Colegio de La Purisima Concepcion B.S. Computer Engineering 2012 Team Bravo

Colegio de la Purisima Concepcion B.S.
Computer Engineering 2012 Team Bravo
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study A warehouse has been generally perceived to be out of sight, and out of mind, certainly not an image of high tech or sophistication. In fact most plant modernization efforts have typically ignored or bypassed the warehouse completely. But, in todays competitive manufacturing and business
environment, the vital role of warehousing has to be properly understood. The warehouse is a critical link between a manufacturing plant and the external world and significantly affects the performance of the entire manufacturing and logistics system. In the U.S. automated warehousing in the 1960s and 1970s meant Automated Storage and Retrieval System (AS/RS). One of the driving forces for this phenomenon was the doubling of the value of business inventories between 1962 to 1972. The value of the business inventories tripled between 1972 and 1982. The explosion in inventory in the 1960s and 1970s led to considerable growth in warehouse capacity and the need for significantly increased control of inventory. AS/RS was the solution of choice. The early euphoria of AS/RS in the 1960s and 1970s gave way to a rather flat decade in the 1980s. This was due to a much slower growth in manufacturing Inventories, which grew by only about 25% between 1972 and 1982. The competition from the Japanese and the need to control
CPC | Automated Storage and Retrieval Management System
Colegio de la Purisima Concepcion B.S. Computer Engineering 2012 Team Bravo
manufacturing costs, forced the U.S. manufacturers to find ways of reducing inventories. Suddenly, the darling of warehouse professionals became something that people did not want to talk about. There were several AS/RS systems that were lying empty and had to be dismantled in the 1980s. (www.iimm.org) Some warehouses are completely automated, and require only operators to work and handle the entire task. Pallets and product move on a system of automated conveyors, cranes and automated storage and retrieval systems coordinated by programmable logic controllers and computers running logistics automation software. These systems are often installed in refrigerated
warehouses where temperatures are kept very cold to keep product from spoiling, especially in electronic warehouse where they require specific temperature to avoid damaging the parts and also where land is expensive, as automated storage systems can use vertical space efficiently. These high-bay storage areas are often more than 10 meters (33 feet) high, with some over 20 meters (65 feet) high. Automated storage systems can be built up to 40m high. Today, more than ever, warehouse efficiency is a critical success factor to effectively manage your supply chain and achieve peak performance. Implementation of the latest technologies can significantly improve warehouse operations, employee productivity, and customer satisfaction. By installing the right system and realigning how your warehouse interacts with your employees, customers, and vendors, you can streamline your warehouse operations while achieving a high return on investment. (www.wikipedia.com)
Going back to the corner where those warehouses from the past, encountered such common issues. During that time several warehouses requires a large amount of spaces to accommodate all the goods. Also including the lengthy periods of time wasted searching for stock and available spaces is a thing of the past. Imagine how labourers carry those heavy stocks to its places that sometimes might lead to serious accidents. Definitely, increase of man power is needed. Thus, it results to increase labour cost. Manual handling is comprehensive and clearly makes employers responsible for introducing automation where possible to avoid the risks associated with manual handling. Due to the problems that have been encountered by several warehouses as noticed by the researchers, they planned to build a machine that would conquer the needs of these warehouses when it comes to their approaches. But since this project focuses only on storing and retrieving process, the researchers decided that the title must be relevant as to what the project is intended for, and so they have settled on the title Automated Storage and Retrieval Management System. This project will help to improve the storing and retrieving system of stocks in every warehouse.
Statement of the Problem The main objective of conducting this research is to invent an Automated Storage and Retrieval Management System. The project foresees the worlds innovations, because today the evolving technology is still on its way to progress. This will come up to the solution of improving the management of warehouses for
storing and retrieving their stocks. This will be conducted at Colegio de la Purisima Concepcion, Roxas City during the school year 2011 2012. This will also seek to find solutions for the following specific questions: 1. What are the materials needed in this projects? 2. What are the input and output devices to be used? 3. How to make the input/output circuitry? 4. What specific programming language to be used? 5. How will the programming language be interfaced with the circuitry and the devices?
