom Edik if rH sm;tay:om

Oya't& pnf;aESmiftm; &Sd=uonf? odk@aomf vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;r&Sdaom
Edik if t
H ay: pnf;aESmiftm;r&SEd ikd yf g? a=unmcsurf sm;/ t}uHay;csurf sm;onf
oabmwl pmcsKyfrsm;uJo h @kd Oya't& pnf;aESmiftm; r&Sad omfvnf; ukvor*~
tzJ@G 0if Edik if w
H ikd ;f av;pm;&ef vdt k yfygonf?
EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&; Oya'otjyif tjcm;ta&;}uD;aom

vl@tcGifhta&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;rSm-
• touf&iS rf q _ ikd &f m tcGit
hf a&;ESihf oufqikd af ompmcsKyfrsm;
Oyrm - ESyd pf uf !‡O;f yrf;r_qikd &f m/ u|eðf yr_qikd &f mpmcsKyfrsm;/
• tkyfpktcGifhta&;rsm;ESifhoufqdkifaompmcsKyfrsm;/ Oyrm -
trsKd ;orD;/ uav;oli,f/ vlenf;pk/ 'kuo Q nf/ rl&if;Xmae
vlrsdK;rsm;qdkif&m pmcsKyfrsm;jzpfonf?
31
vlom;rsKd ;EG,pf w
k ckv;kH tjrpfðywfowfjzwfr+
Ô vlom;rsdK;EG,pf w
k ckv;kH tjrpfðywfowfjzwfr_ (Genocide) ESifh
ywfoufI rnfo@kd wm;qD;vkyaf qmifrr_ sm; &Syd govJ?
1948 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHuaeI

vlom;rsKd ;EG,pf k wckv;kH tjrpfðywfowfjzwfaom &mZ0wfrt _ m; umuG,af &;
ESihf tjypfay;a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide) udk jyXmef;cJhonf? 1951
ckEpS w
f iG f xdpk mcsKyftouf0ifvmcJ+h yD; ,cktcg Edik if aH ygi;f 120 cef@ twnfðy
vufrw S f xd;k xm;vsu&f o dS nf? vlom;rsKd ;EG,pf w k ckv;kH tjrpfðywf owfjzwfr. _
t"dym` ,f udk xdpk mcsKyfwiG f “vlrsKd ;pk/ wkid ;f &if;om;rsKd ;EG,pf /k tom;ta&miftyk pf k
odk@r[kwf bmoma&;tkyfpk0ifwdk@tm; wpftkyfpkvHk;udkjzpfap tkyfpkwpdwf
wa'oudjk zpfap zsupf ;D apvdak om &nf&, G cf sujf zifh usL;vGeaf omvky&f yf” [lI
t"dym` ,f zGiq hf kd xm;onf? vlom;rsKd ;EG,pf w k ckv;kH tjrpfðywfowfjzwfru _ kd
ppf y J G u mvtwG i f ; usL;vG e f o nf j zpf a p/ +id r f ; csrf ; aom umvtwG i f ;
usL;vGeo f nfjzpfap Edik if w
H umOya't& xdt k r_onf &mZ0wfr_ ajrmufonf?
xd&k mZ0wfru _ kd vlom;rsKd ;EG,w
f ckv;kH tay: usL;vGeaf om &mZ0wfr_ (Crime
against humanity) [kvnf;ac:onf?
xdkpmcsKyfyg tydk'f (6) t& xdk vlom;rsdK;EG,fpk wckvHk; tjrpfðywf

owfjzwfaom &mZ0wfrr_ sKd ; usL;vGecf ahJ omoltm; xdo k u
l sL;vGecf o hJ nfEh ikd if &H dS
pGr;f aqmifEikd rf _ tjynft h 0&Sad om w&m;±H;k wGijf zpfap pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;u
pGr;f aqmifEikd rf _ tjynf&h o
dS nf[k vufcx
H m;aom Edik if w H um cH±k ;kH rsm;wGijf zpfap
ppfaq;tjypfay;Edkifonf?
32
vlrsKd ;a&;tajccHI cJjG cm;qufqrH +
Ô vlrsKd ;a&;tajccHI cJjG cm;qufqrH _ (Racial Discrimination) ESihf

ywfoufI umuG,w f m;qD;aom Edik if w
H umOya'&Syd govm;?
vlrsdK;a&;cJGjcm;qufqHr_ yHkpHtm;vHk; yaysmufa&; oabmwlpmcsKyf

(Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination)
onf 1969 ckEpS w f iG f touf0ifvmcJ+h yD; ,cktcg xdpk mcsKyfukd Edik if aH ygi;f 140
ausmfu twnfðyvufrSwf a&;xdk;xm;vsuf&Sdonf? ukvor*~pmcsKyfrsm;
teuf TpmcsKyfonf “vlrsKd ;/ tom;ta&mif/ rsKd ;EG,q f if;oufr/_ vlrsKd ;ESihf
wdkif;&if;om;rsdK;EG,fjzpfr_” wdk@tay:tajccHonfh cJGjcm;qufqHr_rsm;ESifh
ywfoufI us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ azmfjyxm;aom pmcsKyfjzpfonf? TpmcsKyfukd
vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom pmcsKyftzJG@0if EkdifiHrsm;taejzifh vlrsdK;a&; cJGjcm;
xm;r_tm;vHk; yaysmufapa&;twGuf ay:vpDrl0g'rsm;udk csrSwf taumif
txnfazmf aqmif&u G &f efEiS hf rdrEd ikd if o
H m;rsm; tm;vH;k tay: cJjG cm;jcif;r&Sb d J
vl@tcGithf a&;ESihf tajccHvw G v f yfciG w hf @kd ukd tjynft
h 0 wef;wlnw
D cl pH m;Edik af &;
twGuf tmrcHay;&ef wm0ef&o dS nf?
Ô vlrsdK;a&;cJjG cm;qufqrH _ yHpk t

H m;vH;k yaysmufa&;
oabmwlpmcsKyf. vkyaf qmifr_ tqifq h ifo
h nf
b,fvdk&SdygovJ?
pmcsKyf. tyd'k f (8) t& vlrsKd ;a&;cJjG cm;qufqrH y_ pkH t

H m;vH;k yaysmuf
a&; qdik &f m aumfrwD (Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimi-
nation- CERD) udk vGwv f yfI u|r;f usiaf omaumfrwD0if (18) OD;jzifh zJ@G pnf;
33
xm;onf? xdak umfrwDuaeI pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;. pmcsKyftay: av;pm;
vdkufemr_udk avhvmapmifh=uyfonf? aumfrwD. wm0efrSm oufqdkif&m
Edik if rH sm;u tvSnu fh swifoiG ;f aom tpD&ifcpH mudk avhvmI Edik if t H pd;k &rsm;u
pmcsKyftcsurf sm;ESihf ywfoufI rnfuo hJ @kd av;pm;vdu k ef mr_ &So
d nfukd avhvm
oHk;oyfonf? xdkodk@avhvmaepOftwGif; oufqdkif&m tpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,f
&Sad e&+yD; tpd;k &taejzifh av;pm;vdu k ef m&ef wm0ef&rdS u _ kd vkyuf ikd af qmif&u G f
ap&ef aumfrwDu xdu k ,
kd pf m;vS,rf w S qifh wdu k w
f eG ;f ajymqd&k onf? aemufq;kH
tqifw h iG f aumfrwDu xdo k ufqikd &f mEdik if tH aejzifh pmcsKyfygtcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf
ywfoufI xdk@xuf ydkrdkaumif;rGefatmif taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Guf
oifah om tcsurf sm;/ aumfrwD. t}uHay;wifjycsurf sm;ESihf awG@jrifo;kH oyfcsuf
rsm;udk xkwjf yef&onf?
oufqikd &f mEdik if t

H vdu
k f xkwjf yefonfh aumfrwD. xkwjf yefcsurf sm;udk
ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHodk@ aumfrwDu ESpfpOf wifjytpD&ifcH&onf?
aumfrwDu wifjyaom t}uHay;csufrsm;/ taxGaxG t}uHðycsufrsm;udk
taxGaxGnv D mcHuwqifh jyefvnfxw k jf yefay;onf? aumfrwDxoH @kd pmcsKyf
tzJG@0ifEdkifiHtcsif;csif; wdkif=um;cGifh&Sdaomfvnf; ,cktcsdeftxd rnfonfh
Ekid if u
H rS wdik =f um;jcif;r&Sad o;acs?
tcsdK@EdkifiHrsm;onf aumfrwDu taxGaxGt}uHay;csuftwdkif; rdrd

Edkiif &H dS zJ@G pnf;yHk tajccHOya'ESihf jynfwiG ;f Oya'rsm;udjk yifqifI vlrsKd ;a&; cJjG cm;
r_udk &mZ0wfr_tjzpf tjypfay;ta&;,ljcif;/ xdkodk@ vlrsdK;a&;cJGjcm;qufqHr_
yaysmufapa&;twGuf ynmay; vkyif ef;tpDtpOfopfrsm;/ Xmeopfrsm; zGiv hf pS f
vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G rf r_ sm; vkyaf qmifco
hJ nfh om"ursm;&Sod nf?
34
Ô vlrsdK;a&; cJjG cm;qufqrH _ yHpk t
H m;vH;k yaysmufa&;qdik &f m
aumfrwDxo H @kd vlwOD;wa,mufcsif; wdik =f um;Edik yf govm;?
pmcsKyftydk'f (14) t& cJGjcm;qufqHonfh EdkifiHtpkd;&ta=umif;udk

aumfrwDxo H @kd wOD;csi;f jzpfap/ tkypf vk ukd jf zpfap wdik =f um;cGi&hf odS nf? aumfrwD
u xdw k ikd =f um;csuu f dk v#Kd @0u
S w
f cH g;ydwaf vhvmoH;k oyfonf? xdo k @kd wdik =f um;r_ukd
pwiftaumiftxnfazmfEikd cf ahJ om 1982 ckEpS f 'DZifbmvupwifI wdik =f um;
vmcJah om tcsKd @tr_rsm;udk aumfrwD taejzifh vufcpH Of;pm;cJ+h yD; xdt k r_rsm;ESihf
ywfoufI ,lqcsurf sm;udk trsm;odap&ef xkwjf yefa=unmcJo h nf?
35
trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;
Ô vdiu
f jGJ ym;r_tay: tajccHI cJjG cm;zdEydS rf _ yaysmufa&;ESihf
oufqikd af om Edik if w
H um oabmwlpmcsKyf&ydS govm;?
vdiu
f jGJ ym;r_utkd ajccHI enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh cJjG cm;zdEydS rf t
_ m;vH;k yaysmufa&;
qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention on the Eliminiation of All Forms of
Discrimination Agianst Women- CEDAW) &Sy d gonf? xdpk mcsKyfukd 1979
ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (18) &ufae@wiG f ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHu jyXmef;cJ+h yD;
1981 ckESpf pufwifbmv (2) &ufae@wGif touf0ifvmcJhonf? ,cktcg
Edik if aH ygi;f (150) ausmu f oabmwlvufrw S f a&;xd;k xm;vsu&f o dS nf?
TpmcsKyfwGif trsKd;orD;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;tjyif tdrfaxmif

rdom;pkb0ESifh ywfoufI trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay: tpd;k &u wm0ef,l umuG,f
ay;&rnfh tcsurf sm; azmfjyxm;onf? rdom;pkb0ESifh ywfoufI trsKd ;orD;rsm;
cHpm;cGi&hf adS om tcGit hf a&;rsm;rSm rdro
d abmt& vGwv f yfpmG tdraf xmifzuf
a&G;cs,fcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm vufxyfxdrf;jrm;ydkifcGifh/ vufxyf&mESifh uGm&Sif;
&mwGif wlnDaom tcGifhta&;ESifh wm0ef &Sdr_&SdcGifh/ om;orD;ta&twGuf
uef@owfjcif;ESifh &ifaoG;,lr_ =um;umvrsm; owfrSwf&mwGif wlnDaom
qH;k jzwfcsucf syikd cf iG /hf toufarG;0rf;a=umif;ESihf tvkyv f yk u f ikd &f mwGif vifEiS hf
r,m;t=um; wlnaD om yk*Kd~ vfa&; tcGit hf a&;rsm;&&Scd iG hf ponfw@kd jzpfonf?
pmcsKyf. tyd'k f (17) t& vGwv f yfu|r;f usiaf om trsKd ;orD; (23)
OD;udk pmcsKyfaumfrwD0iftjzpf cef@tyfxm;onf? xdak umfrwD0ifrsm;onf Edik if H
rsm;u tvSnu hf s yHrk eS w
f ifoiG ;f aom tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk avhvmI xdEk ikd if t
H pd;k &
36
u trsKd ;orD;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI rnfuo hJ @kd taumiftxnf
azmf aqmif&u G af eonfukd avhvmoH;k oyfonf? tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzJ@G rsm;
uvnf; aumfrwDxH ,SOòf yiftpD&ifcpH m (Shadow Report) ay;yd@k Eikd o f nf?
xdt
k pD&ifcpH mrsm;udk avhvmI aumfrwDonf pmcsKyfyg tyd'k t f vdu
k f od@k r[kwf
pmcsKyfygta=umif;t&mrsm;tvdu k f taxGaxGt}uHay;csurf sm; xkwjf yefonf?
1999 ckESpfwGif twnfðycJhonfh aemufqufwJGcsKyft& pmcsKyftzJG@0if EdkifiH
rsm;udk csdK;azmufcH&onfh vlwOD;csif;u wdkif=um;EdkifcGifh&Sdonf? odk@aomf
tzJG@0ifEdkifiH tcsif;csif; wdkif=um;Edkifjcif; r&Sdao;yg?
1992 ckESpfwGif pmcsKyfxJwGif tao;pdwfazmfjyyg0ifcJhjcif;r&Sdonfh

trsdK;orD; rsm;tm; t=urf;zufr_ (Violence against Women-VAW) ESifh
ywfoufaoma=unmcsuf trSwf (19) udk aumfrwDu xkwjf yefco hJ nf? xdk
a=unmcsufwGif aumfrwDonf trsdK;orD; rsm;tm; t=urf;zufr_tm;
trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: cJGjcm;qufqHr_tjzpf owfrSwf+yD; xdkodk@ t=urf;zuf
jcif;onf trsKd ;orD;pmcsKyf. pmcsKyftyd'k f (1) rS (4) txdyg0ifaom tcsurf sm;
udk csKd ;azmuf&ma&mufa=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh trsKd ;orD;
rsm;tm; t=urf;zufjcif;rS umuG,fonfh tao;pdwfvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk
tpd;k &rsm;uaeI vkyaf qmif&ef t}uHðyxm;onf?
aumfrwDonf Edik if t H oD;oD;. tpD&ifcpH mrsm;/ Edik if rH sm;ESihf ywfoufI

rdrwd @kd . awG@jrifo;kH oyfcsurf sm;ESihf taxGaxGt}uHðyr_rsm;udk taxGaxGnv D mcH
od@k ESppf OftpD&ifcH wifoiG ;f avh&o dS nf?
Ô bma=umifh trsdK;orD;tcGit
hf a&;twGuf oD;oefp@ mcsKyfwck
vdktyfwmvJ?
trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh cJGjcm;zdEdSyfr_tm;vHk; yaysmufa&;
37
oabmwlpmcsKyf. &nf&, G cf surf mS trsKd ;orD;ESihf trsKd ;om;wd@k t=um; wef;wl
nDr_ &&Sad p&efEiS hf twif;t=uyf vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;jcif;/ tdrw f iG ;f t=urf;zuf
jcif;ESihf use;f rma&;/ ynma&; cHpm;cGirhf sm; wqifeh rd chf pH m;ae&jcif;ponfh trsKd ;
orD;rsm;tay: cJjG cm;zdEydS cf &H r_rsm;udk wm;qD;umuG,&f efjzpfonf?
vl@tcGit hf a&;qdo k nfrmS usm;r ra&G; cHpm;ydik cf iG &hf adS omfvnf; vdif
uJjG ym;r_tay: tajccHI trsKd ;orD;rsm;rSm trsKd ;om;avmuf zH@G +zdK;wd;k wufrw _ iG f
cHpm;ydik cf iG rhf sm; r&Sad o;onfuakd wG@&onf? trsKd ;orD;. yg0ifciG Ehf iS hf qH;k jzwfcsuf
toHrsm; wifjy&mwGif tqifeh rd v hf su&f o
dS nf? vdiu f jGJ ym;r_a=umifh vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f m
apmfum;r_ro S nf tdrw f iG ;f t=urf;zufrt _ xd t=urf;zufrt _ rsKd ;rsKd ;udk trsKd ;
orD;rsm; cHpm;ae&vsu&f o dS nf? vlom;csi;f twlwjl zpfaomfvnf; trsKd ;orD;
jzpfaoma=umifh tjcm;vlom;rsm; cHpm;av;pm;cHae&aom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk
&&Scd pH m;ydik cf iG rhf &Sad oma=umifh trsKd ;orD;tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk umuG,f awmif;qdk
onfh oabmwlpmcsKyf oD;oef@ay:ayguv f mcJ&h jcif; jzpfonf?
Ô trsdK;orD;rsm; wef;wlnrD #a&;twGuf rnfuo

hJ @kd
aqmif&GufaeygovJ?
ukvor*~. vkyfief;rsm;tm;vHk;wGif trsdK;orD; wef;wlnDr#a&;ESifh

ywfoufonfh vkyif ef;rsm;udk us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ vkyaf qmifvsu&f o
dS vdk trsKd ;
orD;rsm;. tcGit
hf a&;rsm;tm; csKd ;azmufrE_ iS hf ywfoufI wdik =f um;ta&;,l
Edkifonfh txl;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;/ ,E W,m;rsm;udkvnf; zJG@pnf;xm;onfudk
awG@&onf?
trsKd ;orD;rsm;. tcGit hf a&; wd;k wufjrifrh m;a&;twGuf &nf&, G uf m

ukvor*~onf urBmt h rsKd ;orD; nDvmcHrsm;udk (4) }udrw f ikd f usi;f ycJo
f ikd w h nf?
yxrnDvmcHukd 1975 ckEpS w f iG f ruUpuD Ekd ikd if H ruUpu
D pkd w
D ;D òr@wiG f vnf;aumif;/
38
'kw, d nDvmcHukd 1980 ckEpS w f iG f 'de;f rwfEikd if H udyk if[rfòr@wiG v f nf;aumif;/
wwd,nDvmcHudk 1985 ckESpfwGif urfnmEdkifiH em±dkbDòr@wGifvnf;aumif;/
pwkwW nDvmcHudk 1995 ckESpfwGif w±kwfEdkifiH bD*sif;òr@wGifvnf;aumif;
toD;oD; usi;f yEdik cf o hJ nf? xdn k vD mcHtoD;oD;wGif urBm@trsKd ;orD;rsm; &ifqikd f
ñuHawG@&aomtajctaersm;udk avhvmaqG;aEG;cJ=h u+yD; trsKd ;orD;rsm;tay:
cJjG cm;zdEydS cf &H r_rsm; yaysmufa&;twGuf vkyaf qmif&rnfh vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk csrw S f
Edik cf ohJ nf? pwkwt W }udrnf v D mcHwiG f zH@G òz;wd;k wufa&; vkyif ef;pOfrsm;wGif trsKd ;
orD;rsm; tifwu kd tf m;wdu k yf g0ifvmapa&;/ vlry_ wf0ef;usiw f iG f trsKd ;orD;rsm;
tqift h wef; wd;k wufvmapa&;ESihf ydrk akd umif;rGeaf om ynma&;tcGit hf vrf;
rsm; &&Sad &;rsm;tygt0if trsKd ;orD;rsm;b0 wd;k wufjrifrh m;vmapa&;twGuf
ta&;}uD;aom aqmif&u G cf surf sm; vkyaf qmifomG ;rnf[k qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf?
1993 ckEpS w f iG u f si;f ycJah om AD,ifem urBm@v@l tcGit fh a&; nDvmcH}uD;

u csrw S cf ahJ om AD,ifem a=unmpmwrf;ESihf vkyif ef;tpDtpOf (Vienna Dec-
laration and Program of Action) wGifvnf; ukvor*~. vkyfief;pOfrsm;
twGi;f trsKd ;orD;tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ydrk ykd g0ifxnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;&ef vdt
k yfa=umif;
awmif;qdkcJhonf? xdkr#ru tzJG@0ifEkdifiHrsm;tm; trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: enf;
rsdK;pHkjzifh cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm;tm;vHk; yaysmufa&; oabmwlpmcsKyfudk ydkrdktm;
aumif;vmatmif 0dkif;0ef;vkyfaqmifap&eftygt0if trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;
rsm;udk txl;todtrSwfðy av;pm;&eftwGuf ñud;yrf;aqmif&Guf=uap
vdak =umif; xdpk mwrf;wGif wdu k w f eG ;f xm;onf?
xdkAD,ifema=unmpmwrf;ESifh vkyfief;tpDtpOf. aemufqufwJG

tusKd ;quftjzpf vl@tcGit hf a&;aumfr&Si.
f t}udrf (50) ajrmufnvD mcHwiG f
vnf; tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;udk “trsKd ;orD;rsm;. wef;wltqift h wef;ESihf wef;wl
tcGithf a&;rsm;udk ukvor*~. tpDtpOf/ vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm; tm;vH;k wGif
yg0ifvmatmif xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm; taumiftxnfazmf&eftwGuf Edik if wH um
39
taejzifh ydrk pkd rG ;f tm;xkwf óu;pm;vkyaf qmif=u&ef” aqmf=ocJo h nf?
xdk@jyif trsdK;orD;rsm;tay: t=urf;zufr_rsm;yaysmufa&; a=unm
pmwrf; (The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women)
udk ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu 1993 ckESpfwGif jyXmef;EdkifcJhonf? xdk
pmwrf;wGif ukvor*~tzJG@0if EdkifiHtm;vHk;taejzifh trsdK;orD;rsm;tm;
t=urf;zufru _ kd tjypfay;ta&;,l&efEiS hf umuG,w f m;qD;&eftwGuf vdt k yf
aom aqmif&u G rf r_ sm;udk vkyaf qmif&ef wdu k w
f eG ;f cJo
h nf? 1994 ckEpS f rwfvwGif
vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&SifuaeI trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; t=urf;zufr_jzpf&jcif;/
ta=umif;&if;rsm;ESihf tusKd ;qufrsm;udk avhvmppfaq;Edik &f eftwGuf trsKd ;orD;
rsm; t=urf;zufrq _ ikd &f m txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd (Special Rapporteur
on Violence against Women) udk cef@tyfwm0efay;cJo h nf?
40
uav;oli,fqdkif&mtcGifhta&;
Ô Edik if w
H umOya'rsm;wGif uav;tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udak &m rnfo@kd
umuG,af y;xm; ygovJ?
uav;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfukd 1989 ckEpS wf iG f jyXmef;

Edik cf +hJ yD; wESpt f =um 1990 ckEpS f pufwifbmv (2) &ufae@wiG f xdpk mcsKyf
touf0ifco hJ nf? ,cktcsed t f xd TpmcsKyfonf ukvor*~ Edik if w H um vl@
tcGit hf a&; pmcsKyfrsm;xJwiG f vufrw S f xd;k xm;aom Edik if t
H a&twGuf trsm;
qH;k pmcsKyfjzpfonf?
pmcsKyftzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf TpmcsKyfwGif yg0ifaom uav;tcGifh

ta&;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI oifah vsmo f nfh taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u G rf r_ sm;
udk vkyaf qmif&rnfh wm0ef&+dS yD; xdo k @kd vyk af qmif&mwGif uav;oli,f. tusKd ;
pD;yGm;udk txl;tav;xm;I xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;vkyu
f ikd &f ef vdt
k yfonf? xdk
pmcsKyfwiG f yg0ifaom tcsurf sm;rSm trsKd ;tpm;pHv k ifv+S yD; uav;b0twGuf
rdom;pk. ta&;yg0ifyu kH v kd nf; todtrSwðf yxm;onf?
pmcsKyf t & zJ G @ pnf ; xm;aom uav;ol i ,f t cG i f h t a&;qd k i f & m

aumfrwDukd tzJ@G 0if (10) OD;jzifh zJ@G pnf;xm;+yD; tvSnu
hf sEikd if rH sm;u wifoiG ;f
onfh yHrk eS t
f pD&ifpmrsm; avhvmI pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;tay: tpd;k &. taumif
txnfazmfr_tm; avhvmoHk;oyfonf? xdkodk@ EdkifiHwEdkifiH. tpD&ifcHpmudk
avhvmaepOftwGi;f aumfrwDonf xdEk ikd if &H dS ta=umif;t&m wckEiS hf ywfouf
I u|r;f usi+f yD; A[kow k jynfph akH om ukvor*~. txl;at*sipf rD sm;udk zdwaf c:
I xdt
k a=umif;t&mESihf ywfoufaom owif;/ t}uHay;csurf sm;udk a&;om;
41
tpD&ifcHcdkif;jcif;udk vkyfaqmifEdkifonf? xdk@jyif EkdifiH. tpD&ifcHpmt& awG@jrif
oH;k oyf&onfh twwfynmydik ;f qdik &f m tultnDrsm;/ t}uHay;csurf sm;udk xdk
txl;at*sifpDrsm;xHodk@ today; tultnDawmif;cHEdkifonf? txl;ojzifh
ukvor*~ uav;rsm; &HyakH iGtzJ@G (UNICEF) onf uav;oli,frsm;qdik &f m
pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm; wdk;wufjrifhrm;atmifjrifa&;twGuf ta&;ygaom
tcef;rSaeI rdrw d @kd . awG@jrifo;kH oyfcsurf sm;/ t}uHay;csurf sm;/ taxGaxG
t}uH ð yr_ r sm;ud k xk w f j yef o nf ? uk v or*~ taxG a xG t wG i f ; a&;rS L ;
vufatmufwGif uav;tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh txl;ta=umif;
t&mrsm;tm; okawoeðy avhvmaeaom taxGaxGnv D mcHo@kd vnf; t}uH
Om%frsm;ay;Edkifonf?
uav;tcGithf a&;rsm;teuf uav;rsm;tm; a&mif;0,fjcif;/ uav;

jynfw
h efqmESihf uav;rsm;tm; npfnrf;pmayrsm;wGif toH;k ðyjcif;ESihf ywfouf
I pHkprf;avhvm&eftwGuf txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&Sdudkvnf; vl@tcGifh
ta&; aumfr&Siu f cef@tyfxm;vsu&f o
dS nf?
42
vlenf;pkrsm;
Ô vlenf;pkrsm;.tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udak &m ukvor~rSm
rnfou
@kd muG,af y;xm;ygovJ?
vlenf;pkrsm; ta&;udpu P kd ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmuyif xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;vm

cJo
h nf? tusKd ;quftaejzifh 1947 ckEpS w f iG f vlenf;pkrsm;tm; umuG,af &;ESihf
‚wdk@tay: cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_rsm; umuG,fwm;qD;a&; qyfaumfr&Sif (Sub-
commisssion on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of
Minorities) udk ukvor*~wi
G f zJ@G pnf;Edik cf o
hJ nf? xdq
k yfaumfr&Sio
f nf vl@tcGihf
ta&;aumfr&Si. f vufatmufwiG &f +dS yD; aumfr&Si.
f wm0efrsm;udk cJaG 0,laom
qyfaumfr&Sifjzpfonf? xdkqyfaumfr&Sifonf vlrsdK;pka=umifh/ udk;uG,fonfh
bmoma&;a=umifh/ ajymqdkonfh bmompum;a=umifh vlenf;pkjzpfaeonfh
vlrsm;. tcGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI tapmydik ;f uyif avhvmcJ=h uonf? ,ckwikd f
vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGit hf a&;ESihf ywfoufI Edik if w
H umu xda&mufpmG umuG,f
ay;Edik rf nfh enf;vrf;opfrsm;udk &SmazGwifjyaeqJjzpfonf?
Ô Edik if w
H umOya'rsm;wGif vlenf;pktcGit
hf a&;rsm;udak &m
rnfou @kd muG,af y; xm;ygovJ?
vlenf;pkrsm;tcGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI ukvor*~wiG f txl;ðy azmfjy

xm;aom pmcsKyfrmS Edik if oH m;/ vlrsKd ;pk/ bmoma&;ESihf bmompum;qdik &f m
vlenf;pk0ifrsm;. tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m a=unmpmwrf; (Declaration on the
Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and
Linguistic Minorities) jzpfonf?
xdak =unm pmwrf;udk 1992 ckEpS t
f axGaxG
nDvmcH}uD;wGif qENc,
H I
l twnfjyKcJo
h nf?
43
xdak =unmpmwrf;. tzGiehf 'd ge;f wGif xdv
k el nf;pkrsm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;
tm; wdk;wufjrifhrm;apa&;ESifh em;vnfoabmaygufa&;onf “vlr_todkif;
t0dkif; zHG@òz;wdk;wufa&;. tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfovdk w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk
tajccHonhf 'Drdkua&pD usifhpOfwckjzpfonf” [k azmfjya&;om;xm;onf?
a=unmpmwrf;. tydk'f (1) wGifvnf; EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh xdkvlenf;pkrsm;.
0daoovuQ%mrsm;udk todtrSwðf y&ef wd;k wufxeG ;f um;atmif vkyaf qmif
&ef vdt k yfa=umif; a&;om;xm;onf? ukvor*~ taxGaxG nDvmcHuvnf;
EdkifiHrsm;taejzifh “a=unmpmwrf;. rl0g'rsm; oufa&mufr_&Sdap&efESifh
xGe;f um;wd;k wuf&eftwGuf oifah vsmo f vdk w&m;a&;qdik &f mESihf tjcm;enf;
vrf;rsm; vkyu f ikd af qmif&u
G =f u&ef” yef=um;xm;onf?
Ô vlenf;pktcGithf a&;rsm;ESihf oufqikd af om tjcm;

vlt
@ cGit
hf a&;qdik &f m pmcsKyfrsm; &Syd gao;vm;/
EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyf. tydk'f

