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Is Migration Good for

Development?
How Could You Even Ask?
Lant Pritchett
Harvard Kennedy School
Presentation at
Columbia University
Feb. 13, 2009
Is Migration Good for
Development?
• Ideas and their evolution: Marx and Foucault
• Spatial Based versus People Based thinking—
why does dirt matter in theories of justice?
• The movement of people leads to development
gains orders of magnitude larger than anything
else on the agenda
• For some places mobility may be the only
development agenda
• Ideas and their evolution: Crazy, Crazy, Crazy,
Obvious
The world that was lost in 1914
He could secure forthwith, if he wished it, cheap and
comfortable means of transit to any country or climate
without passport or other formality, could dispatch his
servant to the neighboring office of a bank for such
supply of the precious metals as might seem convenient,
and could then proceed abroad to foreign quarters,
without knowledge of their religion, language, or
customs, bearing coined wealth upon his person, and
would consider himself greatly aggrieved and much
surprised at the least interference.

JM Keynes
Second Globalization as Farce
Hegel remarks somewhere that all great world-
historic facts and personages appear, so to
speak, twice. He forgot to add: the first time as
tragedy, the second time as farce. …Men make
their own history, but they do not make it as they
please; they do not make it under self-selected
circumstances, but under circumstances existing
already, given and transmitted from the past.
The tradition of all dead generations weighs like
a nightmare on the brains of the living.

Karl Marx, remarks somewhere


Deconstruction, the most powerful
idea of your time…
• There is no “reason” or “discourse” or “truth” there is just
power
• Power socially constructs reality such that the agenda is
deeply controlled without explicit repressions—its
“common sense”
• “Deconstruction” is the subversion of the socially
constructions of established discourse
• So, where do we look for overwhelming power? Not to
controversy but for silence…what opposes the truly
powerful is not controversial but just plain crazy
…has yet to tackle nationalism the
most powerful idea of my time…

• God is dead
• All “..isms” are mortally wounded (e.g.
racism, sexism, sexualism)
• “Truth” and “Reason” have retreated into
scare quotes
And the “imagined communities” that are
“nations” are all that is left
Estimated wage gains to low skill workers of
crossing the US border—on average (from
42 countries), conservatively, P$10,000

25000
Annual eanrings (in PPP)

20000
15000 In home
10000 In USA

5000
Wages of “same” workers
0
$10,000 to $15,000 (in PPP)
By crossing the border
iti

na

ala
sia

sh
Ha

m
e

e
Gh

on

ad

te
d

a
ng
In

Gu
Ba
Place based versus People based
thinking
• A person moves from Peru to the US, his/her
income increases by $10,000.
• Suppose no one else is affected.
• Assume they make above average wages in
Peru and below average wages in the USA.
• The traditional, “national” place based measures
(e.g. GDP per capita, average wages) of
“development” go down in both places
Output per natural (or wages per
natural or poverty per natural) is the
more natural way to think
• If person
moves from 9000 Guyanese
rural to urban 8000
Jamaicans

Income per person (resident or natural)


the wage gain 7000
counts, of the 6000 Guyana
5000 Jamaica
person moves 4000
from state to 3000
state the wage 2000
1000
gain counts— 0
the natural
global measure ita p ita p ita t... ita u ral
p ap t
of development c a
r ca
r ca na c n a
has to count pe
r
pe pe p er per per
D P DP DP e DP e
the movers G G om G m
a- -G a -- y -- i nc i l --
i nc o
somewhere. - z
aic yan gua ica- Bra na --
m Gu ra a
Ja a
P Jam u ya
G
Labor Mobility is bigger than
anything else on the agenda
14000.0 • The gain from a lifetime
12000.0
of microcredit is the same
as 8 weeks working in the
10000.0
USA
8000.0
• Total annual gain to
PPP $

6000.0 Grameen Bank borrowers


4000.0 (around) $30 million
2000.0 • If I get 3,000 Bangladeshi
0.0 workers into the US, do I
Annual gain, Monthly gain, Net present Annual gain, get a Nobel Peace Prize?
micro-credit migration Value, lifetime migration
of micro-credit
Debt Relief…
• Total foregone payments due
to HIPC debt relief in Africa— [Picture of Bono here]
about 2.5 billion (in 2005)

• About 150,000 Africans to the


US--.1 percent of the labor
force, about 1 percent of
monthly gross job growth,
about one (good) months net
job growth