Objectives: 1. Ensure the safety of your stocks. 2. Reduce labour cost. 3. Fast inventory. 4. Monitor which blocks are available of storing. 5. Improve business approaches.
Theoretical Framework This design project was anchored from the internet, mainly in one of the most popular website, the Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org). It states that an automated storage and retrieval system (ASRS or AS/RS) consists of a variety of computer-controlled methods for automatically placing and retrieving loads from specific storage locations. Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems
(AS/RS) are typically used in applications where: there is a very high volume of loads being moved into and out of storage; storage density is important because of space constraints; no value adding content is present in this process; accuracy is critical because of potential expensive damages to the load. AS/RS Systems are devices designed for automated storage and retrieval of parts and items in manufacturing, distribution, retail, wholesale and institutions. They focus on bringing goods to the man rather than manual walking and searching. Space savings, increased productivity/reduced labour, increased accuracy and reduced inventory levels are some of the primary benefits From (http://www.iimm.org) Automation in warehousing immediately conjures the image of a high-rise Automated Storage Retrieval System (AS/RS). Therefore, before proceeding with a general discussion on automation in warehousing, let us first understand what is an AS/ RS. Typically, AS/RS involves the use of high-rise racks with a storage machine operating within the aisle, serving both sides of the aisle. Loads are stored in the racks and retrieved either automatically or in a semi-automated fashion. The loads could either be unit loads that are palletized, or, in some cases, involve drawers and totes that are used to store smaller parts. The heights of AS/RS systems can vary, depending on the application. The highest systems are 100 feet high. But these are few and far between. The future, in the U.S. appears to be a continuation of the 1980s. In fact, the trend is toward greater centralization of distribution warehouses as layers of distribution will be eliminated and the pull for the goods will be directly from the central warehouse to the consumer of the finished goods. This trend will require centralized warehouses to perform more small picks, i.e., more single
case and individual part picks. In fact, the second greatest area of growth in warehouses automation over the next decade will be in order picking. The automated order picking systems of the future will not be labour Intensive but will have greater responsiveness, will be more flexible and will be more modular than systems today. In support of this higher throughput order picking environment, conveyor systems will play an even more significant role in warehousing than in the past. Do you have distribution centres and warehouses with a high throughput capacity of products of a similar nature? If these goods are located on unit loads such as pallets, boxes, crates and cartons, you can store and retrieve them automatically using an AS/RS system. The goods are then brought into the automated warehouse via a manual or fully automated receipt zone such as carousels. Because the goods generally have a short turnaround time, it is essential that the automated storage systems have a high infeed and outfeed capacity. This is possible via various load handling devices for single deep, double deep and multi deep (satellite) storage of goods in racks. Choosing for an automated warehouse (high bay) with automated infeed/outfeed is choosing for space saving and lower costs for staff and operations. By automating your warehouse, you also restrict handling; you can benefit from lower stock levels and increase storage accuracy. This also gives you time for value-added logistics services for your customers. This theory was linked from (http://www.egeminautomation.com).
Significance of the Study Certainly any warehouse could benefit from some of the functionality but is the benefit great enough to justify the initial and on-going costs associated with this project? Stated below are the following people who will be benefited by this project. Owner of the Warehouse. We all know that every owner of a certain business always do consider the easiest way to deal with their business. They look at the best side to which their products or goods will be safe and free from any damages. This project will improve warehouse operations, employee
productivity, and customer satisfaction. Manufacturers. Since this project is designed to enhance the storing and retrieving of stocks, this will help the manufacturers to increase their productivity, optimise storage space and improve the efficiency of their customers. Employees on the warehouse. The workers inside the warehouse will also be benefited by this project, by reducing the time it takes to track the exact location of the stock and also to free them from carrying heavy loads. Consumers. This project Automated Stock Storage and Retrieval Management System will increase the picking speed, so that customers will no longer wait for several minutes. Future Researcher(s). This research study will serves as a good reference for those future researchers who will conduct a research related to this project.