(27) ESihf uav;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf (30) wd@k wiG f vlenf;pk
0ifrsm;. ud, k yf idk ,
f Ofaus;r_wiG f yg0ifciG /hf bmomud;k uG,cf iG /hf ud,k yf ikd b
f mom
pum; ajymqdkcGifhudk jiif;y,fjcif;rðy&[k twdtvif;azmfjyxm;onf? EdkifiH
om;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyft&
xdt
k yd'k f (27) tm; csKd ;azmufaom wdik =f um;r_rsm;tm; vl@ tcGit hf a&; aumfrwD
od@k ay;yd@k widk =f um;Edik o f nf? aumfrwDuvnf; xdo k @kd wikd =f um;r_rsm;udk vufcH
&&Sdvsuf&Sdonf?
,leufpudk taxGaxGnDvmcHuvnf; 1960 ckESpfwGif ynma&;Y

cJjG cm;jcif;tm; qef@usijf cif; oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention against Discrimi-
nation in Education) udk jyXmef;EdkifcJhonf? xdkpmcsKyft& EdkifiHrsm;onf
vlenf;pkrsm;. ynma&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifcGifhudk av;pm;&ef vdktyf
44
onf[k pmcsKy. f tyd'k f (5) wGif azmfjyxm;onf? xd@k jyif tyd'k f (1) wGif rnfonfh
vltyk pf u
k rkd S cJjG cm;jcif;r&Sad p&[k ydwyf ifxm;jrpfxm;onf?
Ô bma=umifh vlenf;pkrsm;ta&;udpPonf ta&;w,l

vkyfaqmifp&mudPjzpfae&ovJ?
1980 ESprf sm;ESihf 1990 ck ESpOf ;D ydik ;f umvrsm;wGif jynfwiG ;f t=urf;zuf

yÉdyuQrsm;a=umifh vlom;aygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGm ysupf ;D qH;k ±_;H &r_rsm;/ ae&yfrS pGe@f cmG
&r_rsm;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;tqufjywfrr_ sm; &ifqikd ñf uHawG@c=hJ u&onf? xdo k @kd
cHpm;&ol trsm;pkonf xdEk idk if w H iG &f adS om vlenf;pkrsm; trsm;qH;k jzpfavh&o dS jzifh
vlenf;pk ta&;udpEP iS hf ywfoufI wurBmvH;k u txl;pd;k &dryf yl efc=hJ uonf?
tmz&du/ tm&SEiS hf vufwiftar&du Edik if rH sm;wGif jynfwiG ;f a&; yÉdyuQrsm;
qufvufwnf&SdaeqJjzpfovdk qkdAD,uf,leD,HESifh ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;EdkifiHwdk@
òyuJt
G +yD;wGif vlrsKd ;pkvukd f okwo f ifaom vky&f yfrsm;vnf; ay:ayguv f mcJo
h nf?
xdo k @kd yÉdyuQrsm; jzpfymG ;&jcif;. ta=umif;&if;trsm;pkrmS ESpaf ygi;f rsm;

pGmuwnf;u tjrpfw, G cf ahJ om vlenf;pkrsm;tay: Edik if aH &; t,ltqrsm;
tygt0if tjcm;enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh zdEydS cf jGJ cm;r_rsm;ESihf xdv
k yk &f yftay: rauseyfrr_ sm;
aygufuJGvmcJhjcif;a=umifh jzpfonfudk avhvmawG@&Sd&onf? vlenf;pkrsm;.
ud,k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; awmif;qkcd surf sm;udk jiif;y,fc, hJ rkH #ru xdjk y\emrsm;udk
ukpm;Edik rf nfh ,E , W m;rsm; r&Scd jhJ cif;wd@k . tusKd ;qufa=umifh tcsKd @Eikd if rH sm;wGif
t=urf;zufyÉdyuQrsm;omru jynfwiG ;f ppfrsm; jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh tajctaeod@k
a&mufcJhonf?
ukvor*~ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyfjzpfol bl;x&wfbl;x&wf

*gvu D “,ck tcsed w f iG f a'oqdik &f m Edik if t
H zJ@G tpnf;rsm; tcsi;f csi;f t=um;
yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G rf r_ sm; wd;k wufvmonfrmS trSeyf ifjzpfaomfvnf; Edik if rH sm;
45
twGi;f trsKd ;om;a&;0g'ED iS hf tcsKyftjcmtm%mydik cf iG t hf wGuf awmif;qdrk r_ sm;
wdk;yGm;vmcJhonf? wdkif;jynftwGif; pkpnf;nD!GwfpGm aexdkifa&; qdkonfh
tcsufudk vlrsdK;pka&;/ bmoma&;/ vlrsdK;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ bmompum;ESifh
,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m qENjyawmif;qdrk r_ sm;u +cdr;f ajcmufvmvsu&f o dS nf” [k ol.
+idr;f csr;f a&; vkyif ef;pOf rde@f ceG ;f xJwiG f xnfo
h iG ;f ajymqdck o
hJ nf?
46
rl&if;XmaevlrsdK;rsm;
Ô rl&if;XmaevlrsdK;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI b,fvu

kd muG,f
apmifah &Smufrr_ sm;&Syd govJ?
wurBmvH;k &Sd Edik if aH ygi;f (70) ausmw f iG f aexdik af e=uaom rl&if;Xmae

vlrsKd ;rsm; tenf;qH;k oef;aygi;f oH;k &mcef@&ydS gonf? xdrk &l if;XmaevlrsKd ;rsm;ESihf
ywfoufI t"du wdu k ±f ukd uf muG,af y;aom Edik if w H umoabmwlpmcsKyfrmS
tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyf (ILO) u jyXmef;xm;aom vGwv f yf
aom EdkifiHrsm;&Sd rl&if;XmaeESifh ±dk;&mvlrsdK;pkrsm;ESifh oufqdkifonfh oabm
wlncD sut f rSwf (169) (ILO Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal
Peoples in Independent Countries) jzpfygonf? xdkoabmwlnDcsufudk
1989 ZGefvwGif jyXmef;cJh+yD; 1991ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif touf0ifvmcJh
ygonf? xdkpmcsKyft& tpdk;&ujzpfap/ vlr_a&;tkyfpkwpkujzpfap rnfonfh
rl&if;Xmae vlrsKd ;rsm;. 0daoovuQ%mrsm;udk jiif;y,fjcif;rðy&efEiS hf xdv k rl sKd ;
rsm;. yg0ifaqmif&u G rf /_ tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf tjcm;olrsm;ESihf a&maESmyl;aygi;f
r_w@kd ukd Edik if aH wmfu tmrcHcsuaf y;&ef wm0ef&ydS gonf?
ukvor*~. vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;t&vnf; vlrsKd ;a&;cJjG cm;r_ yaysmuf

a&; aumfr&Sio f nf rl&if;XmaevlrsK;d rsm;ta&;udk avhvmapmif=h uyf&ef wm0ef
&Sdygonf? xdk@jyif EdkifiHom;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&; pmcsKyf. vl@tcGifhta&;
aumfrwDuvnf; pmcsKyf. tyd'k f (27) wGif azmfjyxm;onft h wdik ;f vlrsKd ;pk/
bmoma&;ESifh bmompum; tqifhtwef;a=umifh cJGjcm;jcif;udk wm;jrpf&ef
wm0ef&odS nfth wdik ;f rl&if;XmaevlrsKd ;rsm;tm; umuG,rf _ ay;Edik yf gonf?
47
1982 ckEpS wf iG f rl&if;XmaevlO;D a&rsm;ESihf ywfoufaom tvkyt f zJ@G (UN
Working Group on Indigenous Populations) udk ukvor*~wi G f zJ@G pnf;
vdu k yf gonf? xdtk vkyt f zJ@G onf rl&if;XmaevlrsKd ;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI ukvor*~
,E , W m;twGi;f vuf&dS t"dutusq;kH vkyaf qmifaeaom tvkyt f zJ@G jzpfvm
ygonf? xdt k vkyt f zJ@G onf vl@tcGit hf a&; aumfr&Siaf tmuf&dS qyfaumfr&Six f H
tpd;k &rsm;. ay:vpDrsm;ESihf ywfoufI oH;k oyfcsurf sm;/ t}uHKðycsurf sm;udk
wifoGif;tpD&ifcHvsuf&Sdygonf? xdk@jyif rl&if;XmaevlrsdK; udk,fpm;vS,faygi;f
500 rS 600 txd wufa&mufI tjcm;ukvor*~ at*sipf rD sm;/ tpd;k &ESihf
tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzJG@rsm;tm; ‚wdk@. tjrifrsm;udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
'Dru kd a&pD enf;vrf;wus wifjycGi&hf o dS nfh tpnf;ta0;rsm; usi;f yay;vsuf
&Sdygonf?
1994 ckESpfwGif udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh/ rdrdajr,mrsm;ESifh &if;jrpfrsm;udk

rdrw d @kd u,
kd w
f ikd f xdr;f csKyfprD yH ikd cf iG /hf rdrb
d mompum; ajymqdck iG rhf sm;ESihf tjcm;tcGihf
ta&;rsm; yg0ifaom rl&if;XmaevlrsdK;rsm; tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m a=unm
pmwrf; (rl=urf;) (Draft UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples) udk qyfaumfrwDu jyXmef;Edi k cf yhJ gonf? twnfðytqifo h @kd a&muf&dS
Edkif&efESifh oabmwlpmcsKyftjzpfodk@ qufvSrf;Edkif&eftwGuf qufvufóu;
yrf;vsuf&Sdao;onf? xdk@jyif rl&if;XmaevlrsdK;rsm;. ,Ofaus;r_ESifh twwf
ynmydkif; qdkif&mwdk@ESifh ywfoufonfh rl0g'vrf;!Gefcsufrsm; ay:aygufvm
Edik &f eftwGuv f nf; vkyaf qmifvsu&f ydS gonf?
rl&if; XmaevlrsKd ;rsm;onf Edik if t

H awmfrsm;rsm;wGif cJjG cm;zdEydS cf &H aom
vlwef;pm;rsm;twGi;f wGif yg0ifvsu&f adS eygonf? tdr, f m&&Scd iG /hf use;f rma&;
apmifha&SmufcHcGifh/ ynma&;tcGifhta&;ESifh tvkyfvkyfudkifydkifcGifhwdk@wGif qdk;qdk;
0g;0g; jiif;y,fcaH e&vsu&f o dS nf? xd@k jyif xdo
k w
l @kd . ajr,mESihf &if;jrpfrsm;rSm
vnf; +cdrf;ajcmufcHae&vsuf&Sdygonf? xdkr#ru tcsdK@EdkifiHrsm;wGif rl&if;
48
XmaevlrsKd ;rsm;tm; vufvw G pf y,fowfjzwfjcif;/ Oya'rJh zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;
rsm;udk usL;vGev f su&f o
dS nf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh 1994 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (10)
&ufae@rS aemifq,fEpS t f wGi;f umvtm; urBm@r&l if;XmaevlrsKd ;rsm;. q,fpk
ESpf (Decade of the World’s Indigenous People) tjzpf owfrw S x
f m;yg
onf? xdq k ,fpEk pS f owfrw S jf cif;. &nf&,
G cf surf mS rl&if;XmaevlrsKd ;rsm; awG@ñuH
ae&aom jy\em tcuftcJrsm;udk EdkifiHwum. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_jzifh
tajz&SmEdik &f efjzpfygonf? ESppf Of =o*kwv f (9) &ufae@uv kd nf; tjynfjynf
qdik &f m rl&if;XmaevlrsKd ;rsm;ae@ (International Day of Indigenous People)
tjzpf owfrw S x f m;ygonf?
49
vufeufuikd yf Éyd uQrsm;umv
Ô vufeufuikd f yÉdyuQtcsdeuf mvtwGi;f vlt @ cGit hf a&;

umuG,af &;ESiyhf wfoufI rnfo@kd umuG,rf r_ sm;&Syd govJ?
vufeufudkif yÉdyuQumvrsm;twGif; vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_

rsm;pGm ñuHawG@&onfrSm b,folrSrjiif;Edkifaom tcsufjzpfonf? xdkodk@
vufeufudkif yÉdyuQrsm;twGif; tajccHvl@tcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,fr_ESifh
toufqikd q f ;kH rSm Edik if w
H um vlom;csi;f pmemaxmufxm;aom Oya' (In-
ternational Humanitarian Law) yifjzpfonf?
Edik if w
H um vlom;csi;f pmemaxmufxm;aom Oya'rsm; ay:ayguf
vmonfh ordik ;f a=umif;onf =uufajceDtoif; ay:ayguv f myHEk iS hf ordik ;f a=umif;
twlwyl ifjzpfonf? vuf&dS tjynfjynfqikd &f m =uufajceDvy_ &f mS ;r_ (Interna-
tional Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement) onf 1959 ckEp S f qdzk m&DEkd
wdkufyJGtwGif; '%f&m&ppfonfrsm;tm; aq;0g;ukoay;cJhaom qGpfvlrsdK;
[ife&D'l;eef@. vkyfaqmifcsufrS tpwnfaygufzGm;vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf? xdk
=uufajceDvy_ &f mS ;r_rS tpðyI ppfyt
GJ wGi;f ESihf vufeufuikd f yÉdyuQrsm;twGi;f &Sd
ppfonfrsm;/ oH@k yrf;rsm;/ '%f&m&olrsm;/ t&yfom;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI rnfuo hJ @kd
umuG,f apmifha&Smufoifha=umif;ESifh oufqdkifaom rl0g'rsm;csrSwf&ef
vdtk yfa=umif; tawG;tac:rsm; ay:ayguv f mcJjh cif;jzpfonf?
EdkifiHwum vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;aom Oya'. yxrOD;qHk;

ajcvSrf;jzpfonfh *sDeDAmoabmwlpmcsKyfudk 1864 ckESpfwGif jyXmef;cJhonf?
xdkpmcsKyft& EdkifiHwdkif;onf ppfyJGtwGif; '%f&m&aomolrsm;udk udk,hfvl
50
&efzufrcJjG cm;bJ ðypkapmifah &Smufay;&ef wm0ef&o
dS nf? xdpk mcsKyftjyif aemuf
qufwGJ pmcsKyfrsm;tjzpf 1906 ckEpS f *seD AD moabmwlpmcsKyf/ 1899 ESihf 1907
ckEpS f (onf[mcfoh abmwlpmcsKyf) rsm;ESihf 1929 ckEpS f *seD AD m oabmwlpmcsKyf
rsm; ay:ayguv f mcJo
h nf?
'kw, d urBmppfyt
GJ wGi;f vlom;csi;f pmemr_ Oya'orsm;tm; }uD;rm;
pGm csdK;azmufr_rsm;udk rsufjrifudk,fawG@ñuHvm&aomtcgwGif xdkvlom;csif;
pmemaxmufxm;onfh Oya'rsm;udk aemufxyfrGef;rHI tydk'ftopfrsm;
wdk;csJ@jznfhpGufvmcJh&onf?
ppfyJGumvrsm;twGif; ppfyJGwGifyg0ifolrsm;ESifh ryg0ifolrsm;tm;

Oya't& umuG,af y;&rnfh ppfyq GJ ikd &f m Oya'rsm;udk onf[mcfOh ya'[k vlod
rsm;onf? ppfyaGJ =umifh 'kuaQ &muforl sm;tm; umuG,af y;&rnfh Oya'rsm;udk
*sDeDAmoabmwlpmcsKyf (4) ckpvHk;wGif awG@Edkifonf? xdkvlom;csif; pmem
axmufxm;onfh pmcsKyfrsm;udk urBmay:&Sd Edik if w H ikd ;f eD;yg; oabmwlvufrw
S f
a&;xdk;xm;onf?
1977 ckEpS w
f iG f *seD AD mpmcsKyf. aemufqufwGJ pmcsKyfEpS cf u
k kd twnfðy
cJhonf? aemufqufwJG pmcsKyfESpfckteuf yxr aemufqufwJG pmcsKyfwGif
Edik if w
H um vufeufuikd f ppfyrGJ sm;a=umifh 'kuaQ &muf&olrsm; umuG,af y;jcif;ESihf
oufqikd +f yD; 'kw,
d aemufqufwGJ pmcsKyfonf jynfwiG ;f vufeufuikd pf pfyrGJ sm;
a=umifh 'kuaQ &muforl sm;tm; umuG,af y;jcif;ESihf oufqikd o f nf?
Ô ppfyu
GJ mvtwGi;f vlwOD;wa,mufcsif;udk b,fvkd
umuG,af y;xm;ygovJ?
*sDeDAm oabmwlnDcsufrsm;wGif '%f&m&olrsm;/ oabFmysufI
51
u,fq,fxm;aom ppfonfrsm;/ oH@k yrf;rsm;udk cJjG cm;jcif;vH;k 0r&Sad pbJ wef;wl
ulnDapmifha&Smufr_rsm; vkyfaqmif&ef !$ef=um;xm;onf? pmcsKyf. pwkwW
pmcsKyfwGif ppfyJGtwGif; t&yfom;rsm;udk umuG,fay;&ef azmfjyxm;onf?
aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfrsm;wGif ppfyaGJ =umifh 'kuaQ &muf&aom olrsm;tm;vH;k udk
umuG,af pmifah &Smufay;&efEiS hf t&yfom;rsm;tm; ppfyt GJ wGi;f yg0ifwu
kd cf u
kd f
aom olrsm;u wdu k cf u kd af pjcif;rðy&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf?
kd jf cif;/ xdcu
1993 ckESpfwGifusif;ycJhaom urBmhvl@tcGifhta&;nDvmcHwGifvnf;

*seD AD m oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;tm; vufrw S rf a&;xd;k &ao;aom Edik if rH sm;taejzifh
tvsit f jref vufrw S af &;xd;k =u&efEiS hf pmcsKyfygtcsurf sm;twdik ;f Edik if aH wmf
tqifw h iG f Oya'ðyr_tygt0if tjcm;vdt k yfoifah vsmaf om taumiftxnf
azmf aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk vkyfaqmif=u&ef EdkifiHwumtpdk;&rsm;xH yef=um;
xm;onf?
vufeufudkifyÉdyuQrsm;twGif; bufvdkufjcif;r&SdbJ vdktyfaom

tultnDrsm; ay;&eftwGuf tjynfjynfqikd &f m =uufajceDaumfrwD (Inter-
national Committee of the Red Cross- ICRC) u umuG,r f r_ sm;/ ulnrD r_ sm;
vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf?
Ô 'kQonfrsm;udak &m Edik if w

H umOya'rsm;t&
tumtuG,fay;Edkifygovm;?
Ekid if wH umyÉdyuQjzpfap/ jynfwiG ;f yÉdyuQyifjzpfap vufeufuidk f ppfyGJ

wck jzpf+yDqv kd #if jynfow
l @kd onf rdrw
d @kd touf&iS af &;ESihf vl@tcGit
hf a&; tjyif;
txef csKd ;azmufrr_ S vGwaf jrmuf&mod@k xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&Smif&p+rJjzpfonf? xdo k @kd
ae&yfudk pGef@cGmwdrf;a&Smif&mwGif tjcm;EdkifiH e,ferdwfodk@ a&muf&Sdcdkv_Hygu
xdo
k rl sm;udk 'kuo Q nf (Refugee) [kac:a0:I rdrEd ikd if eH ,ferdwt f wGi;f Yom
52
vSnfhvnfwdrf;a&Smifaeygu xdkolrsm;udk ae&yftwGif; twnfwusr&SdbJ
vSnv
hf nfwrd ;f a&Smifaeolrsm; (Internally Displaced Persons) [k ac:a0:
owfrSwfavh&Sdygonf?
vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm;ESifh vufeufudkif yÉdyuQrsm;a=umifh

'kuo
Q nf tjzpfo@kd a&muf&v dS m&onfh 'kuo Q nfvOl ;D a&rsm; wd;k yGm;vmovdk
tjcm;wzufwGifvnf; rdk;acgif/ &duQmjywfI 'kuQonfb0 a&muf&aom
olrsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;&So d nf?
1951 ckEpS f 'kuo Q nftqift h wef;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyfEiS hf 1966

ckEpS f aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfw@kd wiG f 'kuo Q nfqo kd nfrmS “vlrsKd ;a&;/ bmoma&;/
Edik if o
H m;jzpfr/_ vlra_ &;ESihf Edik if aH &;tzJ@G 0ifjzpfr_ wckcak =umifh tjypfay; ta&;,l
cH&rnfh }uD;rm;aom pd;k &drrf _ cdik cf ikd rf mrm&So d jzifh rdrEd ikd if rH S xGucf mG vm&olrsm;”
[k t"dym` ,fziG q hf x
kd m;onf?
xdo
k @kd owfrw
S cf suEf iS hf udu
k n
f aD om olrsm;udk cdv
k cH_ iG ahf wmif;cHciG ðhf y&ef
ESifh xdkolwdk@ touftE W&m,f&SdEdkifrnfh ae&yfodk@ qENrygbJ twif;t=uyf
jyefvnfydk@aqmifjcif;rðy&ef xdkpmcsKyfrsm;wGif umuG,fxm;onf?
Ô xdo
k '@kd Q
k onfrsm;tay: umuG,rf t
_ m; b,fvkd
vufawGt @ aumiftxnf azmfxm;ygovJ?
ukvor*~ 'kuo Q nfrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;±H;k (UN High Commis-

sioner for Refugees- UNHCR) onf 'kuQonfrsm;tm; umuG,fr_ESifh
ywfoufI EdkifiHwum. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;udkapmifh=uyf&efESifh 'kuQonf
jy\emudk ajz&Si;f onft
h aejzifh qENtavsmuf ae&yfo@kd jyefapjcif;/ cdvk &H_ m
ae&mopfwGif tom;uspGmaeEdkifa&;twGuf oufqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;ESifh
53
taumif;qHk;ajz&Sif;csufrsm;&Sm}uHjcif;ESifh ywfoufaomvkyfief;rsm;twGuf
wm0eft&Sq
d ;kH jzpfonf?
1951 ckEpS f 'kuo