• If a labor mobility activist


accomplishes that do they get
to sing at the Super Bowl?
From the top of the cliff at the borders
that faces labor you cannot see the
gains from goods or capital

70000 65000
60000
Welfare gains, in billions $

50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
65 109
0
Complete liberalization Complete equalizatoin Complete liberalization
labor mobility MPK of goods markets, to
developing countries
Stand the question on its head…
Not “Is Migration Good for Development?”
but, since labor mobility is so good for
proper, people based, measures of
development why is there so much talk
about things that have gains that are so
much smaller?
(Hint: It has something to do with power)
But it is worse…
• The myth of the current international
system, the world created to “win the
peace” after WWII—the “Pax Americana”
is:
– The world can be divided up spatially into
arbitrary bits
– Each of those bits can achieve an adequate
standard of living
R e d = C o u n t y D e c li n e d ; N e t D e c li n e b e t w e e n 0 a n d 5 , 0 0 0
P u r p l e = C o u n t y D e c li n e d ; N e t D e c li n e b e t w e e n 5 , 0 0 0 a n d 1 0 , 0 0 0
B lu e = C o u n t y D e c l in e d ; N e t D e c l in e g r e a t e r t h a n 1 0 , 0 0 0
G re e n = C o u n ty I n c re a s e d b y m o re th a n 1 0 ,0 0 0 Experiments been
run—its called the
D i v id e

W i ll ia m s

M c K e n z ie

Du n n
B u rk e

M o u n t ra il
R e n v i ll e

W a rd

M cL ea n
B o tt in e a u

M c H e n ry

S h e r id a n
R o le tte

P ie rc e

W e ll s
Be ns on
To w n e r

Ed dy

Fo s te r
Ra m s e y
C a v a l ie r

N e ls o n
W a ls h
P e m b in a

G ra n d
F o rk s
USA
M e rc e r G ri g g s S t e e le T r a i ll

Same institutions,
B il li n g s
O liv e r
G o ld e n
V a ll e y B u rl e i g h K id d e r
S tu ts m a n
S ta rk B a rn e s Cass
M o rt o n

S lo p e H e tt in g e r
G ra n t Lo g a n Ra ns om
L a M o u re
Em m on s
Bo w m a n
Ada m s M c In to s h R ic h l a n d
S io u x Dic k e y
S a rg e n t

C o rs o n C a m p b e ll M c P h e rs o n
H a rd i n g
M a rs h a l l
P e rk in s
B ro w n
W a l w o rt h
Edm un ds
R o b e r ts
Day
Dewey

Same Policies,
P o tt e r G ra n t
B u t te F a u lk
S p in k
Zie b a c h C o d i n g to n

S u ll y C l a rk
M ea de H a m l in De u e l
L a w re n c e Han d
Hy de
Hu gh es
Ha a k o n S t a n le y B e a d le
K i n g s b u ry
B ro o k i n g s

P e n n i n g to n
B u ff a l o
J e r a u ld
Jo n e s S a n b o rn
Ly m a n M in e r La k e
M o od y
C u s te r
Ja c k s o n
B ru l e A u ro ra
Han so n
M e l le tt e D a vi s o n
M cC oo k M in n e h a h a O s c e o la D ic k i n s o n Em m et W o r th
Ly on W in n e b a g o H o w a rd
Sh an no n M i tc h e ll A l la m a k e e
F a ll  R iv e r
W in n e s h ie k
T r ip p D o u g la s
B e n n e tt K o s s u th
H u tc h i n s o n
To d d T u rn e r O Õ B r ie n C la y P a lo Ha nc oc k C e r ro
G r e g o ry S io u x G o rd o F lo y d C h ic k a s a w
C h a rl e s  M i x A l to
Lin c o ln
Bon F a y e t te C l a y to n
Hom m e Y a n k to n H u m b o ld t B re m e r
Bu en a
P Uly nmi oon u t h P o c a h o n ta s W ri g h t F ra n k li n B u tl e r