Scope and Delimitation The coverage of this study is about the automation of storing and retrieving process and was focused on its purpose, benefits, operations and implementations. The researchers agreed to build this kind of project due to the problem in which several warehouses, manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers encountered in dealing with their businesses. The researchers planned to put up this project on the building of MIROLA located at Rizal St., Roxas City, Philippines. The researchers observed that MIROLA encountered such difficulties when it comes to their approach that links to our project, so this will serve as a solution for their problems. This will be conducted at Colegio de la Purisima Concepcion, Roxas City during the school year 2011 2012. Automated Storage and Retrieval Management System is a device which primarily designed for automated storage and retrieval of parts, goods and items in manufacturing, distribution, retail, wholesale and institutions. They focus on bringing "goods to the man" rather than manual walking and searching. Space savings, increased productivity/reduced labour, increased accuracy and reduced inventory levels are some of the primary benefits. This project is suitable for warehouse to automate the storing and retrieving of stocks, goods, and parts. The existence of this project will enable a warehouse to save space, increase accuracy, improve safety, reduce labour cost, etc. This project can also be implemented on big industries like factories,
manufacturers and product distributors. The researcher decided that the project will be implemented on a warehouse, but since this project is only limited on storing and retrieving of stocks, it will only focus as to what it is intended for and will not cover the full automation of the entire warehouse. It will contain boxes for storage, and the size and capacity of stocks also matters. And a Forklift will be used for the storing and retrieving process.
Definition of Terms As you go along with this research you might encounter some unfamiliar words that would be arduous to understand. Therefore the researcher provided a reference for these words. Automation. is the use of machines, control systems and information technologies to optimize productivity in the production of goods and delivery of services.(en.wikipedia.org) Operationally, this term is used to define mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work; automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Conveyor. is a mechanical apparatus that transports materials, packages, or items being assembled from one place to another.
(www.thefreedictionary.com)
Operationally, it is used to define an equipment to transport bulk material, packages, or objects in a path predetermined by the design of the device, and having points of loading and discharge, fixed or selective. Cranes. is commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment. (en.wikipedia.org) Operationally, this term is used to define a machine that is use for lifting heavy loads. Drawers. it refers to utilizes drawers in cabinets or within shelving systems and is suitable for applications where volume of inventory turnover is low and where smaller items are being stored. (www.spacelogic.net) Operationally, this term defines equipment that is used for storing smaller items. Forklift. a device, usually mounted on a truck, for lifting, stacking, etc. heavy objects: it consists typically of projecting prongs that are slid under the load and then raised or lowered. (www.yourdictionary.com/forklift) Operationally, this term is used to define a truck that is capable of lifting and transporting heavy and huge materials. Logistic system. is made up of a set of facilities linked by transportation services. Facilities are sites where materials are processed, e.g. manufactured, stored, sorted, sold or consumed. They include manufacturing and assembly
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centres,
warehouses,
distribution
centres
(DCs),
transhipment
points,
transportation terminals, retail outlets, mail sorting centres, garbage incinerators, dump sites, etc. (Ghiani et al., 2004) In an operational manner, this term is used for integrated systems. Machine. is a device that applies force, changes the direction of a force, or changes the strength of a force, in order to perform a task, generally involving work done on a load. It often designed to yield a high mechanical advantage to reduce the effort needed to do that work.