Q nfrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;±H;k udk pwifz@GJ pnf;pOfu
'kuo Q nfaygi;f woef;cef@om&Scd o
hJ nf? ,cktcgurBmay:wGif 'kuo Q nf[al om
t"dy`m,fzGifhqdkcsufESifh udkufnDonfh 'kuQonfaygif; 22 oef; &Sdonfhtjyif
jynfwiG ;f Yom vSnv hf nfaexdik af eaom olaygi;f 25 oef;cef@ &Sad eao;onf?
'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m r[mrif;}uD;±Hk;taejzifh xdkolrsm;tm; ulnDaqmif&Guf
Edik &f eftwGuf txl;vkyaf qmifóu;yrf;vsu&f o dS nf?
54
wOD;csi;f wdik -f um;r+rsm;
Ô tu,fI vlwOD;wa,muf. tcGit hf a&;rsm; csdK;azmuf

cH&onf[k ,lq&v#if xdo k o
l nf ukvor*~wGif wOD;csif;
wdkif=um;Edkifygovm;?
ukvor*~xo H @kd vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufc&H r_EiS hf ywfoufI vlwOD;

csif;jzpfap/ tzJG@tpnf;vdkufjzpfap wdkif=um;r_rsm; axmifyHk&myHk a&muf&Sd
vsu&f o dS nf? wOD;csi;f wdik =f um;r_ udk cGiðhf yonfh pepf,E , W m;udk cGiðhf yvdu
k o
f nfh
aemufydkif;wGif wOD;csif; wdkif=um;r_rsm; ydkrdk rsm;jym;vmcJhonf? 1993 ckESpf
wESpfxJrSmyif ukvor*~xHodk@ wOD;csif; wdkif=um;r_aygif; ESpfodef;&Spfaomif;
ausmf vufc&H &Scd o hJ nf? ,cifu wOD;csi;f wdik =f um;r_ukd vufrcHaom ukvor*~
vkyfief;tcsdK@onfyif ,cktcg wOD;csif;wdkif=um;r_udk vufcHvm+yDjzpfonf?
vuf&t dS ajctaetxd vl@tcGit hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI ukvor*~o@kd wOD;csi;f wdik f
=um;Edkifaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;,E W,m;rsm;rSm vl@tcGifhta&;aumfrwD/
vlrsKd ;a&;cJjG cm;r_ yaysmufa&; aumfrwD/ ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;r_ qef@usiaf &;aumfrwD/
trsd K ;orD; rsm;tm; enf ; rsd K ;pH k j zif h cJ Gj cm;r_ r sm; yaysmuf a &;aumf r wD E S i f h
rw&m;zrf;qD;jcif;qdik &f m tvkyt f zJ@G w@kd jzpfonf?
Ô xdo
k w
@kd OD;csif;wdik =f um;r_rsm;udk b,fvq
kd ufvyk yf govJ?
xdo
k @kd wOD;csi;f wdik =f um;r_rsm; tygt0if vl@tcGit
hf a&;ta&; udprP sm;
ESihf ywfoufI ukvor*~wiG f wm0eft&Sq d ;kH tpdwt
f ydik ;f rSm vl@tcGit
hf a&;
aumfr&Siyf if jzpfonf?
55
aumfrwDudk pwifwnfaxmifpOfu xdkodk@ wOD;csif;jzpfap/ tzJG@vkduf
jzpfap wdkif=um;r_rsm;udk vufcHta&;,l aqmif&Gufaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;
,E , W m; r&Scd ahJ cs? od@k &mwGif 1959 ckEpS rf pS wifI xdo
k @kd widk =f um;r_ukd enf;ESprf sKd ;
jzifh pwifvufcHcJhonf? yxr enf;vrf;rSm vl@tcGifhta&; wdk;jr‡ifha&;ESifh
umuG,fa&;qdkif&m rl0g'rsm;ESifh ywfoufI EdkifiHrsm;. vkyfaqmifcsuf/
csdK;azmufcsufrsm;udk v_d@0Sufjcif;r&SdbJ tjcm;tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm; od&Sdap&ef vlod
&Si=f um; xkwaf zmfajymqdak om enf;vrf;jzpf+yD; aemufwenf;rSm vl@ tcGit hf a&;
csdK;azmufaom tpdk;&tay: pGyfpJGonfh wdkif=um;csufrsm;udk vlod&Sif=um;
rxkwaf zmfbJ vSsKd @0u S pf mG udik w
f ,
G af jz&Si;f aom enf;vrf;jzpfonf?
tpd;k &tay: pGypf o GJ nfh wdik =f um;csurf sm;udk vlo&d iS =f um; rxkwaf zmfbJ
vSsdK@0SufpGm udkifwG,fajz&Sif;aom enf;vrf;udk 1970 ckESpfwGif pD;yGm;a&;ESifh
vlra_ &;aumifpD qH;k jzwfcsut f rSwf (1503) jzifh twnfðy usio hf ;kH vmcJo
h nf?
xd@k a=umifh xdv k yk xf ;kH vkyef nf;udk (1503) vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;[kvnf; todrsm;
onf? xdv k yk x
f ;kH vkyef nf;t& Edik if t H pd;k &w&yfonf vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf tajccH
vGwv f yfrr_ sm;udk jyif;xefpmG csKd ;azmufaeonf[k wduscikd v f pkH mG wdik =f um;vm
ygu xdktr_udk vSsdK@0SufvHkðcHaom enf;vrf;tqifhqifhjzifh ukvor*~u
pHkprf;ppfaq;Edkifonf?
xdv k yk x f ;kH vkyef nf;twdik ;f wdik =f um;rnfqykd gu yxrOD;qH;k ud, k w f ikd f

ud,
k u f s cHpm;&ol od@k r[kwf xdo k @kd usL;vGerf t _ a=umif;udk wdu
k ±f u
kd Ef iS hf cdik cf ikd f
rmrm od&Sdxm;aom tjcm;ol/ tjcm;tkyfpk/ odk@r[kwf tpdk;&r[kwfaom
tzJ@G tpnf;wckcu k oufaotaxmuftxm; rsm;udk wifoiG ;f &rnfjzpfonf?
xdok @kd yxrtqifh wdik =f um;r_ukd qyfaumfr&Si. f vlenf;pkrsm;tm; umuG,f
a&;ESihf zdEydS cf jGJ cm;r_rsm; wm;qD;a&; tvkyt f zJ@G u ppfaq;avhvmrnf jzpfonf?
omreftm;jzif wdkif=um;pmay;ydk@aomolxH wdkif=um;r_udk vufcH&&Sda=umif;
todtrSwðf y jyefpmay;yd@k onf? xdw k ikd =f um;pmrdwLW udk oufqikd &f mtpd;k &od@k
56
ay;yd@k +yD; ar;cGe;f rsm; xkw&f onf? xd@k aemuf xdw k ikd =f um;r_EiS hf ywfoufaom
tESpcf sKyfwifjycsuu f kd txl;vSLd @0uS pf mG qyfaumfr&Siw f iG f xdt k r_tm; qufvuf
udik w f , G rf nfo h x l H vpOfvwdik ;f tpD&ifco H nf? xd@k aemuf tvkyt f zJ@G 0if (5)
OD;onf wESpv f #iw f }udrf awG@q+kH yD; xdw k ikd =f um;csuu f kd avhvmppfaq;onf?
wdik =f um;csurf sm;ESihf tpd;k &xHrS wke@f jyefcsurf sm;udk rlwnfI tvkyt f zG@J onf
xdwk ikd =f um;r_onf trSew f u,f}uD;}uD;rm;rm; vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufr_ [kwf
r[kwu f kd rJcq
GJ ;kH jzwfonf? trSew f u,f vl@tcGit hf a&; csKd ;azmufr_ jzpfonf[k
,lqygu xdkwdkif=um;csufudk qyfaumfrwDxHodk@ wifoGif;+yD; xdkrSwqifh
rJqENjzifh aumfr&Six f oH @kd qufvufwifoif/h rwifoifu h q kd ;kH jzwfonf? aumfr&Sif
taejzifh xdo k @kd wifoiG ;f vmaom wdik =f um;r_rsm;ESihf ywfoufI xdw k ikd =f um;csuf
udk y,fcsjcif;/ aemufEpS u f srS pOf;pm;aqmif&u G &f ef qdik ;f ihH vdu k jf cif;/ jzpfysuo f nfh
tr_upd w P ckv;kH udk avhvmjcif;/ oufqikd &f m tpd;k &u oabmwlygu aumfr&Sif
onf txl;aumfrwD (Ad hoc) zJ@G pnf;I pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;rsm; vkyEf ikd o f nf?
xdkwdkif=um;r_udk vufcHppfaq;aepOf umvwckvHk; xdktr_rsm;ta=umif;udk
vlo&d iS =f um; xkwaf zmfa=unmjcif;r&S&d ef txl;pnf;urf; owfrw S x f m;onf?
wdik =f um;oluv kd nf; wdik =f um;r_onf rnfonft h qifu h kd a&muf&adS ea=umif;udk
vnf; today;jcif;r&S?d oufqikd &f mtpd;k &udk today;jcif;/ xdu k pd EP iS hf ywfouf
onft h csurf sm;udk ajz=um;&ef zdw=f um;jcif;wd@k uo kd m vkyaf qmifonf?
57
txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Srd sm;
Ô vltcGit
hf a&;aumfr&Siu
f vlt @ cGit
hf a&;ESiyhf wfoufI
tjcm;bmawGvyk af qmif ygao;vJ?
EdkifiHwum vl@tcGifhta&; oabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;ESifh oufqdkif&m

aumfrwDw@kd . vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;tjyif aumfr&Si.f qH;k jzwfcsut f &qH;k jzwfI
pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &; aumifpu D twnfjyKcef@tyfaom vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m
txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&Srd sm; od@k r[kwf tvkyt f zJ@G rsm; cef@tyfwm0efay;I
pHpk rf;ppfaq;aom vkyif ef;&Syd gao;onf?
ukvor*~tzJ@G 0if Ekid if rH sm;taejzifh av;pm;vdu

k ef m&ef wm0ef&adS om
vlŒtcGifhta&; pHcsdefpH!Gef;rsm;udk EdkifiHrsm;u av;pm;vdkufemapa&;twGuf
xdkodk@ txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&Sdrsm;/ tvkyftzJG@rsm;cef@tyfI pHkprf;
ppfaq;&ef wm0efay;jcif;jzpfonf? xdktvkyftzJG@wGif yg0ifolrsm;jzpfap
txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&St d jzpf cef@tyforl sm;jzpfap tpd;k &ud,
k pf m;vS,f
rsm; r[kwf&bJ vGwfvyfaom/ tcsKyftaESmifuif;vGwfaomolrsm; jzpf&
ygrnf?
pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Su d kd ESprf sKd ;ESppf m;cJjG cm;Edik of nf? yxrwrsKd ;rSm
vl@tcGit hf a&; ta=umif;t&mu¾wckukd wurBmvH;k taejzifh pHpk rf;ppfaq;
aom t&m&Sd (Theme Special Rapporteur) jzpfonf? Oyrm - trsKd ;orD;rsm;
tm; t=urf;zufrE_ iS yhf wfoufI Edik if rH sm;wGif jzpfymG ;aeaom trsKd ;orD;rsm;
tm; t=urf;zufrt _ a=umif; pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;rsKd ; jzpfonf? 'kw, d trsKd ;tpm;
rSm Edik if w
H Edik if t H wGi;f &Sd vl@tcGit
hf a&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sKd ;pHu k kd pHpk rf;ppfaq;aom
txl;t&m&Sd (Country Special Rapporteur) jzpfonf? Oyrm - jrefrmEdik if H
58
wGif jzpfyGm;aeaom edkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;ta=umif;/ t"rRvkyftm;ay;
ta=umif;/ 'kuQonfrsm;ta=umif; ponfjzifh jrefrmEdkifiHESifh oufqdkifonfh
vltcGithf a&; tjzpftysut f m;vH;k aygi;f pHpk mG udk avhvmpHpk rf;jcif;rsKd ;jzpfonf?
Ô u¾tvdu k pf pkH rf;ppfaq;r_ukd b,fvv

kd yk x
f ;kH vkyef nf;jzifh
vkyfudkifygovJ?
yxrOD;qHk; u¾tvdkufpHkprf;ppfaq;r_twGuf zJG@pnf;aom tvkyf

tzJG@rSm 1980 ckESpfwGif zJG@pnf;wm0efay;cJhaom twif;t=uyf qENrygbJ
aysmufq;kH r_ qdik &f mtvkyt f zJ@G (Working Group on Enforced or Involun-
tary Disappearances) jzpfonf? xdk tvkyt f zJ@G . wm0efrmS aysmufq;kH oGm;ol
rsm;tm; jyefvnfazmfxw k Ef ikd rf nfh ae&mrsm;udk od&v dS m&ef &nf&, G cf sujf zifh
aysmufqHk;oGm;aom olrsm;. rdom;pkESifh tpdk;&wdk@t=um; =um;cHv_yf&Sm;
aqmif&Gufay;jcif;jzpfonf? xdk&nf&G,fcsuftwdkif; taumiftxnfazmf
&mwGif aumfrwDonf tpdk;&ESifh tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzJG@rsm;u ay;ydk@aom
owif; tcsut f vufrsm;ud&k ,lI aysmufq;kH oGm;olrsm;. ta=umif;t&m
wckcsif;udk oHk;oyfygonf? xdkaemuf oufqdkif&mtpdk;&tm; xdktr_rsm;udk
ay;yd@k ygonf? xdo k ufqikd &f m tpd;k &zufu jyefvnfjyef=um;aom ta=umif;
t&m tcsut f vufrsm;udk oufqikd &f m rdom;pkrsm;xH ta=umif;=um;ay;yd@k
ygonf? xd@k aemuf aemufqufwGJ pHpk rf;jcif;rsm;udk vkyaf qmifygonf? xdu k pd EP iS hf
ywfoufaom pGyfpJGcsufrsm;udk EdkifiHwckcsif;tvdkuf pHkprf;ygonf? tu,fI
aysmufq;kH oGm;aom olrsm;. rdom;pk0ifrsm; od@k r[kwf tvkyt f zJ@G tm; yl;aygi;f
ulnaD eolrsm;udk tpd;k &u taESmift h ,Sujf yKygu tvkyt f zJ@G u =um;0ifjzefajz/
umuG,fay;ygonf? aemufqHk;wGif rdrdwdk@awG@&Sdonfh ed*Hk;csKyftcsufrsm;ESifh
t}uHay;csurf sm;udk vl@tcGit hf a&; aumfr&Six f o H @kd wifjytpD&ifcyH gonf?
aemufxyf tvkyt
f zJ@G wckjzpfonfh rw&m;zrf;qD;jcif;qdik &f m tvkyf
59
tzJG@ (Working Group on Arbitrary Detention) udk 1991 ckESpfwGifzJG@pnf;cJh+yD;
EdkifiHwumu owfrSwfxm;aom pHcsdefpH!Gef;rsm;ESifh tnDr[kwfbJ xdk
oufqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm; usL;vGefxm;aom rw&m;zrf;qD;jcif; tr_udpPrsm;udk
pHpk rf;ppfaq;ygonf? xdek nf;wl tusO;f ðcH; od@k r[kwf rw&m;tjypfay;jcif;qkid &f m
txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd (Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Sum-
mary or Arbitrary Executions) udk 1982 ckEp S wf iG f cef@tyfco
hJ vdk ESyd pf uf
!‡Of;yrf;jcif;qdkif&m txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd (Special Rapporteur on
Torture) udk 1985 ckEp S w
f iG f cef@tyfcyhJ gonf? xdtk &m&Srd sm;/ tvkyt f zJ@G rsm;
yl;aygif;I xdktr_rsm; jzpfyGm;ygu ta&;ay:umuG,fwm;qD;Edkif&ef 0dkif;0ef;
óu;yrf;avh&Sdygonf?
u¾tvdu k f tjcm;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&Srd sm;rSm - jynfwiG ;f wGif

twnfwus r&SdbJ a&$@ajymif;aexdkif&aom olrsm;qdkif&m/ uav;rsm;tm;
a&mif;csjcif;/ jynhw f efqmESihf npfnrf;pmayrsm;wGif toH;k csjcif;qdik &f m/ w&m;
qdik &f m vGwv f yfciG Ehf iS hf vGwvf yfaom w&m;ol}uD;rsm;qdik &f m/ trsKd ;orD;rsm;
tm; t=urf;zufjcif;qdik &f m/ acwfòyifvrl sKd ;a&; cJjG cm;jcif;/ vlrsKd ;a&;zdEydS jf cif;ESihf
vlrsdK;a&; rkef;wD;r_qdkif&m/ bmoma&;t& onf;rcHr_qdkif&m/ vGwfvyfpGm
xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG q hf ikd &f m/ a=u;pm;ppfom;rsm; toH;k ðyjcif;qdik &f m/ ud, k yf ikd f
tkycf sKyfciG t
hf ay: ðyrlqufqrH q _ ikd &f m wd@k jzpfygonf?
Ô Edik if rH sm;tvdu
k af &m txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;r&Sb
d ;l vm;/
vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr&SifESifh ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHodk@ EdkifiH

tvku d f vl@ tcGit
hf a&; csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;tm; wifjytpD&ifc&H ef cef@tyfxm;aom
txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; t&m&Srd sm;vnf;&Syd gonf? vuf&w dS iG f tmz*efepPwef/
ygyl;/ e,l;*DeD/ jrefrm/ usL;bm;/ uarBm'D;,m;/ t,fvfqmaA;'dk;/ tDauG'dk;/
a[wD/ *Gmwmrmvm/ tD&wf/ tD&ef/ ,l*dkpvm; AD;,m;/ ydkvef/ b&Grf'D/
60
qdkrm;vD;,m;/ Adkav;AD;,m;/ ±dkar;eD;,m;/ ygvufpwdkif;/ oD&dvuFm/ wdk*dk/
ql'efESifh Zkdif,mEdkifiHwdk@twGuf cef@tyfxm;aom EdkifiHtvdkuf txl;pHkprf;
ppfaq;a&; t&m&Srd sm; &Syd gonf?
Ô xdo
k t
@kd xl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif; vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;onf
bmud&k nf&,G I f vkyu f ikd jf cif; jzpfygovJ?
xdo k @kd txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif; vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;. &nf&, G cf surf mS
vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_tajctaersm;udk avhvm&ef/ ppfaq;&efjzpf+yD;
oufqdkif&m tpdk;&rsm;taeESifh EdkifiHwumu owfrSwfxm;aom vl@tcGifh
ta&; pHcsdefpH!Gef;rsm;ESifhtnD taumiftxnf azmf aqmif&Gufvmap&ef
jzpfonf? xdkodk@pHkprf;ppfaq;&ef cef@tyfwm0efay;cH&aom t&m&Sdrsm;/
tvkyt f zJ@G rsm;onf csKd ;azmufc&H olrsm; tygt0if tpd;k &ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaf om
tzJG@rsm;qDrS owif;rsm;udk trSeftwdkif;&SmazG vufcHEdkifonf? oufqdkif&m
tpdk;&rsm;xH xdkowif;tcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI ajz&Sif;csufrsm; awmif;cH
Edik of nf? oufqikd &f mtpd;k &u cGiðhf yygu xdEk ikd if w H iG ;f od@k oGm;a&mufI pHpk rf;
Edik o
f nf? rdrw d @kd ukd avhvm&ef wm0efay;xm; aom vl@tcGit hf a&;/ Edik if rH sm;
tajctaeESihf ywfoufI rdrw d @kd . awG@&cdS surf sm;/ taxGaxG t}uHðycsurf sm;udk
vl@tcGifhta&; aumfr&SifESifh taxGaxGnDvmcHwGif tpD&ifcHonf? xdkodk@
vkyaf qmifjcif;tqifq h if.
h &nf&, G cf sut
f ESpcf sKyfrmS oufqikd &f m tpd;k &rsm;ESihf
tusdK;&Sdaom qufqHajymqdkr_rsm; jzpfxGef;ap+yD; xdktpdk;&rsm;tm; vl@
tcGit hf a&; umuG,rf q _ ikd &f m wd;k wufvmatmifvyk af qmifEikd rf nfh enf;vrf;
rsm;udk t}uHðywifjyay;a&;om jzpfonf?
txl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Srd sm;. oufwrf;udk topfw;kd jr‡iEhf ikd o

f nf?
61
Ô xdo
k t
@kd xl;pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&; vkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf;. xl;jcm;csufrmS
bmvJ?
xdkodk@ txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;. xl;jcm;csufrSm vlŒ

tcGit hf a&; pHcsed pf !
H eG ;f rsm;udk owfrw
S ,
f rkH #ruawmhbJ xdo k wfrwS xf m;aom
pHcsed pf ! H eG ;f rsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u G rf /_ av;pm;vdu
k ef mr_rsm;udk
apmifh=uyfvmEdkifonfh vl@ tcGifhta&; vkyfief;pOf}uD; wjznf;jznf;wdk;wuf
ajymif;vJvmjcif;yif jzpfonf? EdkifiHwumu vdkufem&efowfrSwfxm;aom
vl@tcGit hf a&; umuG,af &; vkyif ef;udk Edik if w H Edik if .
H tpd;k &wcku rav;pm;
ygu EdkifiHwumtqifhtjzpf rnfuJhodk@ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;jzifh vkyfaqmif
Edik o
f nf [laom ,E , W m;wck ay:ayguv f mjcif;jzpfonf?
62
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;r[mrif;}uD;±H;k
Ô vlt
@ cGit
hf a&;r[mrif;}u;D ±H;k (UN High Commissioner for
Human Rights) qdw
k m bmvJ?
1993 ck E S p f w G i f xk w f j yef c J h o nf h AD , if e m a=unmpmwrf ; ES i f h

a&S@vkyfief;pOf tpDtpOfwGif vuf&SdESifh tem*wfwGif}uHKawG@&rnfh vl@tcGifh
ta&; a&;&mudprP sm;udk udik w f ,G af jz&Si;f wm0ef,&l eftwGuf ukvor*~wiG f
,E , W m;topfwck vdt k yfa=umif; todtrSwjf yKxm;onf? xdo k @kd vkyaf qmif
Edkif&eftwGuf vl@tcGifhta&;qdkif&m r[m rif;}uD;±Hk;udk zJG@pnf;xlaxmif
oifah =umif;udvk nf; xdak =unmpmwrf;wGif t}uHay;cJo h nf? xdt k }uHay;csuu f kd
1993 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (20) &ufae@wGif taumiftxnfazmfEdkifcJhonf?
hf a&;rsm; tm;vH;k ESiyhf wfoufI umuG,af &;/ xGe;f um;
xdak e@wiG f vltcGit
apa&;rsm;udk vkyaf qmif&eftwGuf vl@tcGit hf a&; r[mrif;}uD; &mxl;topfukd
cef@tyf&ef ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHu uef@uu G rf rJ &Sd oabmwlq;kH jzwf
cJo
h nf? 1994 ck {+yDv (5) &ufae@wiG f yxrOD;qH;k vl@tcGit hf a&; r[mrif;}uD;
u wm0efpwif,cl o hJ nf?
vl@tcGifhta&; r[mrif;}uD;tm; (4) ESpfw}udrf ajymif;vJEdkifonf?

Oya't& aemufoufwrf;w}udro f m xyfroH ufwrf;wd;k cGi&hf o
dS nf? vl@tcGihf
ta&; r[mrif;}uD;±H;k . wm0efrsm;rSm ukvor*~csmwm/ tjynfjynfqikd &f m
vl@tcGithf a&; a=unmpmwrf;ESihf tjcm;vl@tcGit hf a&; pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;wGif
yg0ifaom tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh avsmfnDpGm vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;/
xGe;f um;a&;wd@k ukd vkyaf qmif&ef wm0ef&o
dS nf?
63
Ô vlt
@ cGit
hf a&;r[mrif;}u;D . wm0efEiS v
hf yk yf ikd cf iG rhf sm;u bmvJ?
vl@tcGit
hf a&; r[mrif;}uD;onf vltcGit hf a&;qdik &f m vkyaf qmifr_
rsm;ESihf ywfoufI ukvor*~wiG f t"duwm0eft&Sq d ;kH yk*Kd~ vfjzpfonf? zG@H òz;
wd;k wufciG hf tygt0if tjcm;tcGit hf a&;rsm;tm;vH;k udk vlom;wdik ;f aysm&f i$ pf mG
cHpm;Edik af &;twGuf vl@tcGithf a&; umuG,af y;a&;/ wk;d wufatmif vkyaf qmif
ay;a&;wd@k ukd vkyaf qmif&ef wm0eftjynft h 0 &So
d nf?
vl@tcGit hf a&; r[mrif;}uD;. wm0efrsm;rSm ukvor*~ vkyif ef;pOf

twGuf vl@tcGifhta&; umuG,fa&;ESifh xGef;um;atmif vkyfaqmifa&;rsm;
vkyu
f ikd af qmif&u G &f ef jzpfonft h avsmuf vkyif ef;aqmifwmtrsKd ;rsKd ;&So
d nf?
tultnDvt kd yfaom Edik if rH sm;od@k t}uHOm%f/ twwfynmESihf aiGa=u;tul
tnDrsm; yhyH ;kd jcif;/ ukvor*~. vl@tcGit hf a&; ,E ,
W m;rsm; ydrk o
kd ufa&muf
aumif;rGefvmatmif vdktyfaom jyifqifr_rsm;ESifh tm;aumif;atmif
vkyfaqmifay;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;/ vl@tcGifhta&;udk av;pm;vdkufem
ap&eftwGuf tpdk;&rsm;ESifh qufqHajymqdkjcif;wdk@tjyif wurBmvHk;wGif
vl@tcGifhta&; csdK;azmufr_rsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;aer_rsm; &yfwHhoGm;atmif
wuf=uGaom tcef;rSaeI vkyaf qmifjcif;wd@k ukd vl@tcGit hf a&; r[mrif;}uD;u
wm0efcHvkyfaqmif&ygonf?
64
tjynfjynfqikd &f mtvkyo
f rm;tzJ@G csKyf
Ô vl@tcGifhta&;xGef;um;atmifvkyfaqmif&mwGif
tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo
f rm; tzJc@G sKyfu rnfonft
h cef;u
yg0ifygovJ?
1919 ckESpfuwnf;uzJG@pnf;cJhonfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;

tzJ@G csKyf (International Labor Organization) onf 1946 ckEpS w f iG f ukvor*~
. yxrOD;qH;k aom txl;ðyat*sipf D jzpfvmcJo h nf? xdt k zJ@G csKyfukd vlra_ &;ESihf
tvkyo f rm;a&;&m tcef;u¾rsm;wGif vlrw _ &m;r#wr_rsm; xGe;f um;apa&;
twGuf &nf&G,fzJG@pnf;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyform;
tzJG@csKyf. vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh ywfoufaom vkyfaqmifcsufrSm EdkifiHwum
tvkyo f rm; tqift h wef;qdik &f m pHcsed pf !
H e$ ;f rsm; csrw S I f xdpk cH sed pf !
H e$ ;f rsm;
twdik ;f tzJ@G 0ifEikd if rH sm;taeESihf vduk ef maqmif&u G rf &_ rdS &Su
d kd apmif=h uyfaom
vkyaf qmifcsuyf if jzpfonf?
tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyfonf tvky&f iS /f tvkyo f rm;/

tpdk;& udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ponfh oHk;yGifhqdkif udk,fpm;vS,frsm; yg0ifaom
tzJ@G jzpf+yD; qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; csrw S &f mwGiv f nf;aumif;/ vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u G f
&mwGiv f nf;aumif; xdo k ;kH yGiq
hf ikd f ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; tm;vH;k yg0ifciG &hf odS nf?
EdkifiHwum tvkyform; tqifhtwef;qdkif&m pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;udk

tvkyo f rm; tzJ@G csKyf. t"dutpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfaom tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyf
orm;uGefz&ifh (International Labor Conference) u oabmwlncD surf sm;
od@k r[kwf t}uHðycsurf sm;tjzpf csrw
S jf yXmef;avh&o dS nf? xdo
k @kd jyXmef;vku
d af om
65
oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk EdkifiHrsm;u vufrSwfa&;xdk;vdkufygu xdkEdkifiHtay:
pnf;aESmiftm;&SdoGm;+yDjzpfonf? xdkoabmwlnDcsufrsm;onf tvkyform;
tzJ@G csKyf. tajccHtcGit hf a&;rsm;ESio hf ufqikd o f nfh vGwv f yfpmG tzJ@G tpnf;
zJG@pnf;a&;/ t"rRvkyftm;ay; zsufodrf;a&;/ tvkyfvkyf&mwGif cJGjcm;r_rS
uif;vGwaf &;/ uav;tvkyo f rm; apcdik ;f jcif; yaysmufa&;ponfjzifh ta=umif;
t&m trsKd ;rsKd ;&So
d nf? xd@k jyif tvkyof rm;wd@k . vkyif ef;cGiq f ikd &f m pHcsed pf !
H eG ;f
rsm;tjzpf vkyif ef;cGit
f ajctae/ vkyif ef;cGif vHðk cHa&;ESihf use;f rma&;/ vlrz_ v l akH &;/
tvkyfcef@tyfr_ ay:vpDwdk@ tygt0if tjcm;ta=umif;t&m rsm;pGmwdk@ESifh
ywfoufIvnf; Edik if w H um tqift h wef;rsm; owfrw S x
f m; ygonf? xd@k r#ru
trsKd ;orD;/ a&$@ajymif;tvkyo f rm;rsm;ESihf rl&if;XmaevlrsKd ;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI
vnf; umuG,af pmifah &Smufrr_ sm; vkyaf qmifxm;vsu&f o dS nf?
Ô oufqikd &f mtpd;k &rsm;av;pm;vduk ef mr_&rdS &Su

d kd
tvkyo
f rm;tzJc@G sKyfu rnfuo hJ @kd apmif=h uyfygovJ?
tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyfu csrw