Free labor mobility


K eya C h e ro k e e V is ta
D aw es P ah a C la y
B oy d

S io u x B la c k D e l a w a re D ub uq ue
S h e rid a n C h e rry H a rd in B uc ha na n
H a m il to n G ru n d y Haw k
K n ox W o o d b u ry Id a S ac C a lh o u n W e b s te r
B ro w n C e da r
H o lt D ix o n
B o x  B u tte Jo ne s
R oc k B e n to n Jac k s on
D ak ota L in n
C ra w fo rd B o on e Ta m a
P ie r c e M o no na C a rr o l l G re e n e S to ry M a rs h a l l
A n t e lo p e W ay ne
S c o t t s  B lu ff Th u rs to n C li n t o n
G ra n t H oo ke r Th o m a s B la in e Lou p C e da r
M o r r i ll G a r fi e l d W h e e le r S tan ton
M a d is o n
H a rr is o n S h e lb y Au do bo n G u t h r ie D a l la s P o lk Ja s p er P o w e s h ie k Io w a Joh ns on
C u m in g B u rt S c o tt
B an ne r G a rd e n
A rth u r M c P h e rs o n
Lo g a n B o on e M u s c a t in e
V a ll e y G r e e le y P la t t e D od ge K e ok uk W a s h in g t o n
C us ter C o lf a x P o t ta w a tt a m ie C as s A d a ir M a d is o n W a rr e n M a r io n M ah as ka
K i m b a ll C h ey en ne
N a nc e W a s h in g t o n L o u is a
K e it h
D e ue l S h e rm a n
L in c o ln H o w a rd B u t le r D o u g la s
M e rric k P o lk M il ls M o n tg o m e r y Ad am s U n io n C l a rk e Lu ca s W a p e l lo J e ff e r s o n H e n ry Des
S a u n d e rs M o n ro e M o in e s
S a rp y
P e r k in s
Daw son
B u f fa lo H a ll Y o rk S e w a rd
H a m il t o n C a s sF re m o n t P ag e T a y lo r R in g g o l d D e c a tu r W ayne A pp an oo se D a v is V a n B u re n Le e

La n c a s te r

What happened?
C ha se H ay es F r o n t ie r
G os pe r P h e lp s K e a rn e y A d am s O to e
C la y F i ll m o r e S a li n e
W o rth P utn am S c h u y le r S c o t l a n d
Jo h n s o n A t c h is o n M e rc e r C la rk
D u nd y H it c h c o c k N em a ha N od aw a y
R e d   W i ll o w F u rn a s H a rris o n
H a r la n F r a n k li n W eb s te r N u c k o ll s Th a y e r G e n try
J e ff e r s o n G a ge S u ll iv a n A d a ir K no x
P aw ne e R ic h a r d s o n G ru n d y L e w is
H o lt
A n d re w D a vi e s s   D e
K a lb
B ro w n L in n
C h ey en ne R a w l in s D ec atu r N o rto n R e p u b li c N em ah a D o n ip h a n M ac on S h e lb y M a r io n
P h i ll ip s S m it h J e w e ll W a s h in g t o n M a r s h a ll L iv i n g s t o n
C a ld w e ll
B uc ha na n C l in t o n
A t c h is o n R a l ls
C h a r it o n M o n ro e
C lo u d
Ja c k s o n C a r r o ll
S h e rm a n S h e rid a n G ra h a m R o ok s O s b o rn e M it c h e ll P o t t a w a t o m ie P la t t e R a n d o lp h
Tho m a s C la y C la y R ay P ik e
R il e y L e a ve n w o rth
J e f fe r s o n
A u d ra in
O tta w a W y an do tte S a li n e H o w a rd
L in c o ln L a fa y e t t e L in c o ln
S h aw n ee
G e a ry Jac ks on
W a ll a c e L og an G o ve Tre g o E l lis R u s s e ll W ab au ns ee Jo hn s o n B o on e
D ic k i n s o n D o u g la s M o n tg o m e ry
C o op er
S a li n e Jo hn s o n C a l la w a y S t .   C h a rle s
P e t t is W a rre n
E ll s w o r t h M o rris S t .   L o u is
O sag e Cass
F r a n k li n M ia m i M o n it e a u S t .   L o u i s C it y
S c ott L an e R ush Lyon C o le G a sc on ad e
G r e e le y W i c h it a N es s B a rto n
M c P h e rs o n O sa ge F r a n k l in
R ic e M a rio n H e n ry
C ha se M o rg a n
B a tes B en ton
P a w ne e C o f fe y A n d e rs o n L in n J e f fe r s o n
M il le r
M a r ie s
F in n e y H od ge m a n H a r ve y S t . C la ir
K e a rn y S t a ff o r d C am de n
H a m i lt o n R en o H ic k o r y C r a w fo r d W a s h in g t o n
E d w a rd s W o od so n A l le n B ourbon P h e lp s S te .
G re e n w o o d V e rn o n
B u t le r P u la s k i G e n e v ie v e
S t.
G ra y F o rd S e d g w ic k Ce da r P o lk D a l la s F r a n c o is P e rry
P ra tt Ir o n
S tan ton G ra n t L a c le d e De nt
H a s k e ll K io w a K in g m a n W i ls o n N e os ho
C r a w fo r d B a rto n
E lk M a d is o n C a pe
Da de G ira rd e a u
S u m n er G re e n e R e y n o ld s
W e bs ter Tex as
M ead e C la rk B a rb e r C o w le y Ja s p er W rig h t
M o rto n S t e ve n s S e w a rd C om an ch e H a rp e r M o n tg o m e ry L a b e tte C h e ro k e e B o l li n g e r
C ha uta uq ua S h an no n
L a w re n c e W ay ne S c o tt
Ne w ton
C h r is t ia n D o u g la s C a rte r
S to ne
No w ata O ttaw a S to d d a rd M i s s is s i p p i
W o od s Kay C ra ig
Tex as B e a ve r H a rp e r G ra n t M c D o n a ld B a rry H o w e ll O re g o n B u t le r
C im a rro n A lf a lf a
W a s h in g t o n Tan ey R ip le y
O z a rk
O sa ge N e w   M a d r id