(science.yourdictionary.com) Operationally, this term is used to define a device that is capable of doing man work. Management System. is the framework of processes and procedures used to ensure that an organization can fulfil all tasks required to achieve its objectives. (Anderson, 2005) Operationally, this term is used to define a system that enables organizations to improve their environmental performance through a process of continuous improvement. Pallets Racking. is a material handling storage aid system designed to store materials on pallets (or skids). Although there are many varieties of pallet racking, all types allow for the storage of palletized materials in horizontal rows with multiple levels. (www.wikipedia.com)
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Operationally, this term is used to define an essential and ubiquitous element in most modern warehouses, manufacturing facilities, retail centers, and other storage and distribution facilities. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) or programmable controller. is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines. (www.wikipedia.com) Operationally, this term is used to define a controller that can be programmed. Stock. It represents the residual assets of the company that would be due to stockholders after discharge of all senior claims such as secured and unsecured debt. Stockholders' equity cannot be withdrawn from the company in a way that is intended to be detrimental to the company's creditors. (www.investopedia.com) Operationally, this term is used to define an item that is stored in a safe place. Warehouse. is a commercial building for storage of goods. Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport
businesses, customs, etc. They are usually large plain buildings in industrial areas of cities and towns. They usually have loading docks to load and unload goods from trucks. (www.wikipedia.com) Operationally, this term may refer to a building that is capable of storing stocks such as parts, items and goods.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter the compiled literature of authors are included, regarding the significance, benefits and necessity of implementing this project. The project is with the alliance of some AS/RS information derived from the internet and other references having a related idea about the project. Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (AS/RS) are warehousing systems that are used for the storage and retrieval of products in both distribution and production environments. A comprehensive explanation of the current state of the art in AS/RS design is provided for a range of issues such as system configuration, storage assignment, dwell-point location, and request
sequencing. The majority of the reviewed models and solution methods are applicable to static scheduling and design problems only. Requirements for AS/RS are, however, increasingly of a more dynamic nature for which new models will need to be developed to overcome large computation times and finite planning horizons, and to improve system performance. Several other avenues for future research in the design and control of AS/RS are also specified. The industrial manufacturing environment is nowadays characterized by fierce global competition, rapid market changes and short product life cycles. Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (AS/RSs) are a combination of automatic handling, storing/retrieval equipment and control systems,
characterized by high accuracy and speed. A typical AS/RS comprises a
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number of parallel aisles with storage racks on either side, each serviced by an automated stacker crane (S/R machine), operating storage and retrieval of the parts. The cranes move in three directions: along the aisle to perform transfers, sideways between the aisle and the racks, and vertically to reach the storage/retrieval location. Each aisle is serviced by a storage and a retrieval conveyor. In addition, the AS/RS aisles are equipped with Rail Guided Vehicles (RGVs), unloading the parts to be stored or loading them after retrieval. Finally, an input and an output buffer station, where the RGVs load or deposit pallets, are present. The advantages of AS/RSs include reduced inventory cost, improved storage space utilization, enhanced material tracking and throughout optimization. This author presents a management strategy dealing with operational control of AS/RSs. In particular, the proposed controller is structured in two hierarchical levels. The higher layer (scheduler) selects the batching policy, the storage policy, the cranes position when idle (dwell point selection), the retrieval policy and the RGVs routing policy. The second level (resource controller) is in charge of proper resource allocations avoiding conflicts and deadlocks. Recently, numerous studies appeared in the related literature; investigations in the field deal with classical operational problems, such as the definition of the storage and retrieval sequencing policies, with the purpose of maximizing the system throughput. However, authors do not address the resource controller, including the RGVs and cranes operation. (M. Dotoli and M. P. Fanti, 1996)
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Another concern related this topic is the lack of library space at California State University at Northridge (CSUN) could no longer be ignored. By 1990 the Universitys Oviatt Library would have a space deficit of 72,985 square feet. It is a well-known fact that .Large research libraries do not, by and large, ever dispose of any of their materials and the result is that their collections increase each year. The library administration knew they had to expand the library, but communication with the university chancellors office led them to expect that there would not be money to provide for a facility to house the librarys growing collection in open stack shelving. They had a limited number of options remaining. Because the need for space was immediate, digitizing their collection was not an option. Compact shelving, remote storage, and regional depositories were all carefully considered, but the most attractive option they discussed was installing an automated storage and retrieval system in the proposed addition to the library. Automated storage and retrieval technology had been used in the industrial world since the 1950s. The technologys original function was to do away with the walking that accounted for 70% of manual retrieval time. An automated storage and retrieval system consists of aisles between rows of frames containing bins or pallets. Up and down the aisles, between the rows of frames, the robotic crane mechanism journeys at the whim of its operator. In accordance with its operators instructions, the robot selects a bin or pallet and transports it to the appropriate station. When the bin or pallet is no longer needed, it is returned to storage by the robot. Automated storage and retrieval technology may be adapted for library use by bar-coding each book and bin.