S x
f m;aom Edik if w
H um
pHcsed pf !
H eG ;f rsm;tm; Edik if t
H oD;oD;. taumiftxnfazmfru _ kd apmih=f uyfonfh
enf;vrf;rsm;pGm&Sdygonf?
tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyf. oabmwlncD suu f kd Edik if w

H Edik if u
H vufrw
S f
a&;xdk; vdkufonfESifhw+ydKifeuf xdkEdkifiHonf oabmwlpmcsKyfwGif yg&Sdonfh
ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk rnfodk@ taumiftxnfazmfaea=umif; owfrSwf
xm;onfh tcsdefumvtwdkif; yHkrSef tpD&ifcH&ef wm0ef&SdoGm;+yDjzpfonf?
xdkwm0ef&Sdonfhtwdkif; tpdk;&rsm;u wifoGif;vmonfh vkyfief;taumif
txnfazmf aqmif&Gufr_ tpD&ifcHcsufrsm;udk EdkifiHwdkif;&Sd tvkyform;ESifh
tvkyf&SiftzJG@rsm;toD;oD;odk@ ay;ydk@I xdkolwdk@. xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk
jyefvnf&,l&onf? tvkyform;tzJG@csKyfwGif zJG@pnf;xm;onfh u|rf;usif
66
vGwfvyfaom aumfrwD0if (20) OD;wdk@u xdkodk@wifoGif;vmaom EdkifiH
tpD&ifcpH mrsm;/ tvky&f iS Ef iS hf tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G rsm;u jyefvnfay;yd@k vmaom
xifjrif,q l csurf sm;udk avhvmI tpd;k &. taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u G rf _
tay: 0dik ;f 0ef;avhvm tuJcwfygonf? xdo k @kd avhvm&mwGif xdEk ikd if .
H Edik if aH &;/
pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&;pepfwdk@ESifhywfoufI xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif; r[kwfbJ
tajccH vl@tcGit hf a&; ta=umif;tcsuf wckwnf;ay:wGio f m =unf&h a_ vhvm
jcif; jzpfygonf? xd@k aemuf ESppf Of usi;f yonfh tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;
uGezf &ifoh @kd xdak umfrwDu olw@kd . tpD&ifccH surf sm;udk wifoiG ;f tpD&ifcyH gonf?
xdtk pD&ifccH suu f kd uGezf &ifah umfrwDu aemufxyfwcg jyefvnfppfaq; ygonf?
tvkyform;tzJG@csKyf. pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm; csrSwfr_ESifh EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;.

apmifh=uyfr_ vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;. =oZmoufa&mufr_a=umifh vGefcJhaom
umvrsm;twGif;wGif tzJG@0if EdkifiHrsm;wGif vlr_a&;ESifh tvkyform;a&;qdkif&m
w&m;Oya'rsm; ajymif;vJvmonfukd awG@&ygonf? xdEk ikd if rH sm;&Sd tvkyo f rm;
rsm;. tajctaeESihf b0wd@k vnf; wd;k wufvmcJo h nf?
tu,fI oabmwlnDcsufyg tcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf

aqmif&u G f &mwGif tcuftcJrsm;&Sad eygu xdo k @kd tcuftcJñuHawG@aeaom
EdkifiHtm; tvkyform; tzJG@csKyfu ulnDaxmufyhHr_rsm; yhHydk;ay;ygonf?
wurBmvHk;&Sd u|rf;usifol ynm&Sifrsm;/ t}uHay;rsm;. tultnDjzifh
xdv k tkd yfaom twwfynmydik ;f qdik &f m ulnyD yHh ;kd r_rsm;udk tvkyo
f rm;tzJ@G csKyfu
aqmif&Gufay;vsuf&Sdygonf?
67
Ô xdo
k y@kd rkH eS t
f pD&ifcjH cif;r[kwb f J tjcm;aom
ta&;,laqmif&u G rf r_ sdK;a&m &Syd gao;vm;?
tpdk;&rsm;xHrSwifoGif;aom yHkrSeftpD&ifcHpmrsm;tm; avhvmaom

vkyfxHk; vkyfenf;tjyif tvkyform;tzJG@csKyf. zJG@pnf;yHkOya't& csrSwf
xm;aom EdkifiHwum tvkyform;pHcsdefpH!$ef;rsm;tm; taumiftxnf
azmfrE_ iS hf ywfoufI wdik =f um;Edik af om tjcm;enf;vrf;ESprf sKd ; &Syd gao;onf?
yxrwenf;rSm EdkifiHwEdkifiHu vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom oabm

wlnDcsuf twGif;wGif yg0ifonfh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf
vdkufem&ef xdkEdkifiHu ysufuGufaeygu xdkokd@ysufuGufaea=umif;tm;
tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G ujzpfap/ tvky&f iS t
f zJ@G u jzpfap tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyfwiG f
ud,
k pf m;ðy wifjyjcif;yifjzpfonf? tvkyof rm;tzJ@G csKyf. tkycf sKyfra_ umfrwDwiG f
yg0ifaom oHk;yGifhqdkif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u xdkwdkif=um;r_onf oufqdkif&m
oabmwlnDcsufwGif azmfjyxm;aom tcsufrsm;ESifh tñuH;0ifjcif;&Sdr&Sdudk
qHk;jzwfcsufcs&ygonf?
aemufwenf;rSm EdkifiHESpfEdkifiHpvHk;u vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom

oabmwlnDcsuf pmcsKyfudk EdkifiHwEdkifiHu vdkufemtaumiftxnfazmf&ef
ysufuGufaeygu tjcm;tzJG@0if EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHu xdkEdkifiHudk wdkif=um;Edkifjcif;
jzpfonf? xdo k @kd widk =f um;onfh Edik if o
H nf rdrd wdik =f um;aomEdik if u
H vdu k ef m&ef
ysuu f uG af eaom oabmwlpmcsKyfukd ud, k wf ikd vf ufrwS f xd;k xm;aom Edik if H
jzpf&efvdktyfonf? xdkodk@EdkifiHwEdkifiHu tcGifhta&;rsm;udk vdkufem&ef
ysuuf uG fI wdik =f um;aomtpd;k &/ od@k r[kwf Edik if t H ay: xdcukd ef pfepfapaom
a=umifh wdkif=um;jcif; jzpf&efrvdkyg? vltcGifhta&;&_axmifhuaeI xdkodk@
av;pm;&efysufuGufr_udk axmufjywkdif=um;jcif;om jzpfonf? xdkodk@ ESpf
ywfvnf tvkyo f rm; uGezf &ifwh iG f ud,k pf m;ðy wdik =f um;aom wdik =f um;r_rsm;udk
68
udkifqJGI tkyfcsKyfr_aumfrwDonf oufqdkif&mEdkifiHudk ar;cGef;xkwf avhvm
ppfaq;&onf? vdktyfygu pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sifudk zJG@pnf;wm0efay;
Edkifonf? tu,fI ar;cGef;xkwf wdkif=um;cH&onfhEdkifiHu aumfr&Sif.
awG@&Sdcsufrsm;udk vufrcHv#if EkdifiHwumw&m;±Hk; (International Court of
Justice) odk@ xdktr_udk vJGajymif; ay;Edkifonf? odk@aomf xdkodk@ EdkifiHwum
w&m;±H;k od@k vJaG jymif;ay;vdu
k &f onfh tqift
h xd wcgrS ra&muf&adS o;yg?
69
tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzJŒG tpnf;rsm;
Ô tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzJt

@G pnf;rsm;ua&m vltcGit hf a&;
xGe;f um;atmif aqmif&uG &f mwGif rnfonft
h cef;u
yg0ifaeygovJ?
vltcGifhta&;xGef;um;atmif wdkufyJG0if&mwGif tpdk;&r[kwfaom

tzJG@tpnf;rsm; (Non-Governemtnal Organizations) rsm;. tcef;rSmvnf;
ta&;ygvSonf? vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh ywfoufaom EdkifiHawmftqifh/ a'o
tqifEh iS hf Edik if w H umtqifh trsKd ;rsK;d wd@k wiG f xdt
k pd;k &r[kwaf om tzJ@G rsm;onf
us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ yg0ifvyk af qmifaevsu&f ydS gonf? ukvor*~. tpDtpOfrsm;
wGiv f nf; xdt k zJ@G rsm;u xda&mufpmG yg0ifaeygonf? owif;rsm; yhyH ;kd ulnaD y;
jcif;/ Edik if w
H umOya'topfrsm;tm; owfrw S jf cif;/a&;qJjG cif;wd@k wiG f yg0ifunl D
jcif;/ vl@tcGit fh a&; csKd ;azmufc&H olrsm;. tjzpfukd wifjyjcif;/ vl@ tcGit hf a&;
ynmay;vkyif ef;rsm; wd;k wufatmif vkyaf qmif&mwGif txl;ojzifh pmoifcef;
oif=um;enf; r[kwfaom enf;vrf;rsm;wGif ta&;ygaomtcef;rS yg0if
aqmif&u G jf cif;wd@k ukd xdtk zJ@G rsm;uyif vkyaf qmifaevsu&f ydS gonf?
vl@tcGifhta&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI EdkifiHwumESifh EdkifiHawmf

tqifw h @kd wiG f vkyu f ikd af eaom tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh tzJ@G tajrmuftrsm;&Syd gonf?
‚wd@k txJwiG f 1961 ckEpS u f xnf;u wnfaxmifz@GJ pnf;xm;aom tjynfjynf
qdik &f m vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGit hf zJ@G (Amnesty International) onf txif&mS ;qH;k
jzpfygonf? vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfwifjy ajymqdck iG /hf vGwv f yfpmG ud;k uG,cf iG Ehf iS hf
,H=k unfciG w hf @kd tjyif !‡O;f yrf;ESyd pf ufr_ qef@usiaf &;ESihf ,H=k unfcsuf t,ltq
a=umifh tusO;f uscaH e&aom Edik if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;tm; vGwaf jrmufapa&;
70
twGuf pGrf;pGrf;wrHaqmif&Gufaeaom xdktzJG@udk 1977 ckESpfwGif urBm‹
+idr;f csr;f a&; EdAk ,fqk cs;D jr‡i*hf %
k ðf ycJyh gonf?
1993 ckESpf AD,ifem vl@tcGifhta&;nDvmcHu vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;

xGe;f um;atmif vkyaf qmifjcif;ESihf Edik if aH wmf/ a'oESihf Edik if w H umwGif vlom;
csif;pmemaom ulnDr_rsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;wdk@wGif tpdk;&r[kwfonfh tzJG@
tpnf;rsm;. tcef;u¾onf tvGet f a&;}uD; a=umif; todtrSwðf ycJo h nf?
xdktzJG@tpnf;rsm; vkyfaqmifcJhonfh jynfolrsm;t=um; vl@tcGifhta&;
ta=umif; todtjrifjyef@ymG ;atmif vkyaf qmifay;onfh vkyif ef;rsm;/ vl@tcGihf
ta&;qdkif&m oifwef;rsm;/ okawoevkyfief;rsm;ESifh ynmay;r_vkyfief;rsm;/
vl@tcGit hf a&; umuG,af &; vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI xdn k vD mcHwiG f cs;D usL;
xkwaf zmf ajymqdck o hJ nf? xdrk #ru xdt k pd;k &r[kwaf om tzJ@G rsm;ESihf tpd;k &wd@k
t=um; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G f wd;k yGm;vmatmif vkyaf qmif&efEiS hf vl@tcGit hf a&;
vkyif ef;udk pGr;f pGr;f wrH vkyu f ikd af eaom xdt k zJ@G rsm;ESihf ‚wd@k . tzJ@G 0ifrsm;.
tcGifhta&;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhwdk@udk EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;u av;pm;I EdkifiHawmf
Oya'rsm;jzifh umuG,rf r_ sm;vkyaf qmifay;&ef xdn k v D mcHu wdu k w f eG ;f xm;onf?
71
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;ynmay;
Ô Edik if w
H umtodik ;f t0dik ;f taejzifh vlt @ cGit
hf a&; ynmay;r_
xGe;f um;atmif b,fvv kd yk af qmifaeygovJ?
1993 ck AD,ifem vl@tcGifhta&; nDvmcH a=unmpmwrf;ESifh a&S@

vkyif ef; tpDtpOfwiG f wurBmvH;k Y vl@tcGit hf a&;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pD xGe;f um;a&;
ynma&; tpDtpOfukd xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;cJo
h nf? Edik if w
H ikd ;f taejzifh pmrwwf
olrsm; yaysmufatmif vkyfaqmif&ef/ pmoifcef;ynma&;ESifh jyifyynma&;
ESprf sKd ;vH;k wGif vl@tcGit
hf a&;/ vlom;csi;f pmem axmufxm;onfh Oya'rsm;/
'Dru
kd a&pDEiS hf w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&; ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f oif=um;&ef/
vlxkxHodk@ vl@tcGifhta&;ESifh ywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
a&mufEikd o f r#a&mufatmif yd@k aqmif&ef xdn k v D mcHu wdu k w f eG ;f Ed;k aqmfco
hJ nf?
t,fqmaA;'dk;EdkifiHESifh uarBm'D;,m;EdkifiHwdk@wGif ukvor*~u

wm0ef,l aqmif&u G cf ahJ om +idr;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmufr_ vkyif ef;rsm;wGiv
f nf;
vl@tcGifhta&; ynmay; vkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfief;pOfwcktaejzifh xnfhoGif;
aqmif&GufcJhonf?
vl@tcGifhta&; ynmay;vkyfief;rsm;udk ydkrdk}udK;yrf;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef

&nf&G,fonfh taejzifh 1994 'DZifbmv (21) &ufae@wGif ukvor*~
taxGaxGnv D mcH}uD;rSaeI 1995 ckEpS f ZEN0g&v
D (1) &ufae@rpS I aemufxyf
(10) ESpu
f mvudk ukvor*~. vl@tcGit hf a&; ynmay;q,fpEk pS f (UN De-
cade for Human Rights Education) tjzpf owfrw S cf o
hJ nf? xdv
k @l tcGit
hf a&;
ynmay;q,fpkESpf (1995 -2004) . &nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk xdkq,fpkESpf.
72
a&S@vyk if ef;pOfEiS t
hf pDtpOfwiG f atmufygtwdik ;f a&;om;xm;onf?
xdk&nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm-
(1) pmoifcef; oif=um;r_ pHepfrsm;/ jyify ynmoif=um;a&; pHepfrsm;/

oufarG;0rf;a=umif; oif=um;r_rsm;tygt0if pmoif=um;r_tqifh
wd k i f ; wG i f vl @ tcG i f h t a&; ynmay;r_ wd k ; jrif h a p&ef t wG u f yd k r d k
xda&mufaumif;rGeaf om enf;vrf;rsm;udk oH;k oyf&efEiS hf a&;qJ&G ef/
(2) vl@tcGit hf a&; ynmay;r_ tpDtpOfrsm;ESihf vkyaf qmifEikd rf _ pGr;f &nf
rsm;udk Edik if w H um/ a'oESihf Edik if aH wmftqifw
h @kd wiG f wnfaqmuf&efEiS hf
ydkrdktm;aumif;atmifvkyfaqmif&ef/
(3) vl @ tcG i f h t a&; ynmay;r_ q d k i f & m taxmuf t ul ð yypP n f ; rsm;
wd;k wufaumif;rGef vmatmif yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmif&ef/
(4) vl@tcGit hf a&;ynma&;vkyif ef;rsm;twGi;f vlxq k ufo, G rf _ twwf
ynmrsm;. tcef;u¾ESihf vkyaf qmifEikd rf p_ rG ;f &nfukd wd;k wufatmif
vkyfaqmif&ef/
(5) tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;udk wwfEdkifor#
bmompum; aygif;pHkESifh xkwfa0jzef@csD&efESifh pmrwwfolrsm;ESifh
udk,ft*F gcsdK@wJholrsm;yg avhvmEdkifatmif enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh
vkyaf qmif&ef wd@k jzpfonf?
ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHuvnf; tzJ@G 0ifEikd if tH pd;k &ESihf tpd;k &

r[kwaf om tzJ@G rsm;taejzifh vl@tcGit hf a&;ynmay;vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf ywfoufI
ynmay;vkyif ef; tpDtpOfrsm;udk csrw S af qmif&u
G =f uap&ef wduk w f eG ;f Ed;k aqmf
xm;onf? txl;ojzifh EdkifiHawmf tqifhwGif pDrHudef;rsm; csrSwftaumif
txnfazmf aqmif&u G &f ef wdu
k w
f eG ;f xm;cJoh nf?
73
AD,ifem nDvmcHu csrSwfcJhaom vl@tcGifhta&; ynmay;a&; a&S@
vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk t"du wm0ef,l }uD;=uyf&eftwGuf ukvor*~ vl@tcGifh
ta&;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;udk wm0efay;cJo h nf? xdo k @kd wm0ef,}l uD;=uyfru_ kd
tjcm;Xmersm;jzpfaom vl@tcGifhta&; aumfr&SifESifh tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;/ vl@tcGifh
ta&; pmcsKyftzJ@G 0ifrsm;/ tjcm;oufqikd o f nfh at*sipf rD sm;/ tpd;k &r[kwaf om
tzJ@G rsm;u 0dik ;f 0ef;vufwv
GJ yk af qmif=u&ef Ed;_ aqmfxm;onf?
74
vlŒtcGit
hf a&;a-unmpmwrf;
tyd'k f (1)
vlom;wdkif;onf vGwfvyfI wef;wlnDaom *k%foduQmESifh tcGifh

ta&;rsm;jzifh arG;zGm;vmolrsm;jzpfonf? xdv
k o
l m;wd@k onf qifjcifww
kH &m;ESihf
usifh0wfudk wm0efodwwfaom pdwfwdk@±Sd=uI wOD;ESifhwOD;nD&if;tudk/
armif&if;ESrpdwjf zifh qufqo
H ifoh nf?
wef;wlnrD #r_
Ô tyd'k f (1) wGif vlwikd ;f wef;wljzpfonf[k qdv

k jkd cif;
jzpfygovm;?
vlwdkif;wef;wljzpfonf[kqdkjcif;rSm vlwdkif;vlwdkif;onf arG;zGm;vm

uwnf;u wef;wlnrD #aom vGwv f yfr&_ odS nf[k qdvk jkd cif;jzpfonf?
wef;wlnDr#jzpfonf[k qdkjcif;rSm vlwkdif;wa,mufESifhwa,muf

oGijf yifvuQ%m/ Om%fynm/ u|r;f usirf /_ rsKd ;&d;k ADZ/ pdw"f mwfw@kd wln&D rnf[k
qdv
k jkd cif;r[kwyf g? vlrt
_ odik ;f t0dik ;f ESihf ,Ofaus;r_rwlonfh tkypf w k pfcxk rJ mS yif
wOD;ESifhwOD; rwluJGjym;r_rsm; &Sdaeygonf? xdka=umifhvlr_todkif;t0dkif;ESifh
,Ofaus;r_rwlaom todik ;f t0dik ;f rsm;t=um; qdv k #if ydrk I
kd uJjG ym;ayvdrrhf nf?
od@k aomf uJjG ym;jcm;em;aom vltrsKd ;rsKd ;twGi;f ,Ofaus;r_ tqift h wef;jrifI h
aomfvnf;aumif;/ wd;k wufrj_ rifrh m;I aomfvnf;aumif; vltyk pf w k ckukd tjcm;
tkypf w k pku txufp;D jzifh qufqjH cif;r&So d ifyh g? vlrt
_ yk pf k od@k r[kwf vlrsKd ;a&;
75
tkypf k uJjG ym;r_a=umifh xdok rl sm;onf uset f yk pf rk sm;xuf edru
hf saom t&nf
taoG;&Sdonf[l+yD; xdkvltkyfpkudk cJGjcm;jcif;onf rrSefuefEdkifyg? rnfhonfh
tkypf 0k ifujkd zpfap xdo
k w
l a,muf. wOD;wa,mufcsi;f tpGr;f ukef zH@G òz;wd;k wuf
r_udk jiif;y,fjcif; odk@r[kwf ydwfyifjcif;onf xdkol. wef;wltcGifhta&;ESifh
*k%o f ud mQ wd@k ukd txl;apmfum; rw&m;azmufzsujf cif;yif jzpfonf? vlwikd ;f
tm; wef;wlnrD # qufqv H mEdik &f eftwGuf vlom;wdik ;f tcsi;f csi;f nDtudk
armifEpS rf ozG,f qufq=H u&ef wm0ef&adS =umif; Ttyd'k f (1) u wdu k w
f eG ;f xm;
jcif;jzpfonf?
xdkodk@ wOD;ESifhwOD; nD&if;tudk armif&if;ESpfrozG,f twlwuG

yl;wJaG exdik Ef ikd &f eftwGuf pdw&f n
S o
f nf;cHrw
_ &m;onf ta&;t}uD;qH;k jzpfonf?
xd k t wG u f a =umif h uk v or*~ o nf 1995 ck E S p f t m; urB m h u k v or*~ .
pdwf&Snfonf;cHr_ESpf (UN Year of Tolerance) tjzpf owfrw S cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf?
tyd'k f (2)
vlom;wdik ;f Tvl@tcGithf a&; a=unmpmwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;o!fh

tcGit hf a&; rsm;tm;vH;k . vGwv f yfciG rhf sm; tm;vH;k udk ydik q
f ikd cf pH m;cGi±hf o
dS nf?
vlrsdK;/ tom;ta&mif/ vdif/ bmompum;/ udk;uG,fonfhbmom/ EdkifiHa&;
t,ltq od@k r[kwf tjcm;,lqcsu/f Edik if aH &; od@k [w k f vlra_ &;Zpfjrpf/ ypPn;f
OpPm/ rsKd ;±d;k Zmwd/ tjcm;tqift
h wef;tm;jzifh cJjG cm;jcif;r±Sad p&?
xd@k jyif vlom;wOD; rSw D if;aexdik &f m Ekid if H od@k r[kwf e,fajra'oonf
vGwfvyfaomwdkif;jynf/ tcsKyftcsmtm%mydkifaom vGwfvyfaomEdkifiH
od@k r[kwf a'ojzpfap/ tapmift h a±SmufceH ,fajr od@k r[kwaf 'ojzpfap/ ud, k yf ikd f
tkycf sKyfa&;r±Sad omEdik if H od@k r[kwf a'ojzpfap od@k r[kwf tcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf
ywfoufI tjcm;aomabmifoiG ;f uef@owfcsurf sm;±Sad eaomEdik if H od@k r[kwf
76
a'ojzpfap ,ckv@l tcGit
hf a&;rsm;ywfoufI cJjG cm;r_ vH;k 0r±Sad p&?
cJjG cm;zdEydS jf cif;r&Srd _
Ô vlwidk ;f tcGit
hf a&;cHpm;cGiq
hf o
kd nfrmS bmudq
k v
kd ykd govJ?
,cktydk'f (2) onf vlom;wdk@tm; cJGjcm;zdESdyfr_r&Sdap&ef t"du

qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? rnfol@udkrS cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;/ zdESdyfapmfum;jcif;rðy&efrSm
Ta=unmpmwrf;. t"du tESpo f m&wckyifjzpfonf? ,cktyd'k u f a=unm
pmwrf;. uset f yd'k rf sm;wGif wef;wlnrD #pmG qufq&H ef/ rnfo@l urkd # rnfonfh
ta=umif;a=umif;a=umifh cJGjcm;jcif;r&Sd&ef qdkvdkxm;jcif; jzpfonf?
cJjG cm;qufqjH cif;qdo k nfh t,ltq. t&if;cHrmS rnfonfh vdi/f vlrsKd ;/

tkypf u k tjcm;vdi/f vlrsKd ;/ tkypf w k @kd xuf jrifjh rwfonf/ }uD;jrifo h nfqakd om
t,ltqa=umifh ay:ayguv f mjcif; jzpfonf? xdo k @kd tyk pf w
k pku tjcm;wpkxuf
ydrk jkd rifjh rwfonf[al om t,ltqonf odye`H nf;usr[kwb f J vlom;pdw"f mwf
. tusiphf m&dwyW ikd ;f qdik &f mESihf usi0hf wfqikd &f m oabmxm;rsm;ESihf rudu k nf yD g[k
,leufpudku xkwfjyefaom a=unmcsufwGif a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf?
xd@k a=umifh rnfonfv h id /f rnfonfv h rl sKd ;/ rnfonft h yk pf 0k ifjzpfap xdo
k w l @dk .
vl@*% k o f u
d mQ ESihf tcGit hf a&;rsm;tay: av;pm;r_ay;&efEiS hf rnfonfh ta=umif;
a=umif;wdk@a=umifhrS xdkolrsm;udk cJGjcm;zdESdyfjcif;rðy&efwdk@onf vlwdkif;. tcGifh
ta&; cHpm;cGiu hf kd av;pm;wefz;kd xm;jcif;yif jzpfonf?
tyd'k f (3)
vlwdkif;wGif touf±Sif&yfwnfcGifh/ vGwfvyfcGifhESifh vHkðcHcGifh±Sdonf?
77
touf&SifcGifh
Ô vlwa,muf. touf&iS cf iG /fh vGwvf yfciG Ehf iS hf vHðk cHciG w

hf u
@kd kd
tmrcHay;jcif;onf tpd;k &. wm0efjzpfygovm;?
xdt k cGit hf a&;rsm;udk umuG,af y;&efrmS tpd;k &. wm0efjzpfygonf?