N o b le D e la w a re F u lt o n C la y
W o o d w a rd G a r f ie ld
M a yes B e nto n C a rro ll R a n d o lp h
D a lla m S h e rm a n H a n sfo rd O c h iltre e L ip sco m b P a wn ee R o g e rs B a x te r
M a jo r B oo ne

People got out of


E lli s M a r io n P e m is c o t
S h a rp G re e n e
T u ls a Iz a r d D u n k l in
P ayne L a w re n c e
D ew e y K i n g fi s h e r W ag on er W a s h in g t o n M a d is o n
H e m p h ill B la in e C re e k C h e ro k e e N ew to n S e a rc y
H a rtle y M o o re H u tc h in so n R o b e rts Lo ga n
A d a ir S to ne C ra ig h e a d M i s s is s i p p i
In d e p e n d e n c e
R o g e r   M il ls L in c o ln O k m u lg e e M u sk og ee
C us ter C r a w fo r d
O k la h o m a Joh ns on V a n B u re n C le b u rn e P o in s e t t
C a n a d ia n O k fu s k e e S eq uo ya h
Jac ks on
G ra y F r a n k lin
P o tte r C a rso n W h e e le r M a c In t o s h
O ld h a m P op e
B e ck ham W a s h it a C l e v e la n d C o nw a y C ro s s
H a s k e ll L og an W h it e C r it t e n d e n
Ca dd o S e m in o l e S e b a s t ia n B e n to n A lc o r n L a u d e rd a le
F a u lk n e r D e S o to
G ra d y P o t t a w a t o m ie H u gh es P it t s b u rg W o o d r u ff T is h o m in g o L im e s t o n e
M a d is o n Jac k s on
D e a f S m ith A rm stro n g D o n le y C o llin g sw o rth G re e r K io w a Y e ll S t .   F ra n c is M a r s h a ll T ip p a h
R a n d a ll M c C la in P e rry C o lb e r t
L a t im e r
S c o tt T a te P r e n t is s
L e F lo re T u n ic a
G a r vi n P on toto c P u la s k i Lo no ke P r a i r ie L ee
H a rm o n U n io n L a w re n c e
Jac k s on C o m a nc he F r a n k l in M o rg a n D e K a lb
C oa l S a l in e M o n ro e P a n o la M a r s h a ll
C a stro S te ph en s G a r la n d L a fa y e tt e
P a rm e r S w ish e r B risc o e H a ll C h ild re s s M u rra y P o lk M o n tg o m e ry
P us hm ata ha P h il li p s L e e It a w a m b a
T i ll m a n C o a h o m a Q u it m a n P o n to to c