vlom;wa,muftaejzift h ouf&iS af exdik &f efvtkd yfaomt&mrsm;omrubJ
vGwv f yfvðkH cHciG uhf v kd nf; umuG,af y;&ef tpd;k &wGiw f m0ef&ydS gonf? touf&iS f
aeaomfvnf; vGwv f yfrr_ sm;ydwyf ifxm;cH&+yD; vHðk cHpw d cf s&aom b0 ywf0ef;
usifwGif aexdkifae&ygu xdkvltwGuf touf&SifcGifh t"dy`m,fajrmufrnf
r[kwyf g? xd@k a=umifh tpd;k &rsm;onf rdrEd ikd if o H l Ekid if oH m;rsm;. vGwv f yfciG hf
ESihf vHðk cHciG u
hf kd tmrcHcsuaf y;+yD; vlom;wd@k . touf&iS &f yfwnfciG u hf kd av;pm;
aom tpd;k &rsm;jzpf&ef vdt k yfygonf? od@k aomf ,cktcsed t f xd xdk tcGit hf a&;
rsm; umuG,f&efwm0ef&Sdaomtpdk;&tcsdK@u xdktcGifhta&;rsm;udk udk,fwdkif
csKd ;azmufaeonfukd pdwrf aumif;p&m awG@jrifae&onf? tusO;f axmiftwGi;f
aoqHk;jcif;/ qENrygbJ aysmufqHk;oGm;jcif;wdk@onf xdktcGifhta&;rsm;udk
csKd ;azmufaeaom tpd;k &rsm;. vky&f yfoufaorsm;jzpfonf?
tcsK@d tr_rsm;wGif owfjzwfonftxd usL;vGecf &H onfuakd wG@&onf?

wOD;wa,mufcsi;f omrubJ wdik ;f &if;om;/ bmoma&;/ bmompum;qdik &f m
tkypf w
k pkv;kH od@k r[kwf tpdwt f ydik ;f wckv;kH udk rsKd ;ðzwfowfjzwfjcif;rsKd ;vnf;
&Sdonf? xdkodk@usL;vGefjcif;rsdK;udk tpkvdkuftðyHvdkuf rsdK;ðzwfowfjzwfjcif;[k
ac:a0:I Edik if w
H um&mZ0wfrt _ jzpf owfrw S tf a&;,lavh&o dS nf?
Edik if o
hf a&;qdik &f m oabmwlpmcsKyf. tyd'k f (6)
wGif Edik if aH wmftpd;k &onf Edik if o H m;wOD;OD; usL;vGeaf om tr_twGuf ao'%f
pD&ifru
_ kd uef@owf&efEiS hf }uD;av;aom &mZ0wfusL;vGerf r_ sKd ;rSty tjcm;tr_
78
rsm;twGuf ao'%fay;jcif;rsKd ;udk zsuo f rd ;f &ef azmfjyxm;onf? }uD;av;aom
&mZ0wfusL;vGefr_rsdK;qdkonfrSm xdktr_udk usL;vGef&mwGif pdwfa&mudk,fyg
aocsmpGm aoavmufatmif ðyrlvyk af qmifr_ udq k v
kd o
kd nf? ao'%ftjypfrcsrD
bufrvdu k af om w&m;±H;k wGif jynfot l rsm; =um;emcGi&hf jdS cif;/ tjypfr&Sod rl sm;
tay: ouf!m‡ jcif;/ xdt k r_twGuf w&m;jyefvnf ppfaq;jcif;/ w&m;cHtjzpf
pGyfpJGcH&aomol. tcGifhta&;twGuf tedrfhqHk; tmrcHcsufay;jcif;wdk@udk
ao'%fay;jcif;ESifhqdkifaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf?
&Sif;vif;jywfom;+yD; oabmaygufEdkifaom oufaojzifh rjiif;qdkEdkifaom
ta=umif;rsm;jzifh jynfph akH om tcgrsKd ;rSom ao'%fay; Ekid o f nf? xd@k jyif touf
(18) ESpt f &G,&f adS om olrsm;ESihf ud,
k 0f efaqmif rdcifrsm;tm; ao'%fay;cGihf
vH;k 0r&Sad y? &ifaoG;i,f&adS om rdcifrsm;ESihf pdwrf ES@H olrsm;udvk nf; ao'%fray;
oif[ h k qdx k m;onf?
Edik if o
hf a&;qdik &f moabmwlpmcsKyf. aemufquf
wJG pmcsKyftrSwf (2) udk twnfðy oabmwlvufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aom tzJ@G 0if
Edik if o
H nf rdrEd ikd if .
H w&m;pD&ifa&;wGif ao'%ftjypfay;pD&ifcsuu f kd y,fzsu&f
onf?
tyd'k f (4)
rnfo@l urkd u S |eðf yjcif;/ taptyg;tjzpf Edik x f ufp;D eif;apcdik ;f jcif; r±Sd
ap&? vlukd aus;u|eo f zG,af pcdik ;f jcif;/ a&mif;0,fjcif;ESihf xdo
k abm oufa&muf
apaom yHpk rH eS o
f r# ydwyf ifwm;jrpf&rnf?
79
u|efðyjcif;
Ô ,cktcgwGif u|efjyKjcif;udk b,fvt

kd "d`m,fziG q
hf rkd vJ?
u|eðf yjcif;qdik &f m oabmwlncD suf aemufqufww

GJ iG f u|eaf &mif;0,f
r_ukd -
• vlwOD;wa,muftm; u|eftjzpfodk@ b0edrfhusapaom
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh zrf;qD;jcif;/ odrf;,ljcif;/ &,ljcif;wkd@ESifh
ywfoufaom vky&f yftm;vH;k /
• vlwOD;wa,muftm; u|eftjzpfodrf;,l&ef a&mif;0,fI
aomfvnf;aumif;/ vJv, S I f aomfvn;faumif; ðyvkyo f nfh
vkyf&yftm;vHk;/
• vlwOD;wa,muftm;a&mif;jcif; od@k r[kwf vJv, S v
f akd om
qENjzifh ‚tm;a&mif;&ef od@k r[kwf zvS,&f efEiS hf oufqikd f
aom vky&f yfrsm;/
• rnfonfeh nf;ESijhf zpfap u|erf sm;tm; a&mif;0,fa&;/ o,f,l
yd@k aqmifa&;ponfjzifh a&$@ajymif;aom ðyrlcsurf sm;tm;vH;k udk
qdkvdkonf?
rsuaf rSmufumvu|eðf yjcif;onf a&S;umvrsm;uJo h @kd vlrsm;udzk rf;qD;/

oHóu;rsm;jzifhcsnfaESmifum aps;tvnfwGifa&mif;csjcif;rsdK;r[kwfawmhyg?
xdt k ðytrlrsKd ;udk zsuo
f rd ;f Edik cf o
hJ nfrmS tcsed =f umjrifv h +S yDjzpfygonf? od@k aomf
xdek nf;twdik ;f r[kwaf wmhonfh u|eðf yjcif;yHpk rH sm;udk Edik if t H awmfrsm;rsm;wGif
vuf&t dS csed t
f xd awG@jrifae&qJjzpfonf? rsuaf rSmufumvwGiw f nf&adS eaom
pD;yGm;a&;vlra_ &;pepfrsm;/ qif;&Jiwfrw G rf r_ sm;/ cJjG cm;zdEydS rf r_ sm;/ vpfvsL&_rr_ sm;/
"avhxHk;pHESifht,ltpJGrsm;/ avmbrsm;a=umifh vlwOD;udk tjcm;wOD;u
tjrwfxw k af om acwfopfu|eðf yr_rsm; qufvufwnf&adS e&jcif;jzpfonf?
80
xdkokd@ wOD;tay:wOD; tjrwfxkwfaom yHkpHrsm;onf u|efðyjcif;.
oabmobm0twdkif;yif jzpfaomfvnf; xdkt&mrsm;udk u|efðyjcif;[k
rac:awmhbJ tjcm;trnftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh ac:a0:aevsuf&Sdygonf? u|efðyjcif;/
uHa=uG;csjcif;ESihf xd"k avhw@kd ukd zsuo f rd ;f a&;qdik &f m aemufqufwpGJ mcsKyfwiG f
xdktðytrlrsm;udk - ta=uG;jzifhodrf;I tvkyfapcdkif;jcif;/ uav;rsm;tm;
tjrwf x k w f j cif ; ES i f h ud k , f y d k i f y pP n f ; ozG , f twif ; t=uyf v uf x yf j cif ;
vJa$ jymif;jcif;[k owfrw S af c:a0:xm;ygonf?
ta=uG;jzifhodrf;I tvkyfapcdkif;jcif;qdkonfrSm ay;qyf&ef&Sdonfh

ta=uG;rsm;tpm; vl.vkyt f m;udk tavsmt f jzpf ay;qyfapcdik ;f jcif;jzpfonf?
xdkodk@apcdkif;&mwGif urBmtESH@tjym;wGif yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;&Sdwwfonf? tcsdK@yHkpH
rsm;wGif xdo k @kd vkyt
f m;jzifh tavsmaf y;qyfaomfvnf; wif&x dS m;onfh ta=uG;
rausbJ woufv;kH u|et f jzpf a&muf&o dS mG ;aom tjzpfrsKd ;vnf;&Sw d wfonf?
uHa=uG;csjcif;qdo k nfrmS vlwa,muftm; Oya'tm;jzihv f nf;aumif;/ xH;k pH
od@k r[kwf oabmwlcsut f m;jzifvh nf;aumif;/ tjcm;olxw H iG af exdik v
f yk u
f ikd f
&+yD; tca=u;aiG&&So d nfjzpfap/ r&onfjzpfap rdrb d 0tajctaeudk ajymif;vJI
r&aom tjzpfrsKd ;udk qdv k o kd nf?
uav;rsm;tm; tjrwfxw k jf cif;qdo

k nfrmS vuf&rdS suaf rSmufumvY
txl;qd;k 0g;pGmawG@&adS e&aom tjzpftysuyf ifjzpfonf? uav;rsm;. Eke,f
±dk;om;r_udk tcGifhaumif;,lI uav;rsm;tay: vkyftm;ESifh vdifydkif;qdkif&m
tjrwfxw k rf r_ sm; ae&mtES@H tjym;wGif jzpfymG ;aevsu&f o
dS nf? uav;tvkyf
orm;rsm;tjzpf apcdkif;jcif;omru uav;rsm;tm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;
vkyif ef;rsm;yg xGe;f um;aeonfukd awG@&onf? uav;vkyo f m; ta&twGuf
aygif; rnfr#&Sdonfudk wGufq&cufaomfvnf; tjynfjynfqdkif&m tvkyf
orm;tzJG@csKyf. tqdkt& urBmay:&Sd uav;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf touf
t&G,f i,fpOfuwnf;u tvkyfapcdkif;jcif;cHae&onf[k qdkxm;onf?
81
tcsKd @uav;vkyo f m;rsm;onf twif;t=uyf tvkyaf pcdik ;f cH&onfh yHpk t H oGif
rsKd ;jzifh vkyu
f ikd af e=u&onf? vpmESihf vkyt f m;acgi;f yHjk zwfc&H ,Hrk #ru ±kyyf ikd ;f ESihf
vdifydkif;qdkif&m t=urf;zufapmfum;jcif;tE W&m,fudk &ifqdkifae=uonf?
tvkyfvkyfudkif&aom vkyfief;cGifrSmvnf; qdk;0g;vS+yD; vpmaiGenf;yg;vSpGm
tcsKd @tjzpftysurf sm;wGif vcvH;k 0r&&Sad om tjzpfrsKd ;vnf;&So d nf? xdu k av;
tvkyo f rm;wd@k onf ynmoif=um;cGiq hf ;kH ±_;H ,Hrk #ru use;f rma&;ESihf vlrz_ vl akH &;
tcGit hf a&;rsm;udyk g qH;k ±_;H ae&&Smonf?
udk,fydkifypPnf;ozG,f twif;t=uyfvufxyfjcif; vJ$ajymif;jcif;udk

trsKd ;orD;rsm; trsm;qH;k &ifqikd ñf uHawG@&onf? trsKd ;orD;wOD;onf rdrt d aeESihf
jiif;ydik cf iG rhf &Sb
d J rdr. d rdb/ rdom;pk/ apmifx h ed ;f ol/ vlwpktm;ay;xm;aomaiG
od@k r[kwf OpPmypPn;f twGuf vufxyfay;cH&jcif;/ od@k r[kwf trsKd ;orD;wOD;onf
rdrd.cifyGef; odk@r[kwf cifyGef;onfrsdK;EG,fu vufcH&&Sdaom odk@r[kwf
tvm;wlOpPmypPnf;a=umifh rdrdtm;tjcm;vlwOD;xH vJ$ajymif;ay;tyfjcif;/
od@k r[kwf trsKd ;orD;wOD;tm; aoqH;k oGm;aomcifyeG ;f tpm; tjcm;olwOD;ESihf
tarGqufcHvufxyfapjcif;wdk@onf trsdK;orD;rsm;ñuHawG@ae&aom u|efðyr_
yHkpHrsm; jzpfonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;onf rdrdtm;tdrfaxmifcsay;jcif;tm;
jiif;qefyikd cf iG rhf &S,d rkH #ru rdr.
d cifyeG ;f aoqH;k oGm;ygu tjcm;olwa,mufxo H @kd
ukefypPnf;ozG,f vufv$Jajymif;jcif;cH&onf? xdktr_rsdK;omru trsdK;orD;
rsm;ESifh uav;rsm; trsm;qHk;&ifqdkif&onfh aemufxyfyHkpHwrsdK;rSm ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fcH&jcif;yifjzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;tcuftcJawG@ae&aom/ A[kokw/
ynmenf;yg;aom trsKd ;orD;rsm;ESihf uav;rsm;udk uwdtrsKd ;rsKd ;ESihf rufv;kH rsm;
ay;I ul;oef;a&mif;0,fum a&mif;csaom vkyif ef;rSmvnf; ,cktcsed t f xd
xGef;um;aeqJjzpfonf? xdktrsdK;orD;rsm;ESifhuav;rsm;tm; twif;t=uyf
jynfw h efqmtjzpfapcdik ;f jcif;/ a&mif;csc&H aom aiGa=u;udk jyefavsmEf ikd &f eftwGuf
rw&m;tvkyfrsm; apcdkif;jcif;wdk@udk awG@jrifEdkifonf?
82
Ô ,ckuo hJ u
@kd |efðycH&jcif;yHpk t
H rsdK;rsdK;udk b,fvykd aysmufatmif
vkyEf ikd rf vJ?
u|eðf yjcif;ESihf u|et

f jzpf qufqcH jH cif; jzpfymG ;&jcif;rSm ta=umif;t&m
rsKd ;pHw
k @kd ukd tajccHI ay:ayguv f mjcif; jzpfaoma=umifh xdjk y\emudk ajz&Si;f &ef
tajzudk vG,fvG,fululESifh ajymIr&Edkifyg? jzpfyGm;&onfh ta=umif;&if;
aygif;pHkudk 0dkif;0ef;ajz&Sif;rSom xdktjzpfrsdK;wdk@ yaysmufoGm;Edkifrnfjzpfonf?
u|efðyjcif;udk tm;ay;tm;ajrmufr_aeaom ordkif;tcsufrsm;/ u|efðyjcif;udk
vufcx H m;aom tpOftvm"avhrsm;/ bmoma&;t,ltqrsm;udk azsmuf
ypf,HkESifhrvHkavmufbJ u|efðyjcif;vkyfief; xGef;um;atmif yhHydk;ay;aeaom
EdkifiHa&;/ pDyGm;a&;jy\emrsm;udk tajz&Smausmfv$m;Edkifzdk@ vdktyfonf?
ynma&;u¾udk wdk;jr‡ifhvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifhvnf; u|efðycH&jcif;/ tjrwf
xkwv f n S phf m;cH&jcif;udk wm;qD;Edik o
f vdk vl@tcGit hf a&; ynmay; vkyif ef;rsm;
wd;k jr‡iv fh yk af qmifjcif;jzifv h nf; wenf;wvrf;tm;jzifh xdt k jzpfrsm;udk wm;qD;
Edkifayrnf?
ukvor*~taejzifh xdku|efðyjcif;ESifhoufqdkifonfh ta=umif;t&m/

oufaocHtcsurf sm;udk u|eðf yjcif;qdik &f mtvkyt f zJ@G (Working Group on Sla-
very) rSwqifh vufcHavh&Sdygonf? xdktvkyftzJG@udk vl@tcGifhta&; qyf
aumfr&SifrS udk,fpm;vS,f (5) OD;jzifh zJG@pnf;xm;ygonf? u|efðyjcif;qdkif&m
aemufqufwjGJ znfph u G af om oabmwlcsKyfuv kd nf; Edik if aH ygi;f (110) ausmuf
oabmwlvufrw S f xd;k xm;+yD;jzpfygonf? od@k aomf xdu k |eðf yjcif;tjzpf wckv;kH
yaysmufap&eftwGurf mS oufqikd &f mEdik if aH wmftqif. h taumiftxnfazmf
vkyfaqmifóu;yrf;r_rsm;ay:wGif txl;rSDwnfaeygonf? pmcsKyfudk vufrSwf
a&;xdk;,Hk oufoufomrubJ pmcsKyfygtcsuftvufrsm;/ wm0efrsm;udk
taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&ef EdkifiHawmftqifhwGif Oya'topfrsm;a&;qJGjcif;/
xdku|efðyjcif;udk xdxda&mufa&mufumuG,fEdkifrnfh ,E , W m;rsm; jyifqifjcif;/
83
xdo
k @kd vyk af qmifoifah =umif; tpd;k &ud,
k w
f ikd u
f pdwq
f ENjyif;xefjcif;/ ynma&;ESihf
vlr_ðyjyifajymif;vJr_rsm; vkyfaqmifjcif;/ pD;yGm;a&; zHG@òz;wdk;wufatmif
vkyaf qmifjcif;wd@k ukd bufaygi;f pHu k trSewf u,fvyk af qmif&ef vdt k yfygonf?
tyd'k f (5)
rnfo@l urkd S ESyd pf uf!i‡ ;f yrf;jcif;/ od@k r[kwf &ufpuf=urf;ñuwf vlrqef

pGm *k%if ,fapaomqufqrH j_ zifh rqufq&H ? od@k r[kwf tjypfay;jcif; rðy&?
ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;jcif;
Ô ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;jcif;udk b,fvt

kd "d`m,fziG yhf govJ?
1984 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (10) &ufae@ujyXmef;cJah om EdyS pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;

jcif;ESihf tjcm; &ufpufpmG vlrqefpmG edru hf spmG qufqrH _ od@k r[kwf tjypfay;r_
tm; qef@usiaf &; oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment) t& ESy d pf uf
!‡O;f yrf;r_ukd ,ckvkd t"dym` ,fziG q
hf xkd m;ygonf? ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;jcif; qdo
k nfrmS
-
“• vl w a,muf od k @ r[k w f tjcm;vl w a,muf t a=umif ;
owif; tcsut f vuf&atmif od@k r[kwf 0efccH su&f ap&ef
&nf&G,fcsufjzifhvnf;aumif;/
• xdv k wl a,muf od@k r[kwf tjcm;vlwa,mufu usL;vGef
aom od@k r[kwf usL;vGeo f nf[k xifjrif,q l &aom vkyf
aqmifcsuw f cktay: jzpfap od@k r[kwf ta=umif;w&mwckck
tay: tajccHI cJjG cm;zdEydS u f m xdo k l od@k r[kwf tjcm;vl
wa,mufwa,muftm; tjypfay;jcif;/ taESmifht,Suf
84
ðyjcif;/ odrf;oGif;jcif;wdk@a=umifhvnf;aumif;/
• ±kyfydkif;pdwfydkif;qdkif&m jyif;xefpGm emusifcHpm;apaom
tðytrl jzpf&rnft h jyif
• xdkodk@ emusifcHpm;apr_ jzpfay:apaom vkyfaqmifcsufudk
wm0ef&o dS l od@k r[kwf wm0ef&o dS t
l qifEh iS hf tvm;wlaom
olu &nf&, G cf su&f &dS jdS zifh cGiðhf yjcif;/ od&jdS cif; jzpf&ef vdt
k yf
onf” [k zGiq hf xkd m;ygonf?
odk@aomf w&m;Oya'twdkif; vkyfaqmifaom tðytrla=umifh

emusifcHpm;&r_qdkv#if ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;r_rajrmufEdkifyg?
Ô xdpk mcsKyfwiG yf gaom tjcm; &ufpufpmG vlrqefpmG edru

hf spGm
qufqjH cif; qdo k nfrmS tb,fenf;?
xdpk um;pkEiS yhf wfoufI ,cktcsed t f xd Edik if w

H umu owfrw S v
f ufcH
xm;aom t"dy`m,fwdwdususr&Sdao;yg? odk@aomf wdkufydwfjcif;/ ajcusif;/
xdyw f ;kH ponfh emusiaf paom t&mrsm;jzifh csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;/ em;csed rf &Sb d J
ae@nrjywfppfa=umjcif;/ tusO;f om;rsm;tm; "mwkaq;0g;rsm;jzifh okawoe
vkyf prf;oyfjcif;/ rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;oHk;I ppfa=umjcif;/ tpm;tpmjzwf
awmufjcif; wdk@udk tjcm;&ufpufpGm vlrqefpGm edrfhuspGm qufqHjcif;[lI
EdkifiHwumu a,bl,svufcHxm;onf? omrmefar;cGef;xkwfI ppfaq;
ar;jref;jcif;xuf ausmv f eG I
f vlwa,muftm; zdtm;ay;jcif;onf vlrqef
aom tðytrl[rk qdEk ikd af omfvnf; ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mESihf pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m pGr;f tm;rsm;
avsmeh nf;oGm;atmif wdu k yf w
d jf cif;/ tdyaf &;00vifvifr&Sad tmif ESyd pf ufjcif;
wd@k onf vlrqefaom ðyrlcsuaf jrmufonf?
85
Ô ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;r_ukd ta=umif;wckcak =umifq
h I
kd
cGifhjyKEdkifygovm;/
rjyKEdkifyg/ trltusifhydkif;qdkif&m &_axmifht&a&m Oya'ydkif;qdkif&m

&_axmift h &a&m ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;r_ukd cGijhf yK/cGiv
hf w $ I
f r&Edik yf g? Edik if H tawmf
rsm;rsm;. Oya'rsm;xJEiS hf Edik if w
H um Oya',E , W m;rsm;xJwiG f ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;
r_ukd txl;ydwyf ifwm;qD;xm;ygonf? vl@tcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;. tyd'k f
(5) wGivf nf; rnfo@l ukd ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;jcif;rðy&[lI twdtvif;azmfjyxm;
ygonf?
tcsdK@u ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;jcif;udk wcgw&HwGif cGifhðyem;vnfay;

oifah =umif; apm'uwuf=uygonf? Oyrm - t=urf;zuf0g'rD sm;u tjypfrhJ
jynforl sm;tm; owfjzwf&ef }uHpnfonfh tr_rsKd ;wGif xdt k r_ay:ayguaf p&ef
twGuf ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;I ppfaq;jcif;onf w&m;r#wygonf[k tcsdK@u
qifajcwufavh&o dS nf? trltusiyhf ikd ;f qdik &f m ±_axmift h &ESihf Oya'ydik ;f qdik &f m
±_axmifht&rajymao;bJ omreft&bJ ajymrnfqdkygu yxrOD;qHk;tcsuf
taeESifh ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;r_a=umifh &&Sdaom 0efcHcsufrsm;onf rrSefaom
xGufqdkcsufrsm;/ rSm;,Gif;aom tcsufrsm;yg0ifonfh xGufqdkcsufrsm;jzpfEdkif
onf? 'kw, d tcsut f aejzifh xdo k @kd EydS pf ufjcif;a=umifh Oya'vrf;a=umif;twdik ;f
tjypfay;ta&;,lru _ kd xdcu
kd yf supf ;D apEdik o f nf? wwd,tcsut f aeESihf xdo k @kd
ESyd pf ufppfaq;vduk af om tr_wckukd cGiðhf yvdu k jf cif;tm;jzifh aemufxyf ESyd pf uf
ppfaq;r_rsm; wd;k yGm;vmaom vrf;udk zGiahf y;vdu k of vdjk zpfomG ;Ekid o
f nf?
Ô ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;r_ukd b,fvw

kd m;qD;Edik rf vJ?
ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;r_ukd umuG,w f m;qD;Edik &f efrmS tusO;f uscaH e&aom
olrsm; cHpm;cGi&hf o
dS nfh tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk tjynft h 0av;pm;&ef txl;vdt k yf
86
onf? tusOf;uscH&aomolrsm; cHpm;cGifh&Sdonfh w&m;Oya'ESifh usef;rma&;
apmifah &Smuf t}uHay;r_rsm;udk tusO;f om;rsm; vHv k akH vmufavmuf/ vGwv f w G f
vyffvyf&&SdrSom xdkodk@ ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;cH&r_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI vdktyfaom
umuG,fr_rsm;udk ay;Edkifrnfjzpfonf? tpkd;&r[kwfaom tzJG@rsm;taejzifh
ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;r_udk usL;vGefaom tpdk;&ta=umif;udk EdkifiHwumtqifhwGif
vlo&d iS =f um; xkwaf zmfajymqdjk cif;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ ud, k wf ikd u
f ,
kd u
f s 0ifa&muf
wm;qD; umuG,af y;jcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;/ xdo k @kd ESyd pf ufc&H rnfh tE W&m,fudk
&ifqikd af e&aom olrsm;ud, k pf m; xdo k w l @kd tm; Edik if aH wmfOya'rsm;jzifh rnfo@kd
umuG,af y;&rnfukd enf;vrf;&Sm umuG,af y;jcif;jzifv h nf;aumif; trsKd ;rsKd ;
wm;qD;umuG,fay;Edkifonf? xdk@jyif w&m;a&;qdkif&m0efxrf;rsm;/ Oya'
0efxrf;rsm;tjyif ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;cH&aom olrsm;ESihf &ifqikd af wG@ñuH&avh&dS aom
use;f rma&;0efxrf;rsm;udk ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;r_EiS hf ywfoufI rnfonfh apmifx h ed ;f
p&m usi0hf wfrsm;&So d nfukd todynmay;jcif;/ vrf;!$ecf surf sm; csrw S af pjcif;/
xdkodk@}uHKawG@vm&ygu xdktr_udk vdktyfovdk today; wdkif=um;vmap&ef
tm;ay;r_ r sm;ðyvk y f j cif ; wd k @ ud k vk y f a qmif j cif ; jzif h ES d y f p uf ! ‡ O f ; yrf ; r_ r sm;
wjznf;jznf;yaysmufvmapEdkifonf?
ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;r_udk azmfxkwfwifjy&mwGif tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;

&Sw
d wfonf? xdt k r_rsm; usL;vGe&f mwGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh rsujf rifoufaorsm;
r&Sdjcif;/ usL;vGefcH&aom um,uH&Sifu rdrd odk@r[kwf rdrd rdom;pktwGuf
tE W&m,fusa&mufrnfudk pdk;&drfaejcif;/ wm0ef&Sdolrsm;vnf; rdrdwdk@.
vkyfydkifcGifhudk tvJGoHk;pm;vkyfa=umif; 0efcH&rnfudk vdyfjymroef@jzpfaejcif;
wd@k a=umifh ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;r_rsm;udk azmfxw
k &f mwGif tcuftcJ&o dS nf?
87
Ô ukvor*~pmcsKyfrsm;xJwiG f rnfonfph mcsKyfonf
ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;r_EiS hf toufqikd q
f ;kH jzpfygovJ?
1984 ckESpf 'DZifbmv (10) &ufae@wGif twnfðyjyXmef;cJhonfh

EdyS pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;jcif;/ tjcm;&ufpufpmG vlrqefpmG edru
hf spmG qufqjH cif;qdik &f m
qufqHr_ESifh tjypfay;r_tm;qef@usifa&; oabmwlpmcsKyf (Convention
against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment) onf ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;r_ESifh toufqdkifqHk;jzpfygonf? xdk
pmcsKyfonf 1987 ckEpS f ZGev f (26) &ufae@wiG f owfrw
S x
f m;onfh Edik if aH ygi;f
(20) vufrwS af &;xd;k cJt
h +yD; touf0ifvmonf? ,cktcg Edik if aH ygi;f (90)ausmf
oabmwl vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;onfh pmcsKyfjzpfonf?
xdkpmcsKyft& tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;r_tm; umuG,f

wm;qD;&eftwGufvdktyfaom Oya'a&;qJGa&;qdkif&m/ tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m/
w&m;Oya'qdik &f mESihf tjcm;u¾rsm;qdik &f m vkyaf qmifrr_ sm;udk xda&mufpmG
aqmif&Guf&ef uwdðyxm;=u&ovdk ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;r_udk Oya't& pD&if
tjypfay;Edkifaom &mZ0wfr_tjzpf owfrSwfxm;=uonf? +idrf;csrf;aom
tcsed u
f mvwGijf zpfap/ ppfjzpfaeaom umvwGijf zpfap/ ppfjzpfrnft h E W&m,f
usa&mufaeaom tcsdefrsdK;wGifyifjzpfap/ jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&; rwnf+idrfonfh
tcgrsKd ;wGijf zpfap/ ta&;ay:tajctae jyXmef;xm;onfh tcsed w f iG yf ifjzpfap
rnf o nf h t csd e f t cg/ rnf o nf h t ajctaersd K ;wG i f r S ES d y f p uf ! ‡ O f ; yrf ; r_ u d k
vkyfaqmifcGifhr&Sd[k xdkpmcsKyfwGif jyXmef;xm;onf? xdkodk@ jyXmef;xm;onfh
=um;rS usL;vGefcsdK;azmufoludk w&m;pJGqdkI tjypfay;ta&;,l&ef pmcsKyfu
qdkxm;onf? xdk@jyif ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;cH&aom olrsm;tm; xdkufwefonfh
avsmfa=u;/ epfema=u;rsm;tjyif xdkol. b0jyefvnfemvHxvmEdkifa&;ESifh
jyefvnfaumif;rGefvmapa&;twGuf vdktyfovdkaqmif&Gufay;&ef pmcsKyf
tzJG@0if EdkifirH sm;tm; !$e=f um;xm;onf?
88
Ô ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;jcif;qdik &f moabmwlpmcsKyf. vkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf;
b,fvdk&SdygovJ?
xdkpmcsKyft& vGwfvyfu|rf;usifaom aumfrwD0if (10) OD;jzifh

zJ@G pnf;xm;aom ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;jcif;qdik &f m aumfrwDwckukd zJ@G pnf;xm;onf?
xdkaumfrwD0ifrsm;udk tzJG@0ifEdkifiHrsm;u wifoGif;aom trnfrsm;rSaeI
vSdK@0SufrJay;pepfjzifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;jzpfonf?
xdkaumfrwDonf pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI taumif

txnfazmf aqmif&Gufaer_rsm;udkwifjyxm;onfh pmcsKyftzJG@0if EdkifiHrsm;.
tpD&ifcHpmudk vufcHavhvmonf? tzJG@0ifEdkifiHwEdkifiHu ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;r_
usL;vGeaf =umif; qufo, G w
f ikd =f um;vmonfh wOD;csi;f od@k r[kwf ud, k pf m;ðy
wdik =f um;r_rsm;udv k nf; vufcaH vhvmonf? aumfrwDonf oufqikd &f m Edik if EH iS hf
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufI xdkEdkifiHtwGif; ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;r_rsm;udk pepfwus
usL;vGefcsdK;azmufaer_rsm;udk vSdK@0SufpGm pHkprf;ppfaq;Edkifaom tcGifhtm%m
&So
d nf? xdo k @kd ppkH rf;awG@&cdS surf sm;udk oufqikd &f mtpd;k &u ppfaq;Edik &f eftwGuf
xdEk ikd if t
H pd;k &od@k today;wifjyonf? xd@k jyif &SmazGawG@&cdS sut f ESpcf sKyfuvkd nf;
ukvor*~ taxGaxGnv D mcHo@kd wifjytpD&ifcaH om aumfrwD. ESpyf wfvnf
tpD&ifcHpmxJwGif xnfhoGif;tpD&ifcHavh&Sdonf?
ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;r_rsm;udk ,ckxufyrkd Ikd ñudwifumuG,Ef ikd &f eftwGuf

EdkifiHrsm;&SdtusOf;axmifrsm;/ csKyfaESmifxdrf;odrf;a&;pcef;rsm;odk@ u|rf;usif
olrsm;tm; tcsdefrSefrSef oGm;a&mufppfaq;jcif;udk cGifhJðyrnfh aemufqufwJG
pmcsKyfay:xGe;f vm&ef aqmif&u G qf jJ zpfonf?
89
Ô ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;r_ukd umuG,w
f m;qD;a&;ESiyhf wfoufI
ukvor~wGif tjcm;vkyif ef;rsm;&Syd gao;vm;?
ukvor*~onf 1985 ckEpS u f wnf;upwifI ESyd pf uf!O‡ ;f yrf;r_qikd &f m

txl;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sdudkcef@tyfI wurBmvHk;wGifjzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdonfh
ESdyfpuf!‡Of;yrf;r_qdkif&m tcsuftvufrsm;udk pkaqmif;apjcif;/ =uef@=um
aESmifah ES;r_r&Sb
d J wm;qD;&ef tjrefq;kH aqmif&u
G af pjcif;rsm; vkyaf qmifvsuf
&Sdonf?
tyd'k f (6)
vlwikd ;f ae&mra±G; Oya'a±S@arSmufwiG f vlom;tjzpf todtrSwðf yjcif;

cHydkifcGifh±Sdonf?
Oya'a&Sw
@ iG f vlom;tjzpftodtrSwðf ycHciG hf
Ô Oya'a&Sw
@ iG f vlom;tjzpftodtrSwðf ycHciG q
hf o
kd nfrmS
tb,fenf;?
Oya'a&S@wGif vlom;tjzpf todtrSwfðycHcGifhqdkonfrSm w&m;±Hk;

pD&ifrw _ iG f yg0ifywfoufaomolrsm;tm; tjypf&o dS nf[k cdik v
f akH om oufao
jyEdkifjcif; r&Sdoa&G@ tjypfr&Sdoltjzpf owfrSwfydkifcGifh/ rdrdtr_tay: ckcH
umuG,fEdkif&eftwGuf jyefqif&eftcsdefESifh taxmuftulrsm;&ydkifcGifh/
w&m;ppfaq;jcif;rwdik rf ED iS hf w&m;ppfaq;aom tcsed t
f wGi;f wGif vGwv f yfaom
w&m;0ifwifjycsufrsm;ay;EdkifcGifh/ rdrdtaejzifh oufaorsm;udk ar;jref;cGifhESifh
rdrdtwGuf oufaoac:EdkifcGifh/ toem;cHydkifcGifhwdk@udk ESpfOD;ESpfzufpvHk;
wef;wl&&Sdapjcif;jzpfonf?
90
tyd'k f (7)
vlwikd ;f w&m;Oya'a±S@arSmufwiG f wajy;nDwn l =D u+yD; w&m;Oya'.

umuG,fr_udk cJGjcm;r_r±Sd wlnDr_tjy!hf apmifha±SmufcHydkifcGifh±Sdonf? T
a=unmpmwrf;yg tcsufrsm;udk zDqefqef@usifho!hf rnfo!fhcJGjcm;r_rsdK; odk@
r[kwf xdo
k @kd cjGJ cm;r_rsm; ude;f atmif;apatmif v_@H aqmfrr_ sKd ;rS uif;vGwaf p&ef
tumtuG,u f kd wlnpD mG cHpm;ydik cf iG ±hf o
dS nf?
w&m;Oya'a&Sw
@ iG f wef;wlnw
D jl zpfciG hf
Ô w&m;Oya'a&SŒwGif wef;wlnw
D jl zpfciG q
hf o
kd nfrmS
bmudkqdkvdkygovJ?
vlwikd ;f onf Oya'a&S@arSmufwiG f tnDtr#jzpf+yD; rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf #

cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;r&SdbJ Oya'.tumtuG,fudk nDwlnDr#cHpm;ydkifcGifh &Sdjcif;udk
qdv k o
kd nf? rnfonfv h wl ef;pm;rsKd ;udrk S txl;rsuEf mS ay;jcif;/ ESrd chf sjcif; r&Sad p&?
w&m;a&;pD&ifcsufrsm;udk qHk;jzwfrnfhw&m;ol}uD;rsm;udk Oya'udk

jyXmef;aomOya'ðytzJ@G rsm;ESihf oD;jcm;vGwv
f yfap&rnf? Oya'udk aoGzaD om
tpdk;&udkvnf; w&m;&ifqdkif0hHaom olrsm;jzpf&rnf? w&m;ol}uD;onf
ta=umif;t&moufaorsm;udk tajccH+yD; rdrd.awG@jrifcsufrsm;udk Oya'
xH;k wrf;rsm;t& aqmif&uG af y;aomoljzpf&ef txl;ta&;}uD;ygonf?
tyd'k f (8)
vlwikd ;f rdrw
d @kd tm; tajccHOya' od@k r[kwf Oya't&tyfEiS ;f xm;aom
tajccHtcGifhta&;rsm;udk csdK;azmufcH&onfhtcg EdkifiHawmfw&m;pD&ifa&;
91
±H;k rsm;wGif xda&mufaom ta&;,lupk m;r_rsm; cH,yl ikd cf iG ±hf o
dS nf?
Oya'tultnDukdawmif;cHcGifh
Ô Oya'tultnDuadk wmif;cHciG o
hf nf bmudq
k v
kd ykd gvJ?
TtcGifhta&;onf r±kyfodrf;Edkifaom tcGifhta&;jzpf+yD; rnfonfh

ta=umif;ESifhrS qdkif;ihHjcif;rðyEdkifay? jynfolwdk@wGif Oya'tumtuG,fudk
w&m;±Hk;rsm;rSwqifh &,lydkifcGifh&Sd+yD; w&m;±Hk;rsm;uvnf; xdktcGifhta&;rsm;udk
todtrSwðf y+yD; jynfow l @kd tm; tumtuG,af y:&ef wm0eftjynft h 0&So
d nf?
tu,fI Edik if aH wmf&w dS &m;±H;k rsm;u jynfow l @kd tm; w&m;a&;tultnDrsm;
ray;Edik o f nfh tajctaersKd ;wGif vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk umuG,af y;xm;aom
Edik if w
H umOya'.tultnDukd &,lciG &hf o dS nf? rdrt d ay:usL;vGeaf om vl@tcGihf
ta&;csKd ;azmufrr_ sm;udk usL;vGeo f rl mS Edik if aH wmftpd;k &yif jzpfaeaoma=umifh
Edik if aH wmfw&m;±H;k rsm;u umuG,rf r_ ay;Edik I f Edik if wH um vl@tcGit fh a&; Oya'
tumtuG,u f kd &,ljcif;onf Ttcsuu f kd toH;k ðyaom vky&f yfyifjzpfonf?
tyd'k f (9)
rnfol@udkrS w&m;vufvGwfta=umif;rJhzrf;qD;jcif;/ xdrf;odrf;

csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf wdkif;jynfrSESifxkwfjcif;rðyvkyf&?
92
zrf;qD;r_
Ô zrf;qD;r_EiS yhf wfoufI Oya't& umuG,t

f &
umuG,af y;xm;aomt&mrsm;rSm rnfonft h csufrsm;
jzpfygovJ?
vlwOD;tm; zrf;qD;rnfqykd gu zrf;qD;onfumvtwGi;f rnfonfh

twGuaf =umifzh rf;qD;onfqo kd nfukd csucf si;f today;jcif;/ tr_p&D if&eftwGuf
w&m;ol}uD;xHo@kd tvsit f jrefy@kd aqmifjcif;/ oifw
h ifah vsmufywfaom tcsed f
twGif; ppfaq;jcif; odk@r[kwf jyefv$wfjcif;/ ppfaq;aepOftwGif; tmrcH
ay;Edik af om tr_rsKd ;tajctaersKd ;jzpfygu tmrcHay;jcif;/ w&m;pJq G rkd u_ kd &ifqikd f
Edik &f eftwGuf a&S@ae/oufaorsm;ac:cGiðhf yjcif;/ tu,fI xdo k @kd zrf;qD;r_onf
rS m ;,G i f ; zrf ; qD ; r_ j zpf y gu avsmf a =u;ay;&jcif ; wd k @ onf w&m;Oya't&
umuG,af y;xm;aom w&m;a&;tcGit hf a&;rsm;jzpfygonf?
tr_pD&if&eftwGuf w&m;ol}uD;xHodk@ tvsiftjref ydk@aqmifjcif;

qd&k mwGif w&m;ol}uD;onf vltrsm;=um;emEdik af om w&m;±H;k wGif tr_=um;em
pD&if&rnf? xdkoltm; xdrf;odrf;xm;aom ae&mtm; ol.rdom;pkrsm;/
aqGrsdK;rsm;tm; today;&rnf? rnfonfhpJGcsufjzifh pGyfpJGcsufwifonfudk
vltrsm;odap&rnf? w&m;pD&ifr_tpDtpOfrsm;/ aqmif&Gufr_rsm;udk vlwdkif;
od&adS p&rnf? csKyfaESmifxm;aomol. use;f rma&;/ ±kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m tajctae
rsm;udk vlwidk ;f awG@jrif&rnf ponft
h csurf sm;udk qdv
k jkd cif;jzpfonf?
zrf;qD;cH&olonf w&m;ppfaq;&ef apmifq h ikd ;f aeaom tcsed u f mv

twGif; tmrcHESifh oGm;vmcGifh&Sdaomfvnf; jcGif;csuftcsdK@&Sdonf? tu,fI
xdo
k o l nf w&m;±H;k od@k tr_ppfaq;cH&ef vma&mufr_ ysuu f u
G Ef ikd f rnfqykd gu/
odk@r[kwf tmrcHESifhaepOftwGif; aemufxyftjypfusL;vGefOD;rnfh toGifrsdK;
93
&Sdaeygu/ odk@r[kwf w&m;pD&ifr_tpDtpOfudk ysufpD;taESmifht,Suf ðyrnfh
toGif (Oyrm - oufaoudk +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ taxmuftxm;rsm;tm;
zsuq f ;D jcif; ponf)h rsm;&Sad eygu/ od@k r[kwf xdok . l vHðk cHa&;twGuf vHak vmuf
aom pd;k &dr&f r_rsm;&Sad eygu tmrcHay;csuu f kd jcGi;f csux
f m;Edik o
f nf?
Ô tusOf;om;rsm;tm; rnfuo hJ @kd qufq&H rnfukd

owfrw
S xf m;aom Edik if w
H um jyXmef;csufrsm;&Syd govm;/
ukvor*~. &mZ0wfr_ wm;qD;umuG,fa&;ESifh usL;vGefolrsm;udk

qufqHa&;qdkif&m yxrqHk; nDvmcHudk 1995 ckESpfwGif usif;ycJhygonf?
xdknDvmcHwGif tusOf;om;rsm;tm;qufqH&mwGif tedrfhqHk;vdkufem&rnfh
tqift h wef;pnf;urf;rsm; (Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment
of Prisoners) udk jyXmef;cJy h gonf? od@k aomf xdpk nf;urf;rsm;onf tusO;f om;
rsm;tm; rnfuo hJ @kd qufq&H rnf[I l qufqeH nf;pnf;rsO;f rsm;udk tao;pdwf
twdtusazmfjyxm;jcif;r[kwfbJ xdktusOf;om;rsm;tm; qufqH&mwGif
av;pm;pGmxm;&S&d rnfh rl0g'rsm;ESihf a,bl,stqift h wef;rsm;om jzpfygonf?
xdrk 0l g'rsm;rSm xdok rl sm;tm; vlom;wOD;tjzpf av;pm;pGmqufq&H ef/ tjypf
xif&mS ;aom &mZ0wfom;rsm;ESihf tjypfrxif&mS ;ao;olrsm;tm; cJjG cm;xm;&ef/
t&G,fra&mufao;aom uav;rsm;ESifh vl}uD;rsm;cJGjcm;xm;&ef/ tjypf'%f
ay;onfh oabmrsdK;r[kwfbJ ðyjyifr_tm; tav;xm;aqmif&Guf&ef wdk@
jzpfonf?
1990wGif tcsuf (11)yg0ifonfh tusO;f om;rsm;tm; qufqrH E_ iS hf

ywfoufaom tajccHrl0g'rsm;udk ukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcHu qHk;jzwf
jyXmef;cJyh gonf? xdt
k csurf sm;tm; tajccHI tusO;f om;rsm;tm; qufq&H rnfh
tedrq hf ;kH tqifth wef;rsm;tm; owfrw S vf mEdik af p&ef &nf&,
G I
f jyXmef;cJjh cif;
jzpfygonf? Oya't& rjzpfrae vdkufem&rnfqdkaom pnf;aESmiftm;r&Sd
94
aomf v nf ; xd k t ed r f h q H k ; tqif h t wef ; rsm;onf tusOf ; om;rsm;tm;
qufqrH E_ iS hf ywfoufI Edik if rH sm;twGuf t"duvrf;!$ecf surf sm;jzpfygonf?
tyd'k f (10)
vlwa,muf. tcGit hf a&;ESihf wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;ESifh ywfoufIvnf;

aumif ; / pJ G c suf w if v maom jypf r _ r sm;ES i f h ywf o uf I vnf ; aumif ;
tqH;k tjzwfc, H &l mwGif vlwikd ;f onf vGwv f yfI bufrvdu k af om w&m;pD&ifr_
±Hk;awmfwGif vltrsm; wufa&muf=um;emEdkifaom ppfaq;r_rsdK;udk wlnDpGm
cHpm;ydkifcGifh±Sdonf?
vltrsm;=um;emEdik af om w&m;pD&ifr_
Ô bma=umifh vltrsm;=um;emEdik af omw&m;pD&ifrv

_ t
kd yfygovJ?
w&m;pJq
G o f rD #r_ &Srd &Sd
kd El iS hf pGypf cGJ &H olrsm;t=um; w&m;r#wr_ csed cf iG n
qdak om tcsuo f nf w&m;r#wonfh w&m;ppfaq;a&;twGuf ta&;ygaom
tcsufyifjzpfonf? xdktcsufudk od&SdavhvmEdkif&eftwGuf vlxk=um;em
Edik af om w&m;ppfaq;r_vt kd yfjcif;jzpfonf?
vlxk=um;emEdkifaom w&m;ppfaq;r_qdkonfrSm w&m;ppfaq;

pD&ifaom ae&monf vltrsm;a&muf&EdS ikd af om tcsed Ef iS hf ae&mrsKd ;jzpf&ygrnf?
tr_p&D ifppfaq;onfah e&mod@k ydwyf ifwm;qD;jcif;/ uef@owfjcif;r&Sb d J omrmef
jynfolvlxk/ EdkifiHwumavhvmolrsm;ESihf owif;axmufrsm; vGwfvyfpGm
oGm;a&mufavhvmcGifh&Sd&ygrnf? odk@rSom w&m;ppfaq;pD&ifr_onf w&m;
r#wr_ukd od&EdS ikd af yrnf? trde@f pmjzifh xkwjf yefp&D ifcsucf saom ppfaq;r_rsm;ESihf
w&m;±Hk;. pD&ifcsufudk rxkwfjyefaom tr_rsdK;rsm;udk vltrsm; =um;emcGifh
95
rðyaom tr_rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfEdkifonf? tu,fI w&m;ppfaq;&mwGif
jynfotl rsm; vma&muf=um;emI roif[ h qk ykd guvnf; cdik rf maom ta=umif;
jycsuu
f kd xkwjf yef&rnf? jynfot
l rsm;a&S@arSmuf wufa&muf=um;emcGiahf y;&ef
twGuf csed qf pOf;pm;oifah om tr_rsm;rSm Edik if aH wmf vHðk cHa&;qdik &f m/ tpd;k &
xdyfwef;umuG,fr_qdkif&m v#dK@0Sufcsufrsm;wdk@ESifh oufqdkifaom tr_rsm;ESifh
t&G,fra&mufao;aom uav;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaeaom vdifydkif;qdkif&m
tr_rsm;jzpfonf?
tyd'k f (11)
(u) w&m;Oya'csdK;azmufonfhtr_jzifh w&m;pJGqdkjcif;cH&olwkdif;onf

rdrdudk,frdrd umuG,fEdkif&ef vdktyfaom aqmif±Gufp&mrsm;udk
aqmif±GufEdkifcGifh tjynfht0&±Sd+yD; vltrsm;a±S@wGif Oya'twdkif;
ppfaq;I tjypfusL;vGefonf[k xif±Sm;+yD; pD&ifcsuftwdtus
rcsrcsi;f xdv
k w
l iG f tjypfr±S[
d k cH,yl ikd cf iG ±hf o
dS nf?
(c) wpHw
k a,muf. vkyaf qmifcahJ om tðytrlEiS phf yfvsO;f I xdt k ðytrl
ðyvkycf phJ Oftcsed t
f cgu xkwjf yefxm;aom Edik if aH wmf od@k r[kwf Edik if H
wum qdkif&mOya't& +idpGef;aom jypfr_wcktjzpf cdkifcdkifvHkvHk
rwifjyEdkifcJhv#if xdkoltm; tqdkygtðytrltwGuf tjypf±Sdonf[k
r,lqEdkif? xdk@twl usL;vGefaom jypfr_twGuf jypfr_usL;vGefpOf
tcgu xdkufoifhapEdkifaom tjypf'%fxuf ydkrdk}uD;av;aom
tjypf'%fay;jcif; r±Sad p&?
96
tjypf&o dS nf[k cdik v
f akH omtcsufjzifh pD&ifcsufrcsrcsif; tjypfr&Sd
cH,lydkifcGihf
Ô xdt
k csufonf bma=umift
h a&;}u;D ygovJ?
tjypf&Sdonf[k pGyfpJGcHxm;&aomoltay: cdkifvHkaom oufao

taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh usL;vGefa=umif;xif&Sm;I tjypfrcsrcsif; xdkoludk
tjypfr&Sd[kjrif&ef ta&;}uD;onf? odk@rSom oHo,tpJGrsm;/ ya,m*rsm;
uif;uif;ESihf tr_ukd aocsmpGm ppfaq;pD&ifEikd af yvdrrhf nf?
w&m;pGyfpJGcH&olonf tr_udk usL;vGefjcif; &Sdr&Sd avhvm&mwGif

rouFm,Hrk #EiS hf rvHak vmufyg? vlwa,muftm; tjypf r ay;rD ,k w d W & S d
aom om"u taxmuftxm;rsm; wifjy&efvkdtyfonf? oufqdkif&m
w&m;ol}uD;rsm;. pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfcsuo f nf ,xmblwusus awG@jrifrt _ ay:
rd r d . tar#mf t jrif E S i f h Oya'tnD a qmif & G u f r _ o m jzpf & rnf ? oH o ,/
xifjrifcsujf zifh rjzpfap&yg?
tyd'k f (12)
rnfo. l at;csr;f vGwv f yfpmG ud,

k af &;ud,
k w
f mudprP sm;/ rdom;pkEiS hf
oufqdkifaomudpPrsm;/ aetdrfESifhpmay;pm,ludpPrsm;wdk@udkrS Oya't&
r[kwfaom 0ifa&mufpGwfzufr_rcHap&? xdk@tjyif xdkol. *k%foduQmudk
ykwfcwfydkifcGifhr±Sd? vlwdkif;wGif xdkodk@pGwfzufjcif;rS aomfvn;faumif;/
ykwfcwfcH&jcif;udkaomfvnf;aumif; Oya't& umuG,fydkifcGifh±Sdonf?
raumif;aom &nf±, G cf sujf zifh wjcm;ol. tdrtf wGi;f 0ifa&mufjcif;/

pmrsm;azmufjcif;ESifh taESmifht,Sufay;jcif;rsm;vkyfcGifhr±Sd?
97
yk~vduvGwfvyfcGifh
Ô xdt
k cGit
hf a&;wGif jcGi;f csuf&ydS gvm;?
vlwOD;. ud, k af &;ud, k w f mudprP sm;udk tm%m&So d w

l @kd u 0ifa&muf
pGuzf ufygu Oya't& vkyaf qmif&ef vdt k yfaom ta=umif;&Sad oma=umifo h m
jzpf&ygrnf? Oyrm - &Jwyfz@GJ 0ifrsm;u aetdrt f wGi;f 0ifa&muf &SmazGrnfqykd gu
txufuay;tyfxm;aom XmerS xdo k @kd &mS azG&efciG ðhf yaom taxmuftxm;
pm±Gupf mwrf; yg&rdS o S m &SmazGEikd rf nfjzpfonf? ud&, d mrsm; toH;k ðyI apmif=h uyf
jcif;/ w,fvzD ek ;f / pmtquftoG,rf sm;udk =um;jzwf em;axmifjcif;wd@k onf
xdok @kd vyk u
f ikd &f eftwGuf w&m;0ifwm0efay;xm;aom apcdik ;f r_rsm; jzpf&ygrnf?
xdkodk@r[kwfygu taESmifht,Sufay;cH&olonf xdkvkyf&yfrsm;udk