Dodge
C o tton J oh ns ton
A to k a M a r io n W in s t o n C u l lm a n C h erok e e
C a rte r H o t   S p r in g A rk a n s a s
H a rd e m a n G ra n t J e ff e r s o n E to w a h
J e ff e r s o n Y a lo b u s h a
M a r s h a ll C h oc taw
M c C u r t a in P ik e B lo u n t
M o t le y C o t t le W ilb a rg e r H o w a rd T a ll a h a t c h i e C a l h o u n C h ic k a s a w
B a ile y L am b H a le F lo y d L o ve B ry a n C la r k M on ro e
Fo a rd W ic h ita S e v ie r B o l iv a r W a lk e r S t . C la ir C a lh o u n
D a l la s C le v e l a n d L in c o ln G renada F a y e tte
C la y D es ha Lam ar
W e b s te r C la y
J e ffe r s o n C le b u rn e
M o n ta g u e L a m a r L i t t le   R i v e r H e m p s te ad S u n f lo w e r L e f l o r e
C o c h ra n H o c kle y D ic ke n s K in g K n o x B a y lo r A rc h e r C o o ke
G ra y so n R e d  R iv e r N e v a d a O u a c h it a M o n tg o m e ry
L ub b o ck C ro sb y D re w
F a n n in
C a lh o u n O k t ib b e h a L o w n d e s T a l la d e g a
C a r r o ll C h o c ta w
B o w ie W a s h in g t o n P ic k e n s T u s c a lo o s a S h e lb y
D e lta R a n d o lp h
M i ll e r B ra d le y C la y
F ra n klin H u m p h re ys
Ja ck C o lu m b ia C h ic o t H o lm e s
T e rry H a ske ll T h ro c km o rto n W ise D e n to n T itu s M o r ris U n io n A s h le y A t t a la N o xu b e e
Y o a ku m L ynn G a rz a K e nt S to n e w a ll Y o u ng
C o lli n H o p kin s
W in s t o n B ib b
H u n t L a fa y e t t e
C ass S h arke y G re e n e Coosa C h a m b e rs
Ca m p
C h i lt o n T a ll a p o o s a
R o ckw a ll R a in s
H a le
S h a c kle fo rd S te p h e n s M a rio n Y a zo o Leake N eshoba Kemper
Jo ne s P a rk e r T a rra n t
D a lla s W o o d C la ib o r n e U n io n P e rry
G a in e s D a w so n B o rd e n S c u rry F ish e r P a lo  P in to U p sh u r M o re h o u s e W est E lm o re Lee
W e b s te r C a r ro ll Is s a q u e n a A u ta u g a
K a u fm a n V an H a rriso n E as t M a d is o n S u m te r
Z a nd t B o s s ie r C a rr o l l
G re g g L in c o ln
S c o tt D a ll a s M acon
H oo d R ic h l a n d W a rre n N e w to n L a u d e r d a le M o n tg o m e ry
E a stla n d Jo h nson
E llis S m ith
C a dd o O u a c h i ta
H in d s M a re n g o R u s s e ll
M a rtin B ie n v i ll e M a d is o n
H o w a rd M itc h e ll N o la n T a ylo r C a lla h a n
A n d re w s E ra th S o m e rv e ll H e n d e rso n Ja c k s o n R a n k in Low ndes
R u sk P a n o la B u llo c k
R ed C a l d w e ll C h o c ta w
N a v a rro D e S o to R i ve r F ra n k li n
S m it h Jasp er C la r k e W il c o x
H ill Te ns as
B o sq u e C la i b o r n e B a rb o u r
C o ke C h e ro k e e W in n
E c to r M id la n d G la ss c o c k C om a n ch e C o p ia h S im p s o n P ik e
E l P a so L o v in g
W in kle r S te rlin g R u n n e ls A n d e rso n S h e lb y B u t le r
C o le m a n B ro w n N a tc h i to c h e s C a ta h o u l a C la rk e
H a m ilto n F re e sto n e Je ffe r s o n
L a S a l le
Jo n e s W a yn e C re n s h a w
L im e sto n e N a cog d och es S a b in e G ra n t C o n c o rd ia C o v in g t o n M o n ro e H e n ry
M cL e nn a n
C u lb e rso n W a rd M ills S a n L a w r e n c e Je ffe r s o n
C ra n e T om
W a s h in g t o n C onec uh C o ffe e D a le
U p to n G re e n C o ry e ll A n g e lin a A u g u stin e Adams F r a n k li n L in c o l n D a v is
R e ag a n C o n ch o H o u s to n
H u d sp e th R e e ve s Irio n L e o n S a b in e F or re st C o v in g t o n
M c C u llo ch F a lls
R a p id e s H o u ston
S a n  S a b a La m p asas V e rn o n M a r io n G re en e E s c a m b ia G e n e va
T rin ity A v o y e ll e s A m it e P ik e Lam ar P e rr y
B e ll N e w to n W i lk in s o n
S c h le ic h e r R o b e rts o n M a d iso n W a lt h a ll
M e n a rd W es t
S t.
M o b i le
Jaspe r F e l ic ia n a E ast W a s h i n g to n
P e cos B u rn e t P o lk T yle r F e li c i a n a H e le n a
M ila m E v a n g e li n e
J e ff D a v is C r o c ke tt M a so n L la n o W a lke r B e a u re g a rd P o in te G eorge
A l le n E as t
W illia m so n
B ra z o s
S t. L a n d ry
C ou pe e B a to n T a n g ip a h o a P e a r l  R iv e r S to n e B a ld w i n
S a n
W e s tR o u g e
G rim e s J a c in to B a to n L iv i n g s t o n S t. T a m m a n y
S u tto n K im b le B u rle so n
R ou ge
J e ff e r s o n A c a d ia Jackso n
M o n tg o m e ry H a rd in C a l c a s ie u D a v is S t .  M a rt in H a r r is o n
G ille sp ie B la n co T ra v is L ee I b e rv i ll e A s c e n s io n
T e rre ll L a fa y e tt e H a n co ck
W a sh in g to n L ib e rty S t.  J o h n
O ra n g e th e   B a p ti s t O rl e a n s
B a stro p S t .  J a m e s
P re s id io H a ys I b e ri a A s s u m p ti o n
K e rr C a m e ro n V e r m i li o n S t .  C h a r le s
E d w a rd s K e n d a ll A u stin J e ffe rs o n S t.  M a r ti n S t .  B e rn a r d
V a l V e rd e
C a ld w e ll W a ll e r H a rris
C o m a l F a y e tte
B re w ste r R e a l S t.  M a r y
L a fo u r c h e
B a n d e ra C h a m b e rs J e ff e r s o n
C o lo ra d o
G u a d a lu p e T e rr e b o n n e
B exa r G o n z a le s F o rt B e n d P la q u e m in e s
La vaca G a lv e sto n
G a lv e st o n
K in n e y U va ld e M e dina
W h a rto n
W ilso n B ra z o ria
D e  W itt

F rio A ta sc o s a K a rn e s J a c kso n M a ta g o rd a
Z a va la
M a v e ric k V ic to ria

G o lia d
C a lh o u n
D im m it M cM u lle n
L a  S a lle B e e R e fu g io
L iv e  O a k A ra n sa s

S a n  P a tric io

Jim
W e lls
W e b b
N u e ce s
D u va l

K le b e rg

J im  H o g g B ro o ks
Z a p a ta K en e d y

S ta rr
W illa c y
H id a lg o
Contiguous regions of the USA are a
third their counter-factual size
Region of the % change Ratio of Number of Ratio of area per
United States in current countries (of 192) capita income to
(contiguous populatio population with smaller area national average
counties) n 1930- to counter (with examples)
1990 factual at
rate of
natural
increase

Texlahoma -36.8% 0.31 117/192 92.2%


(Nicaragua,
Bangladesh)
Heartland -34.0% 0.33 117/192 85.2%
Deep South -27.9% 0.36 96/192 62.6%
(Jordan, Austria, Sri
Lanka)
There is no theory or evidence to
rule out the possibility of Ghost
countries
• Persistent negative shocks to labor
demand--the “supportable population” at
any level of population
• If labor is mobile you get “ghosts”—
declining populations (e.g. rural midwest)
• If labor is not mobile you get “zombies”—
populations trapped in a spiral of declining
wages (e.g. Zambia?)
Back to ideas

• Pax Romana—spatial integration (or sorts)

• Pax Britannica—full globalization (of


sorts)—labor, capital, goods

• Pax Americana—just goods and capital


“Globalization” of the Pax Romana—
Not a single Roman emperor after 100
A.D. was born in Italy
Weekly food for a family in
Bargteheide, Germany, $525 per
person/month

Source: Hungry Planet


Weekly food for a family in Tingo
Ecuador, $14.72 per person per
month

Source: Hungry Planet


Food for a family in Chad, 86 cents
per person per month

Source: Hungry Planet


Shift in ideas, silly, controversial,
progressive, then obvious
Attitudes towards Interracial Marriage in the US
90
Percentage of Population

80
33% increase in
70 approval over 4 years

60
50
40
30 Percentage of Population
Approving
20
10
0
Year
91

t)
78

97
68

)
58

72

83

94

03
02

04

ne

ep
19
19

19
19
19

19

19

19

20
20

20

(Ju

(S
7

7
0

0
20

20
1963 1992
MLK assassinated Barack Obama
MLK’s March
LA riots spurred by runs for President
on
tape of Rodney of the United
Washington
King beating States
Crazy, crazy, crazy…hero

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