&yfwhHap&ef oufqdkif&mw&m;±Hk;rsm;wGif av#mufwifcGifh&Sdonf? xdkodk@
vkyaf qmifro _ nf Edik if &H dS wnfqOJ ya'rsm;ESihf udu k nf o D nf[k qdak omfvnf;
Edik if w
H um vl@tcGithf a&; pHcsed pf ! H e$ ;f rsm;ESihf udu
k nf rD r_ &Syd gu vl@tcGithf a&;
aumfrwDu Oya'ESirhf udu k n
f aD om pGuzf ufr[ _ k owfrw S Ef ikd o
f nf?
tyd'k f (13)
(u) vlwdkif; rdrdwdkif;jynf. e,ferdwftydkif;tjcm;twGif; vGwfvyfpGm

oGm;vma±$@ajymif;cGifh/ aexdkifcGifh±Sdonf?
(c) vlwdkif; rdrdwdkif;jynftygt0if tjcm;rnfonfhwdkif;jynfudkrqdk
xGufcGmcGifhESifh rdrdwdkif;jynfodk@jyefvmcGifh±Sdonf?
98
vGwv
f yfpmG oGm;vmcGihf
Ô vGwv
f yfpmG oGm;vmcGio
hf nf jcGi;f csuf&ydS govm;/
vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmcGifhqdkonfrSm rdrdEdkifiHtwGif; oGm;vmcGifhudk

qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? xdk@tjyif rnfonfhae&mwGifrqdk aexdkifEdkif&efESifh rdrd
oaabmtavsmuf rdrdwdkif;jynfrS w&m;0if xGufcGmcGifhESifh rdrdwdkif;jynfodk@
jyefvmcGifhwdk@onfvnf;TtcGifhta&;wGif tñuH;0ifonf?
odk@&mwGif vGwfvyfpGmoGm;vmr_udk Oya'tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/

Edik if aH wmfvðkH cHa&;/ jynfo@l vyk if ef;/ jynfo@l use;f rma&;/ uk, d uf siw hf &m;qdik &f mESihf
tjcm;olrsm;. vGwfvyfcGifhudk umuG,f&eftm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;
vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;tm; umuG,f&eftm;jzifhvnf;aumif; uef@owfEdkifonf?
Oyrm - Edik if aH wmf. opfawmóu;0dik ;f twGi;f tdrw f vH;k aqmufI aexdik af om
vlwOD; tcGit hf a&;xuf opfawmobm0ypPn;f rsm;udk umuG,&f ef[o l nfh
ydkrdkta&;}uD;onfhtcsufudk umuG,f&eftwGuf xdkol. vGwfvyfpGmaexdkif
cGifhudk uef@owf&rnfjzpfonf? odk@aomf tjcm;Oyrmtaejzifh vlrsdK;wpk
odk@r[kwf tkyfpkEG,f0ifvlwpkudk cJGjcm;zdESdyfonfh w&m;0ifay:vpDrsm;jzifh
a'owcktwGi;f oGm;vm&efyw d yf ifwm;jrpfxm;ygu xdo k wl @kd . tcGithf a&;udk
apmfum;&ma&mufayonf?
tyd'k f (14)
(u) vlwikd ;f rw&m;tjypfay;ESyd pf ufrr_ S vGwaf jrmuf&ef tjcm;wdik ;f jynf

rsm;wGif ckdv_HcGifhawmif;cHydkifcGifh ±Sdonf?
(c) Edik if aH &;ESihf roufqikd af om jypfrr_ sKd ;/ od@k r[kwf ukvor*~. &nfreS ;f
csu/f rl0g'rsm;udk zDqefqef@usiaf om jypfrr_ sKd ;udk trSew f u,f usL;vGef
99
aoma=umihf tusdK;quftjzpf ay:aygufvmaom ta&;,lr_rsdK;
jzpfygu Ttyd'fk yf gtcGit
hf a&;ESihf tñuH;0ifrr_ ±Sad y?
ckdv_HcGifh
Ô cdv
k cH_ iG ahf wmif;cHyikd cf iG q
hf o
kd nfrmS bmudq
k v
kd ykd govJ?
vlrsdK;a&;/ bmoma&;/ EdkifiHom;jzpfr_/ vlr_a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tzJG@0if

jzpfr_wckcka=umifh tjypfay;ta&;,lcH&rnfh }uD;rm;aom pdk;&drfr_cdkifcdkifrmrm
&Sdojzifh rdrdEdkifiHrS xGufcGmvm&olrsm;tm; cdkv_HcGifhay;jcif; ray;jcif;onf
cdkv_HcGifhawmif;cHcH&aom oufqdkif&mEdkifiH. qENESifh ay:vpDtay:wGifom
wnfygonf? awmif;cHvmolreS o f r#ukd cdv
k cH_ iG rhf jzpfraeay;&rnfw
h m0efr&Syd g?
odk@&mwGif 1951 ckESpf 'kuQonf tqifhtwef;qdkif&m oabmwl

pmcsKyfESifh 1966 ckESpfaemufqufwJGpmcsKyfrsm;t& “vlrsdK;a&;/ bmoma&;/
EdkifiHom;jzpfr_/ vlr_a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tzJG@0ifjzpfr_ wckcka=umifh tjypfay;
ta&;,lcH&rnfh }uD;rm;aom pdk;&drfr_cdkifcdkifrmrm&Sdojzifh rdrdEdkifiHrS xGufcGm
vm&olrsm;” onf xdck v kd cH_ iG ahf wmif;cHonfh Edik if eH ,ferdwt f wGi;f od@k a&muf&dS
onfEiS hf wòyifeuf cdv k cH_ iG ahf wmif;cHciG &hf o
dS nf? cdv k cH_ iG u
hf kd vufco H nf jzpfap
vufrcHonfjzpfap xdEk ikd if t H pd;k &u xdo k rl sm;tay: qENrygbJ twif;t=uyf
ae&if;&yfqo D @kd jyefy@kd jcif;rðyEdik af y? jyefvnfy@kd aqmifygu touftE W&m,fESifh
&ifqikd ñf uHawG@Eikd af omae&yf&if;qDo@kd twif;t=uyfEiS x f w k I
f r&yg?
xdkolrsm;. cdkv_HcGifhudkjiif;y,fyguvnf; xdkEdkifiHtpdk;&onf xdkolrsm;

taejzifh qENtavsmufae&yfo@kd jyefapa&;/ cdv k &H_ ma'otwGi;f o[Zmw
usus aexdkifEdkifa&;/ xdkolrsm;tm; vufcHonfh tjcm;EdkifiHwEdkifiHwGif
jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;wd@k twGuf wm0ef,l aqmif&u G af y;&ef wm0ef&o
dS nf?
100
tu,fI cdkv_HcGifhawmif;cHolonf +idrf;csrf;om,ma&;udk xdyg;aom
&mZ0wfrr_ sKd ;/ ppf&mZ0wfrr_ sKd ;/ vlom;tm;vH;k tm; tE &W m,fay;aom jypfrr_ sKd ;/
xdo
k .
l Edik if t
H wGi;f Edik if aH &;ESihf roufqikd o
f nfh }uD;av;aom &mZ0wfrr_ sKd ;udk
usL;vGefcJhjcif;rsdK;/ ukvor*~. OD;wnfcsufESifh rl0g'rsm;tm; qef@usifonfh
tr_rsm;udk usL;vGefcJhjcif;rsdK;rsm;&Sdygu xdkcdkv_HcGifhESifhtñuH;r0ifay?
tyd'k f (15)
(u) vlwdkif;EdkifiHwEdkifiH. EdkfifiHom;jzpfydkifcGifh±Sdonf?

(c) rnfol@udkrS xdkol.EdkifiHom;jzpfr_rS a=umif;usdK;rJhypfy,fcGihfr±Sdap&?
xdkol.EdkifiHom;tjzpfajymif;vJydkifcGifhudkvnf; jiif;y,fjcif;r±Sdap&?
EdkifiHom;jzpfydkifcGifh
Ô Edik if o
H m;jzpfyikd cf iG q
hf o
kd nfrmS tb,fenf;?
rnfow l OD;wa,mufurkd S Edik if oH m;jzpfrr_ aS eI a=umif;usKd ;rJh ypfy,f

vdu
k jf cif;r&Sad pr_ukd qdv
k ykd gonf? xd@k tjyif xdo
k .
l Edik if o
H m;tjzpf ajymif;vJciG hf
udv
k nf; jiif;y,fjcif;r&Sad p&yg?
tyd'fk f (16)
(u) t±G,af &muf+yD;aom trsKd ;om;ESit hf rsKd ;orD;wdik ;f onf vlrsKd ;/ wdik ;f
&if;om;/ od@k r[kwf bmoma&; ta=umif;ðyI csKyfcs,u f ef@owfjcif;
r±Sad p&bJ vufxyfciG Ehf iS hf rdom;pkxal xmifyikd cf iG ±hf o
dS nf? vufxyf
xdrf;jrm;csdef/ aygif;oif;csdefESifh tdrfaxmifòyduJGonfh tcsdefrsm;wGif
vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;jcif;ESihf ywfoufI xdt k rsKd ;om;ESihf trsKd ;orD;wd@k wiG f
101
wlnaD om tcGit hf a&;rsm;±So
d nf?
(c) &nf±G,fxm;aom owdk@om;ESifh owdk@orD;wdk@. vGwfvyfaom
oabmqENukd tjynft h 0&,l+yD;rSom vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;jcif;ðy&rnf?
(*) rdom;pkb0onf vl@tzJ@G tpnf;. obm0usaom/ tajccHusaom
tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfonf? rdom;pkb0rsm;udk vl@tzJG@tpnf;ESifh
tpd;k &wd@k u umuG,af y;&efwm0ef±odS nf?
vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;cGihf
Ô vGwv
f yfpmG vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;cGiq
hf o
kd nfrmS tb,fenf;?
Oya't& owfrw S x
f m;aom toufjynfah jrmuf+yD;jzpfonfh trsKd ;
om;/ trsKd ;orD;wd@k tjcm;rnfonfh aoG;aqmifzsm;a,mif; +cdr;f ajcmufrr_ rS ygbJ
rdrwd @kd EpS Of ;D qENtavsmuf vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;jcif;udk qdv k jkd cif;jzpfygonf? xdok @kd
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;&mwGif trsdK;om;ESifh trsdK;orD;ESpfOD;onf wOD;ESifhwOD;
tjyeftvSef vufxyfvo kd nfh rdrw d @kd qENrsm;udk zGi[
hf &efvt kd yfonf? xdo
k @kd
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;vdkaom qENudk a=unmt+yD; rdrdwdk@tm; vufxyfay;&ef
tcGifhtm%m&Sdaom olrsm;a&S@arSmufwGif vnf;aumif;/ oufaorsm;
a&S@arSmufwiG f vnf;aumif; rdrw d @kd oabmwlnaD =umif; jyo&rnf? xdt k csuu f kd
tcGifhtm%m&Sdolrsm;u auseyf+yD; jiif;qefp&m/ oabmrwlp&m r&Sdygu
xdvk ufxyfr_ txajrmufonf?
xdo
k @kd vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;vdu
k af om olEpS Of ;D ESio
hf ufqikd af om tdr,
f m
xlaxmifjcif;/ uGm&Sif;jywfpJjcif;wdk@ESifh ywfouf&mwGif trsdK;om;/ trsdK;orD;
cJjG cm;jcif;r&Sad pbJ wef;wltcGit hf a&;&&Sad p&ef tpd;k &wGif wm0ef&ydS gonf?
102
tyd'k f (17)
(u) vlwdkif; "eypPnf;OpPmrsm;udk rdrdwOD;csif;jzpfap/ tjcm;olrsm;ESihf

zufpyfIjzpfap ydik q f ikd cf iG ±hf o
dS nf?
(c) rnfolwOD;wa,muf. udk,fydkifypPnf;udkrS Oya'a=umif;usdK;rJh
odrf;ydkufjcif;r±Sdap&?
udk,fydkifyPnf;ydkifqdkifcGifh
Ô ud,
k yf ikd yf Pnf;qdo
k nfrmS bmudq
k v
kd ykd govJ?
ud, k yf ikd yf pPn;f qdo

k nfrmS wOD;csi;f od@k r[kwf tkypf v k u
kd yf ikd q
f ikd af om
±k y f 0 wW K ypP n f ; rsm;omru xd k o l w d k @ wD x G i f x m;aomypP n f ; / xd k o l w d k @ .
ta=umif;t&mrsm;/ xdo k wl @kd wiG &f adS om owif;rsm;tm;vH;k udk qdv k ykd gonf?
tyd'k f (18)
vlwikd ;f vGwv f yfpmG awG;ac:cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm cH,l&yfwnfydkifcGifhESifh

vGwv f yfpmG ud;k uG,cf iG ±hf o
dS nf? Tvkyyf ikd cf iG t hf & rdru d ;kd uG,af om bmomudk
od@k r[kwf ouf0if,=kH unfcsuu f kd vGwv f yfpmG ajymif;vJyikd cf iG ±hf o dS nf? xd@k jyif
rdrw d OD;wnf;aomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;olrsm;ESihf pkaygi;f I aomfvnf;aumif;
trsm;a±S@wiG jf zpfap od@k r[kwf rdro d ;D oef@wiG jf zpfap rdru d ;kd uG,o f nfh ,H=k unfr_
od@k r[kwf bmomudk vGwv f yfpmG oifjyEdik cf iG /fh usio
hf ;kH cGi/hf 0wfðyud;k uG,cf iG Ehf iS hf
aqmufwnfcGifh±Sdonf?
103
vGwfvyfpGm,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGifh
Ô bmoma&;qdik &f mvGwv

f yfciG q
hf w
kd m bmvJ?
rnfolwOD;wa,mufudkrS xdkol,Hk=unfudk;uG,faom bmomw&m;

a=umifh cJGjcm;qufqHjcif;rsm;/ tjcm;bmomodk@ twif;t=uyf ajymif;vJ
apcdik ;f jcif;rsm; rvkyaf qmif&yg? vlwa,muf od@k r[kwf vltodik ;f t0dik ;f tkypf k
wck. ,H=k unf&mud;k uG,cf iG q hf o
kd nfrmS bmoma&;tpOftvmrsm;/ yJaG wmfrsm;
usi;f yydik cf iG /hf owfrw S x
f m;aom bmoma&;taqmifta,mifrsm; 0wfqifciG /hf
bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;ESihf taqmuftOD;rsm; wnfaqmufciG /hf trsm;pkaygi;f
0wfðycGifhESifh 0wfðy&mae&mrsm;&SdcGifh/ bmoma&;ESifh ywfoufaom pm&Guf
pmwrf;rsm; xkwaf 0jzef@cscD iG /hf ,H=k unfrE_ iS hf ywfoufaom ae@x;l ae@jrwfrsm;
qifEc$J iG /hf bmoma&;ESihf ywfoufI vdt k yfaom jynfwiG ;f jynfy qufo,
G af &;
rsm; aqmif&u G cf iG /hf apwemtavsmuf tvSLrsm;vufcjH cif;ESihf &SmazGjcif;wd@k
tm;vH;k tñuH;0ifygonf?
vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:cGifh/ ouf0if,Hk=unfcGifhESifh udk;uG,f,Hk=unfcGihf

wd@k ukd ta&;ay:tajctaersKd ;rSmyif ydwyf ifciG rhf &Sad y? od@k aomf jynfo@l vðkH cHr/_
usifh0wfoduQmESifh tjcm;olrsm;tcGifhta&;udkumuG,fay;&efvkdtyfvmygu
od@k r[kwf onf;rcHEikd rf E_ iS hf zdEydS cf jGJ cm;r_ut
kd m;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyaom twef;
tpm;cJGjcm;jcif;/ oD;oef@jzpfapjcif;/ uef@owfjcif;rsm;udk bmoma&;trnfcHI
vkyaf qmifvmygu Oya'jzifh uef@owfaqmif&u G Ef ikd o
f nf?
bmoma&;vGwv f yfciG u
hf kd tpd;k &uud;k uG,af ombmomESihf rwluGJ
jym;aom bmomudk udk;uG,fonfhtkyfpkrsm;taejzifh trsm;qHk; ydwfyif
cH&avh&Sdwwfygonf? EdkifiHawmfomoemtjzpfjyXmef;xm;aom bmomESifh
uJGjym;onfh tjcm;rwlaom bmom0ifrsm;tm; EdkifiHawmfomoemodk@
104
twif;t=uyfajymif;vJ0ifa&mufapjcif;/ tjcm;,Hk=unf&mudk;uG,fr_rsm;udk
tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufrðyjcif;wdk@ &ifqdkif}uHKawG@&wwfygonf? xdkodk@aom
bmoma&;t&zdESdyfr_rsm;udk tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh rvkyfaqmif&ef 1981ckESpf
Ed0k ifbmv (25) &ufae@wiG f twnfðycJah om bmoma&; ok@d r[kwf ,H=k unf
ouf0ifrt _ ay: tajccHaom cJjG cm;r_/ onf;rcHr_ yHpk t
H rsKd ;rsKd ; yaysmufapa&;
a=unmpmwrf; (Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intoler-
ance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief) wGif azmfjyxm;
ygonf? xdka=unmpmwrf;yg tcsufrsm;udk atmifjrifpGm taumiftxnf
azmfEikd &f eftwGuv f nf; bmoma&;ESihf ywfoufI onf;rcHrr_ sm;qdik &f m txl;
pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;t&m&Sd (Special Rapportuer on Religious Intolerance)
udk 1986 ckEpS w f iG f cef@tyfcyhJ gonf?
tyd'k f (19)
vlwdkif; vGwfvyfpGm xifjrif,lqydkifcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm zGifh[

wifjyydik cf iG ±hf o
dS nf? xdt
k cGit hf a&;rsm;t& rdrw
d ifjy,lqcsurf sm;udk taESmuf
t,Suf t[ef@twm;r±SdcH,lusifhoHk;ydkifcGifh±Sdonf? e,fajrydkif;jcm;r_ r±SdbJ
owif;pme,fZif;rsm;rSwqifh owif;rsm;/ t,ltqrsm;udk ±SmazGqnf;yl;ydik cf iG /hf
vufcHydkifcGifhESifh jzef@jzL;ydkifcGifhwdk@±Sdonf?
vGwv
f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG /hf owif;rsm;&,lciG /hf
Ô vGwv
f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG /hf owif;rsm;&,lciG t
hf wGuf
ukvor*~ubmawGvkyfaqmifaeygovJ?
vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfajymqdkcGifhESifh owif;rsm;&,lcGifhwdk@onf

'Dru
kd a&pD vl@abmiftwGuf ta&;ygaom tpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfonf? owif;Xme
105
rsm;rS bufrvdkufaomowif;rsm;udk&,lEdkiftwGuf xdkowif;Xmersm;onf
vGwv f yfI taESmiftzJ@G uif;aomowif;Xmersm;jzpfro
S m jzpfEikd af yvdrrhf nf?
vGwvf yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG u

hf kd ydwyf if&jcif;. t"du ta=umif;
w&m;rSm ta=umufw&m;a=umifjh zpfonf? vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG u
hf kd
cGifhðyvdkufygu rdrdESifhrwlnDaom tjcm;tjrifrsm; ay:aygufvmrnfudk
pdk;&drfaom a=umufpdwfa=umifh ydwfyifjcif;rsm; vkyfaqmifvmjcif;jzpfonf?
tpd;k &taejzifh Oya'trsKd ;rsKd ;xkwI
f vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG rhf sm;udk
uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_ trsdK;rsdK; vkyfaomfvnf; awG;ac:cGifhudk vHk;0ydwfyifI
r&Edkifyg?
vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG Ehf iS hf owif;vGwv f yfciG whf @kd ukd umuG,f
a&;ESihf ywfoufI ukvor*~EiS hf ‚. txl;jyKat*sipf rD sm;u txl; }udK;yrf;
aqmif&u G v f su&f o
dS nf? ukvor*~. txl;jyKat*sipf w D ckjzpfaom ynma&;/
odyEH` iS hf ,Ofaus;r_tzJ@G (UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi-
zation- UNESCO) taejzifh vGwv f yfpmG owif;rsm;&,la&;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG
xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG &hf &Sad &;wd@k EiS hf ywfoufonfh a'otvku d f aqG;aEG;yJrG sm;udk
OD;aqmifusif;ycJhonf? toGiful;ajymif;a&;umvudk jzwfoef;aeaom
EdkifiHrsm;udkvnf; EdkifiH.Oya'rsm;xJwGif owif;qdkif&mOya'rsm;udk jyXmef;
Edik &f eftwGuf ,leufpudu k vdt k yfaomt}uHOm%frsm; yhyH ;kd ay;vsuf &So d nf?
jynfwGif;yÉdyuQrsm;jzpfyGm;aeaomEdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf; awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;ESifh
+id r f ; csrf ; a&;ay:xG e f ; vmEd k i f r nf h t ajctaersd K ;ud k wG e f ; tm;ay;Ed k i f r nf h
bufrvdkufbJ vGwfvyfaom owif;rsm;udk xkwfjyefonfh owif;Xmersm;
ay:ayguv f m&ef ,leufpudu k ulnrD r_ sm;ay;vsu&f o dS nf?
xdk@jyif vGwfvyfpGmxifjrifxkwfazmfajymqdkcGifhqdkif&m txl;pHkprf;

ppfaq;a&; t&m&Sd (Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of
106
Opinion and Expression) udk 1993 ckEp
S w
f iG f vl@tcGit
hf a&;aumfr&Siu
f aeI
cef@tyfwm0efay;cJo
h nf? xdt k &m&Sod nf vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG Ehf iS hf
ywfoufaom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk umuG,&f eftwGuf vufawG@us+yD; vkyif ef;
atmifjrifa&;udk t"duxm;onfh t}uHay;csurf sm;ay;&ef wm0ef&o dS nf?
Ô vGwfvyfpGmxifjrifxkwfazmfajymqkdcGifhwGif
tuef@towf&Sdygvm;?
Ed k i f i H a &;ES i f h Ed k i f i H o m;tcG i f h t a&;qd k i f & m oabmwl p mcsKyf w G i f

vGwv f yfpmG xifjrifxw k af zmfajymqdck iG u hf kd “txl;wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;ESihf usio hf ;kH
&rnf” [k qdx k m;ygonf? xd@k twGuaf =umifh xdt k cGithf a&;rsm;udk usio hf ;kH &m
wGif tuef@towfabmif&ydS gonf? od@k aomf xdu k ef@owfra_ bmif onf Oya'
ESit
hf nD uef@owfjcif;rsKd ;jzpf&efvt kd yfygonf? xd@k jyif vlxt k usihf pm&dwEW iS hf
pdwf"mwfydkif;qdkif&mrsm;/ EkdifiHawmfvHkðcHa&;ESifh at;csrf;om,ma&;twGuf
ruef@owfIrjzpfaoma=umifh Oya'ESit hf nDvyk af qmif&aom uef@owfrr_ sm;
jzpf&ygrnf? xd@k jyif vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdck iG u hf t
kd cGiahf umif;,lI 0g'jzef@wu kd cf u kd f
a&;om;jcif;rsm;/ vlrsKd ;a&;/ bmoma&;rke;f wD;r_ujkd zpfymG ;ap+yD; t"du±k%;f rsm;/
zdEydS rf r_ sm;/ t=urf;zufwu kd cf u kd rf r_ sm;/ r+idrrf oufjzpfrr_ sm; jzpfatmif vH@_ aqmf
a&;om;xkwfazmfajymqdkjcif;rsdK;udk cGifhrðyyg? tjcm;olrsm;. *k%foduQmESifh
tcGit hf a&;rsm;/ Edik if aH wmfvðkH cHa&;/ jynfo@l use;f rma&;ESihf usi0hf wfou d mQ oDv
qdkif&mtajccHrlrsm;udk umuG,f&eftwGuf tajctae rsdK;wGif vGwfvyfpGm
ajymqdrk u _ kd uef@owfEikd yf gonf?
vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfajymqdkcGifhonf tuef@towfabmif&Sdonf

qdak omfvnf; xdu
k ef@owfro
_ nf w&m;Oya'ESit fh nD 'Dru
kd a&pD oabmw&m;
rsm;t& vdtk yfaoma=umifh uef@owfrr_ sm;jzpf&ygrnf?
107
tyd'k f (20)
vlwikd ;f +idr;f csr;f pGm vlpv

k al 0; pka0;ydik cf iG Ehf iS hf toif;tzJ@G rsm; xlaxmif
zJG@pnf;ydkifcGifh±Sdonf? rnfo@ludkr# ‚. qENoabmxm;rygbJ tzJG@tpnf;
wcko@kd 0ifap&ef twif;t=uyfrðy&?
tzJt
@G pnf;rsm;xlaxmifciG hf
Ô tzJt
@G pnf;rsm;xlaxmifciG u
hf kd bma=umifv
h t
@l cGit
hf a&;tjzpf
owfrSwfwmvJ?
jynfow l @kd ukd olw@kd . &nfreS ;f csurf sm;tm; pkaygi;f Iazmfxw

k wf ifjy
Ed k i f a tmif E S i f h ol w d k @ . tusd K ;pD ; yG m ;twG u f j zpf a p tjcm;ol r sm;.
tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;twGufjzpfap tkyfpktzJG@tpnf;taejzifh umuG,fEdkifatmif
vkyfaqmif&mwGif vGwfvyfpGmtzJG@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifcGifhonf r&Sdrjzpf
vdktyfvSonf? xdkodk@xlaxmif&mwGif tpdk;&u xlaxmifay;jcif;r[kwfbJ
jynfolvlxku tusdK;wl/ &nf&G,fcsufwl&m tzJG@tpnf;rsm;udk rdrdzmom
rdrdxlaxmifjcif;udk qdkvdkonf? tpdk;&taejzifh tcsdK@aomtajctaersdK;wGif
Oya'ESifhudkufnDaom ta=umif;jycsufwkd@jzifh tcsdK@aomtzJG@tpnf;rsm;
xlaxmifciG u hf kd uef@owfEikd o f nf?
tjynfjynfqikd &f m tvkyo f rm;tzJ@G csKyf}uD;onf tvkyo f rm;rsm;.

tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;xlaxmifciG Efh iS hf ywfoufonfh oabmwlpmcsKyfaygi;f rsm;pGmudk
a&;qJ G t wnf ð yxm;onf ? xd k p mcsKyf r sm;ud k v nf ; Ed k i f i H a ygif ; rsm;pG m u
oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;vsuf&Sdonf?
108
tyd'k f (21)
(u) vlwdkif; rdrdwdkif;jynf. tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif wdkuf±dkufaomf

vnf;aumif;/ vGwv f yfpmG a±G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufxm;onfh ud, k pf m;vS,f
rsm;rSwqifah omfvnf;aumif; yg0ifaqmif±u G yf ikd cf iG ±hf o
dS nf?
(c) vlwdkif;rdrdwdkif;jynftwGif;±Sd jynfol0efxrf;tzJG@ vkyfief;rsm;wGif
0ifa&mufEidk &f ef wlnaD omtcGit hf vrf;rsm;±So d nf?
(*) tpd;k &. tm%monf jynfov l x l .k qENtay:wGif tajccH&rnf?
jynf o l @ qEN r sm;ud k tcsd e f u mvyd k i f ; jcm;vsuf usif ; yay;onf h
ppfrSefaom a±G;aumufyJGrsm;jzifh azmfxkwfap&rnf? a±G;aumufyJG
rsm;wGif vlwkdif;tnDtr#rJay;EdkifcGifh±Sd&rnfhtjyif xdka±G;aumuf
yJGrsm;udk vSdK@0SufrJay;pepfjzifhjzpfap/ tvm;wl vGwfvyfaom
rJay;pepfjzifjh zpfap usi;f y&rnf?
tpdk;&wGifyg0ifcGifh
Ô tpd;k &wGiyf g0ifciG q

hf w
kd m bmudq
k v
kd ykd govJ?
Ttydk'fonf 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&. tajccHoabmw&m;jzpfaom

“jynfow l @kd . qENonf tpd;k &tm%m.tajccHjzpfonf” qdo k nfth csuu f kd
xif[yfxm;aom tcsufjzpfonf? xdkodk@ jzpfap&eftwGuf EdkifiHom;wdkif;
rJay;cGi&hf adS om vGwv f yfIw&m;r#wonfh a&G;aumufyrGJ sm;udk usi;f yay;&ef
vdktyfonf?
tpd;k &wGif vlx. k yg0ifciG q

hf okd nfrmS ud,k w
f ikd w
f u
dk ±f u
kd yf g0ifjcif;jzpfap/
vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fwifajr‡ufxm;aom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;uwqifhjzpfap
ESprf sKd ;pvH;k udk qdv
k jkd cif;jzpfonf? ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;rSwqifh yg0ifEidk &f eftwGuf
109
a&G;aumufyJGrsm;udk tcgtm;avsmfpGm usif;yay;&efvdkonf? vGwfvyfI
ormorwfusr_uif;aom ppfrSefonfh a&G;aumufyJGjzpf&rnf? xdk@jyif a&G;
aumufy&GJ vm'fukd wefz;kd xm;I ppfreS o
f nfh jynfo@l u, kd pf m;vS,f tpd;k &w&yf
azmfaqmifEikd &f ef &nf&,
G u
f si;f yaom a&G;aumufyrGJ sKd ;jzpf&ygonf?
tyd'k f (22)
vl o m;wd k i f ; onf vl @ tzJ G @ tpnf ; . tzJ G @ 0if w a,muf j zpf o nf h

tm;avsmpf mG vlra_ &; vHðk cHciG chf pH m;ydik cf iG ±hf &dS rnf? xd@k jyif rdr. d ud,k yf ikd t
f &nf
taoG;ESihf *k%o f u d mQ wd@k ukd vGwv f yfpmG wd;k wufz@GH ðzd;apa&;twGuf rvJrG aoG
vdktyfaom pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
oabmaygucf , H El ikd &f ef tcGit hf a&;rsm;±S&d rnf? xdo k @kd oabmaygucf , H El ikd &f ef
rdrEd ikd if .
H zJ@G pnf;yH/k Edik if ±H dS t&if;tjrpftiftm;rsm;ESihf vdu k af vsmnDaxGjzpfonfh
Edik if aH wmf. ñud;yrf;aqmif±u G rf r_ sm;jzifh wrsKd ;/ Edik if w
H um. yl;aygi;f aqmif±u G rf _
jzifw h zHk aqmif±u G &f rnf?
vlrb
_ 0vHðk cHa&;
Ô Ttyd'k w
f iG yf g0ifaom vlrv
_ ðkH cHciG o
hf nf bma=umifh
ta&;}uD;ygovJ?
,cktyd'k f (22) rS tyd'k f (27) txdonf vlom;wOD;. tpGr;f ukef

zH@G +zdK;wd;k wufapa&;twGuf vdt k yfaom &ky0f wWKydik ;f qdik &f mESihf &ky0f wWKydik ;f qdik &f m
r[kwfaom tcsufrsm;tm; cHpm;cGifhudkazmfjyxm;onf? xdktcsufrsm;wGif
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f m tcGithf a&;rsm;tm;vH;k tñuH;0ifonf?
xdktcGifhta&;rsm;udk vlom;wdkif;&&SdcHpm;&eftwGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&rsm;u
vnf ; aumif ; Ed k i f i H w umuvnf ; aumif ; vd k t yf o vd k aumif ; rG e f a om
110
aqmif&u
G v
f yk u
f ikd rf r_ sm;udk vkyaf qmifay;&efvt
kd yfonf?
urBmv h Ol ;D a&. ig;yHw

k yHo
k nf qif;&Jiwfrw
G jf cif;'%fukd cHpm;ae&onf?
xdk@jyif a&m*gab;usa&mufaejcif;/ pmrwwfolrsm;jym;aejcif;/ vlr_a&;
vHðk cHa&;uif;rJah ejcif;rsm;vnf; urBmay:wGif qufvufwnf&adS eqJjzpfonf?
vlom;wd@k . tajccHvrl a_ &;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mtcGit hf a&;rsm;onf
EdkifiHom;ESifhEdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;uJhodk@yif jiif;y,fcHae&onfudk xdktcsuf
rsm;u oufaojyaeonf?
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/ ,Ofaus;r_tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf Edik if oH m;/ Edik if aH &;

tcGifhta&;rsm;wckESifhwck tjyeftvSef rSDcdkqufpyfaeonfudk tjynfht0
vufrcHrcsi;f 'Dru kd a&pD/ +idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf wnf+idraf t;csr;f a&;wd@k ukd wnfaqmuf
Edik rf nfr[kwyf g? rnfonfv h rl t_ odik ;f t0dik ;f wGijf zpfap xdt
k cGit hf a&;rsm;onf
wckESifhwck tjyeftvSefqufpyfae=uonf? EdkifiHom;ESifhEdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;
rsm;udk csKd ;azmufc&H aomolrsm;twGuf olw@kd . pD;yGm;a&;/vlra_ &;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_
qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf; tmrcHcsufay;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? xdk@twl
vlom;wd@k . tajccHvt kd yfcsurf sm;jzpfaom pm;0wfaea&; vHak vmufjynfph rkH _
r&Sdyguvnf; EdkifiHom;ESifhEdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk cHpm;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg?
tyd'k f (23)
(u) vlwdkif;tvkyfvkyfcGifh/ rdrdtvkyfudkrdrd vGwfvyfpGma±G;cs,fydkifcGifhESifh

w&m;r#wI oifah vsmaf omvkyif ef;cGiu f kd a±G;cs,cf iG Ehf iS hf tvkyvf ufrhJ
jzpf&jcif;rS umuG,fr_&±SdcGifhrsm;cHpm;ydkifcGifh±Sdonf?
(c) vlwidk ;f cJjG cm;r_r±Sb
d J wlnaD omtvkyt f wGuf wlnaD omtca=u;aiGukd
&±SdcHpm;ydkifcGifh±Sdonf?
(*) tvkyv f yk o f nfvh wl ikd ;f rdrEd iS rhf rd .
d rdom;pktwGuf vl@*% k o
f u
d mQ ESihf
111
nD!$wfatmif aexdkifpm;aomufEdkif&ef pdwfcsavmufonfhtjyif
w&m;r#wI oifhwifhavsmufywfaom vpmcHpm;ydkifcGifh±Sdonf?
vdt k yfygu tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;rS vlra_ &;taxmuftyhrH sm;udv
k nf;
xyfrI H &ydik cf iG ±hf o
dS nf?
(C) vlwdkif; rdrdtusdK;pD;yGm;udk umuG,f&ef tvkyform;or*~rsm;
zJGpnf;ydkifcGifhESifh 0ifa&mufydkifcGifh±Sdonf?
vlwikd ;f oifw
h ifah vsmufywfaom tvkycf sed t f jyif tcgtm;avsmpf mG
owfrw
S x
f m;aom vpmESichf Gi, hf cl iG t
hf ygt0if tyef;ajztem;,lciG ±hf o
dS nf?
tvkyv
f yk yf ikd cf iG Ehf iS hf tyef;ajztem;,lciG hf
Ô rnfonfEh ikd if w
H umpmcsKyfonf vkyif ef;cGit f ajctaeESihf
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;tcGit hf a&;wdE@k iS hf oufqikd yf govJ?
Ttydk'fwGifyg0ifaom tcGifhta&;wdk@ESifhywfoufI EdkifiHwum

pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;tcGifhta&;qdkif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfwGif
tao;pdwfazmfjyxm;ygonf? xdkpmcsKyft& zJG@pnf;xm;aom pD;yGm;a&;/
vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;qdkif&m aumfrwDu xdktcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufI pmcsKyftzJG@0if EdkifiHrsm;. av;pm;aqmif&Gufr_tm; avhvm
apmifh=uyfygonf?
xd@k jyif tvkyo

f rm;wd@k . tcGit
hf a&;ESihf ywfoufI tjynfjynfqikd &f m
tvkyform;tzJG@csKyfu xdktcGifhta&;rsm;udk umuG,f&efESifh xGef;um;atmif
vkyaf qmif óu;yrf;vsu&f ydS gonf?
tvkyform;rsm;twGif;wGif a&$Œajymif;tvkyform;rsm;rSm olwdk@
112
tvkyv f yk u f ikd o
f nfh Edik if rH S Edik if o
H m;rsm;uJoh @kd wef;wlcpH m;cGirhf &Sb
d J tcGit
hf a&;
rsm; qH;k ±_;H aewwfygonf? xdo k @kd aom a&$@ajymif;tvkyo f rm;rsm;. tcGit hf a&;
udk umuG,af y;Edik &f eftwGuf 1990 ckEpS w f iG f a&G@ajymif;tvkyo f rm;rsm;ESihf
‚wdk@. rdom;pk0ifrsm; tcGifhta&; umuG,fay;a&;qdkif&m EdkifiHwum
oabmwlpmcsKyf (The International Convention on the Protection of the
Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families) udk jyXmef;
xm;cJhygonf? odk@aomf owfrSwfxm;aom EdkifiHta&twGufu vufrSwf
xd;k jcif; r&Sad o;onft h wGuf xdpk mcsKyfrmS ,ckwikd t f ouf0ifvmjcif;r&Sad o;yg?
tyd'k f (25)
(u) vlwidk ;f onf rdrEd iS hf rdr.

d rdom;pk use;f rma&;ESiw
hf uG ud, k pf w
d Ef pS jf zm
at;csrf;pGmaexdkifEdkifa&;twGuf vdktyfaom tpm;tpm/ t0wf
tpm;/ td;k tdr/f aq;0g;ypPn;f ESihf tjcm;vdt k yfaom vlra_ &; taxmuf
tyHhrsm; yg0ifaom oifhwifhavsmufywfonfh vlr_tqifhtwef;udk
&,lcHpm;cGifh±Sdonf?
xdk@jyif tvkyfvufrJhjzpfonfhtcgwGifvnf;aumif;/ rusef;rrm
jzpfonfhtcgwGifvnf;aumif;/ udk,ft*F g rpGrf;roefjzpfaomtcg
wGiv f nf;aumif;/ rdrcd ifyeG ;f od@k r[kwf ZeD;aoqH;k oGm;aomtcgwiG f
vnf;aumif;/ touft±G,ftdkrif;vmonfhtcgwGifvnf;aumif;/
rdrdya,m*a=umifhr[kwfaom tvkyftudkifrJhjcif;udk &ifqdkif&aom
tcgwGifvnf;aumif; aexdkifpm;aomufa&;twGuf vHkðcHpdwfcs&r_
tcGifhta&;cHpm;ydkifcGifh±Sdonf?
(c) om;onfrdcifrsm;ESifh uav;i,frsm;udk txl;apmifha±Smufjcif;ESifh
tultnDay;jcif;wdk@udk ay;&rnf? w&m;0if vufxyfxdrf;jrm;+yD;
arG;vmaom uav;jzpfap/ w&m;r0ifarG;vmaom uav;yifjzpfap
wlnaD om vlru _ muG,af pmifah ±Smufa&;udk cHpm;ydik cf iG ±hf o
dS nf?
113
vHkavmufaomvlaer_tqifhtwef;
Ô touf&Sifaexdkif&efvHkavmufaomtqifhtwef;qdkonfrSm
bmudkqdkvdkygovJ?
xdkar;cGef;udk vltrsdK;rsdK;u tajztrsdK;rsdK;ay;ayvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf

vlwdkif;rjiif;Edkifaom tcsufrSm vlwdkif;vlwkdif;onf vlom;wdk@. tajccH
vdtk yfcsurf sm;jzpfaom pm;0wfaea&;vdt k yfcsurf sm;ESit hf wl a&/ oef@&iS ;f a&;/
usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;tp&Sdonfh vlr_todkif;t0dkif;qdkif&m 0efaqmifay;r_
rsm;vnf; vdt k yfonfqakd om tcsuyf ifjzpfonf? vlwOD;ESihf xdo k .
l rdom;pk
twGuf usef;rma&;rcsdK@,Gif;ap&ef/ iwfrGwfjcif;r&Sdap&efESifh t0wftpm;ESifh
aetdrf&&Sdap&eftwGuf vdktyfaomt&mrSefor#udk touf&Sifaexdkif&ef
vHkavmufaomtqifhtwef;rsm;[lI qdk&ayrnf? xdkvdktyfcsufrsm; &&Sd
cHpm;Edkif&eftwGuf tvkyfvkyfydkifcGifhESifh xdkodk@tvkyfrvkyfEdkifaom olrsm;udk
vlr_zlvHka&;tpDtpOfjzifh ulnDay;r_rsm;vnf; vdktyfonf? xdkt&mrsm;udk
oufqikd &f mtpd;k &u jznfq h nf;ay;jcif;onf rdrEd ikd if o
H m;rsm;twGuf touf&iS f
aexdik &f ef vHak vmufaomtqift h wef;udk &&Scd pH m;apjcif;yif jzpfonf?
tyd'fk f (26)
(u) vlwdkif; ynmoif=um;ydkifcGifh±Sdonf? tenf;qHk; rlvwef;ynmESifh

tajccHtqifh ynma&;onf tcrJjh zpfap&rnf? rlvwef;ynmonf
roifrae&jzpf&rnf? pufrv _ ufry_ nmESihf oufarG;0rf;a=umif;ynm
rsm;udk a,bl,stm;jzifh vltrsm; oif=um;ydik cf iG ±hf &dS rnf? txufwef;
ynmES i f h tqif h j rif h y nmrsm;ud k t&nf t csif ; tay: rl w nf I
oif=um;Edik &f ef wlnaD om tcGit hf vrf;&±Sad p&rnf?
(c) ynma&;ud k vl o m;wd k @ . ud k , f y d k i f t &nf t aoG ; rsm; wd k ; wuf
114
jzpfay: jynfh0vmap&efESifh vl@tcGifhta&;tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk
av;pm;r_yu kd vJ map&ef OD;wnfxm;&rnf? ynma&;onf wEdik if EH iS hf
wEdik if /H vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;ESiw
hf rsKd ;/ bmoma&;toif;tzJ@G wzJ@G EiS w
hf zJ@G t=um;
em;vnfr_/ oabmxm;}uD;r_/ cspf=unf&if;ESD;r_wdk@ wdk;wufjzpfay:
vmap&efEiS hf urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&; wnfwaHh p&ef ukvor*~u wm0ef,l
aqmif±u G af eaomvkyif ef;rsm; t"Ge@f ±n S af p&ef aqmifusO;f Edik &f rnf?
ynma&;
Ô ynma&;onf vlt @ cGit

hf a&;udak v;pm;apa&;twGuf
rnfuJhodk@taxmuftuljyKygovJ?
ynma&;onf vlom;wOD;. ud, k &f nfu, kd af oG;rsm; tpGr;f ukef zH@G òz;
wd;k wufap&efEiS hf vl@tcGit hf a&;udk av;pm;r_w;kd yGm;ap&ef txl; taxmuf
tulðyygonf? Edik if w H umvl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m ,E ,W m;rsm;uvnf; ynma&;
udk vl@tcGit hf a&;tm; av;pm;vdu k ef maom ,Ofaus;r_w&yf ay:xGe;f ap&efEiS hf
vlom;rsm;wOD;ESifhwOD;av;pm;aom/ pdwf&Snfonf;cHaom/ usm;r cJGjcm;
zdEydS rf u
_ if;aom// Edik if /H vlrsKd ;/ bmoma&;/ bmompum; tcsi;f csi;f t=um;
cspf=unf&if;ESD;r_ wdk;yGm;apaom tajctaeudk xGef;um;atmif óu;yrf;
aqmif&u G af p&ef &nf&, G x
f m;onf?
xdkodk@ &nf&G,fxm;onfhtwdkif; atmifjrif&eftwGuf ausmif;cef;

oif=um;a&;wGifomru jyify ynmoif=um;a&;/ rlvwef;rStp tqifhjrifh
ynma&;rsm;tqH;k oifwef;rsm;ESirhf usef usio
hf ;kH oGm;&efvt
kd yfvo
S nf? xdo
k @kd
vdktyfonfhtwdkif; ukvor*~. txl;at*sifpDjzpfaom ,leufpudku
tpDtpOfrsm; pepfwuscsrwS I
f vkyaf qmifvsu&f o dS nf?
115
tyd'fk f (2&)
(u) vlwikd ;f onf vlrt _ zJ@G tpnf;. ,Ofaus;r_b0wGif vGwv f yfpmG yg0if
ydik cf iG /hf tEkynmokcrk ynm&yfrsm;udk vGwv f yfpmG vdu
k pf m; arG@avsmf
Edik cf iG /hf odyy`H nmxGe;f um;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;wGif vGwv f yfpmG 0ifa&muf
vkyfudkifEdkifcGifhESifh xdkynm. tusdK;tjrwfwdk@udk vGwfvyfpGm cHpm;
oHk;pJGydkifcGifh±Sdonf?
(c) vlwdkif;onf rdrdudk,fydkifOm%fjzifh}uHpnfzefwD;r_rS jzpfxGef;vmaom
odyy`H nmqdik &f m wDxiG rf r_ sm;/ pmayqdik &f m od@k r[kwf tEkynmqdik &f m
zefw;D r_rsm;wd@k . *k%Ef iS ±hf yk 0f wWKydik ;f qdik &f m tusKd ;tjrwfrsm;udk cHpm;
&,lEkdif&eftwGuf umuG,fr_rsm;&±SdydkifcGifh±Sdonf?
,Ofaus;r_qdkif&mtcGifhta&;
Ô ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mtcGit

hf a&;qdo
k nfrmS bmudq
k v
kd ykd gvJ?
,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifhta&;qdk&mwGif rdrdudk,fydkif,Ofaus;r_udk

od&u dS sio
hf ;kH cGit
hf jyif tjcm;olrsm;. ±d;k &m,Ofaus;r_uu
kd v
kd nf; avhvmod&cdS iG hf
wd@k yg0ifonf? rdrw d @kd ±;kd &m ,Ofaus;r_rsm;omru bmompum;/ "avhx;kH xrf;/
yJaG wmfrsm;yg tñuH;0ifygonf?
tyd'fk f (2*)
vlwikd ;f Tpmwrf;wGiaf zmfjyxm;onfh tcGit

hf a&;rsm;ESihf vGwv f yfciG hf
rsm;udt k jynft
h 0 tav;xm; todtrSwðf yaom vlrq _ ufqaH &;tajctaeESihf
H umqufqaH &; tajctaewd@k . tusKd ;aus;Zl;udk cHpm;ydik cf iG ±hf o
Edik if w dS nf?
116
tyd'fk f (29)
(u) vlom;wkid ;f onf rdru d , kd yf ikd tf &nftaoG;udk wd;k wufjzpfay: jynf0h

vmatmif vGwv f w G v f yfvyf aqmif±u G Ef ikd rf u
_ akd y;aom vl@abmif
tm; jyefvnfay;qyf&efwm0ef0wW&m;±So d nf?
(c) vlwOD;wa,mufonf rdr. d tcGit hf a&;ESihf vGwv f yfru _ &kd m,l&mwGif
tjcm;olrsm;. tcGit hf a&;ESihf vGwv f yfciG rhf sm;udk xdu k xf u kd w
f efwef
todtrSwðf yav;pm;&rnf? 'Dru kd a&pDpepf xGe;f um;aom vl@tzJ@G
tpnf;wGif ud, k u f siw hf &m;aumif;rGeaf &;/ pnf;urf;ao0yfr±_ adS &;ESihf
jynfo@l tusKd ;pD;yGm;jzpfxeG ;f a&;wd@k twGuf w&m;r#wpGm usiahf qmif&ef
twGuf &nf±, G I f Oya't& jyXmef;xm;aom uef@owfcsurf sKd ;udk
vlwdkif;vdkufem&rnf?
(*) TtcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf vGwv f yfciG rhf sm;udk urBmu h v k or*~. &nfreS ;f
csufESifh tajccHrlrsm;tm; qef@usifaom udpP&yfrsm;wGif &,l
usifhoHk;ydkifcGifhr±Sdap&?
tyd'fk f (30)
Tpmwrf;yg tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifhvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk zsufvdkzsufqD;

jzpfaprnfh vkyfief;vkyf&yfrsm;tm; rnfonfhEdkifiH/ rnfonfhtzJG@tpnf;/
rnfonfhvlyk*~dKvfurS udk,fwdkifvkyfaqmifcGihf/ yg0ifvkyfaqmifcGifhr±Sda=umif;
Ta=unmpmwrf;utwdtvif;a=unmonf?
117
wm0efrsm;
Ô vltcGit
hf a&;ESihf ywfoufI vlwOD;wa,mufcsif;wGif
rnfonfw h m0efrsm;&So
d vJ?
vl@tcGifhta&;. qdkvdkcsufrSm vlom;wdkif; rdrd. ywf0ef;usif vlr_

todkif;t0dkif;wGif vGwfvyfpGmESifh rdrd. udk,fa&udk,faoG; tpGrf;tprsm;udk
tjynft h 0 azmfxw k Ef ikd af om taetxm;udk qdv k o
kd nft
h wGuf ywf0ef;usif
todik ;f t0dik ;f wGiaf exdik =f uaom vlwOD;csi;f wa,mufcsi;f wdik ;f onf xdv k @l tcGihf
ta&;rsm;udk av;pm;&efEiS hf wd;k wufatmifta&;qd&k efwm0ef&ydS gonf? vlwikd ;f
xdktcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk cHpm;Edkif&eftwGuf rdrdtcGifhta&;udk
omrubJ tjcm;olrsm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;udv k nf; av;pm;wwfz@kd vdt k yfyg
onf? rdrEd iS rhf wlnyD gu cJjG cm;jcif;/ ydwyf ifjcif;wd@k rvkyaf qmifbJ rwlnD uJjG ym;r_
onf t,ltqaumif;rsm; xGuaf y:ap&eftwGuf tiftm;jzpfonf[k vufcH
,H=k unfI xdrk wlujGJ ym;r_rsm;udk av;pm;&efvt kd yfygonf?
Ô pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra_ &;tcGit hf a&;rsm;wd;k wufapa&;twGuf

Edik if aH &;t&vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG /hf tzJt
@G pnf;
zJp@G nf;cGirhf sm;udk uefo
@ wf&rnf[al omtcsufonf
oifah vsmfygovm;?
tpdk;&tcsdK@u a=unmpmwrf;wGif yg0ifaom tcGifhta&;rsm;wGif

rnfonft h cGit hf a&;udk OD;pm;ay;&rnfqakd om tcsuu f kd a&G;cs,o
f wfrwS &f mY
tcuftcJñuH&a=umif; ajymavh&o dS nf? trSew f u,fyif rnfonft h csuu f kd
OD;pm;ay;&rnfenf; qdkaomtajzudk ajzqdk&efrvG,fvSyg? tb,fa=umifh
qdak omf Edik if aH &;ESihf Edik if o
H m;tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/ ,Ofaus;r_
qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;onf wckEiS w hf ck tjyeftvSef qufpyfaeaoma=umifh
118
jzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh,Ofaus;r_tcGifhta&;rsm;cHpm;cGifhr&Sdrcsif;
vlrw_ &m;r#wr_ukd cHpm;Edik +f yD[q
k Ekd ikd rf nfr[kwyf g?
tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl@tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;wGifvnf; vlom;

tm;vH;k wd@k onf pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/ ,Ofaus;r_ tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf Edik if o
H m;ESihf
Edik if aH &;tcGit hf a&;rsm; tm;vH;k udk &&Scd pH m;ae&aom tajctae ywf0ef;usiu f kd
zefwD;EdkifrSom vlom;wdk@onf awmifhwjcif;rS uif;a0;jcif;ESifh a=umifhusjcif;rS
uif;a0;jcif;wd@k ukd ausmv f m$ ;Edik rf nf[k twdtvif; azmfjyxm;ygonf?
vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;onf vlom;tm;vHk;twGufjzpfonf? cJGjcm;Ir&?
wckEiS w hf ck rScD qkd ufpyfaeonf[al om vl@tcGit hf a&; tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;
udk 1993 ckEpS f AD,ifemvl@tcGit hf a&;nDvmcHwiG f xyfavmif;I a=unmcJo h nf?
119
120
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vklŒtcGifhta&; ar;cGef;ESifhtajzrsm;

Published By: Human Rights Education Institute of

Address: P.O.Box 37, Chiang Mai University Post

First Edition: 2000 copies, August 2002.

© Aung Myo Min

All rights reserved. This work may be reproduced,

Funded by the Open Society Institute (OSI)

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Human Rights Q&A

Human Rights Q&A