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The computer links each book to a bin. When a book leaves the system, the link is deleted. Upon the books return to the system, the linking process is repeated. The edge of a book may be coded with a part of the id number so that the staff member who receives the bin will have an easier job of finding one book among the hundred in the bin. CSUNs library administrators were not the first to consider the possibilities of such a system for use in a library. Four automated storage and retrieval systems had been installed in American libraries in the 1970s. This first generation of library installations had met with disaster. Problems with suppliers,
unanticipated maintenance costs, crude equipment, primitive computer control, and ignorance of user requirements had the combined effect of making these library installations a nightmare to the staff and a laughing stock to American libraries. In contrast to the failure in America, the contemporaneous installation at Erasmus University, Rotterdam, and the Netherlands survived. Their initial system installation did not work properly either. Much money and time was invested to make the Erasmus installation work. The changes made over the years included adding microprocessor computer controls, adding an error detection system and funding periodic maintenance, as well as developing an interface between the automated storage and retrieval system and their public catalogue. The Erasmus success story left little doubt that an automated storage and retrieval system could be operated effectively in a library. The question was whether improvements in technology since the late 1960s and lessons learned
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from both the success and failure of automated storage and retrieval systems in libraries made it desirable to try another American installation in the 1990s. CSUN thought that the experiment was worth trying. According to their research, an automated storage and retrieval system was the most economical choice available to them. Not only would such a facility be less expensive, but also the environment could be regulated for the comfort of books rather than humans. Usually the darkness, humidity settings, and temperatures ideal for book preservation must be adjusted in a library for the comfort of its users. Because the library users and staff would not be inside the enclosed automated storage and retrieval system, the atmosphere could be set and maintained at ideal preservation levels. Books printed on acid papers that are stored in an automated storage and retrieval systems will last 40 years longer than if they were on open shelves. Not having to install lighting, wall coverings, floor coverings, and false ceilings in the storage area also saves on expense. (Kirsch, 1999) Automated storage and retrieval systems have been widely used in distribution and production environments since their introduction in the 1950s. An automated storage and retrieval system (AS/RS) usually consists of racks served by cranes running through aisles between the racks. An AS/RS is capable of handling pallets without the interference of an operator, thus the system is fully automated. Both in production and distribution environments AS/RSs are used for putting products (e.g., raw materials or semi-Finished products) in storage and for retrieving those products from storage to fulfil an order. Between 1994 and 2004, there has been a significant increase in the number of AS/RSs used in distribution
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environments in the United States (Automated Storage Retrieval Systems Production Section of the Material Handling Industry of America, 2005). The usage of AS/RSs has several advantages over non-automated systems. Examples are savings in labour costs and floor space, increased reliability and reduced error rates. Apparent disadvantages are high investments costs (approximately $634,000 for a single aisle AS/RS, Zollinger, 1999), less flexibility and higher investments in control systems (about $103,000, Zollinger, 1999). In designing an AS/RS, many physical design and control issues have to be addressed in the right way to fully take advantage of all its pros. This paper intends to present an integrated overview of all important issues concerning AS/RS design and control in both production and distribution environments while studying recent and past literature. Previously, several overview papers have been published that discuss part of the AS/RS literature. Almost all of these overview papers, however, have a focus different from AS/RSs, for example, general warehouse design. Because of this, only a limited number of aspects of AS/RSs and a limited number of references with respect to AS/RSs are presented in those papers. Matson and White (1982)review a number of material handling research areas one of which is concerned with AS/RSs. Kusiak (1985)describes design and operational decision problems for flexible manufacturing systems with a focus on automated guided vehicles and AS/RSs. The author discusses design, storage and batching (i.e., consolidation of orders) policies for AS/RSs. Johnson and Brandeau (1996) discuss stochastic models for the design and control of automated guided vehicles and AS/RSs. Manda and Palekar (1997) discuss some papers on travel time estimation for AS/RSs and storage assignment rules. General overviews of warehouse design
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and control include Cormier and Gunn (1992), Van den Berg (1999), Rouwenhorst et al. (2000), De Koster et al. (2007) and GU Et Al. (2007). Due to their broad scope, these five papers only discuss a fraction of the AS/RS issues and literature. (K.J Roodbergen, 2008).
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with the research methodology of the study, including research design, research instrument and gathering of data.
Research design
Research design is a blueprint, or outline, for conducting the study in such a way that maximum control will be exercised over factors that could interfere with the validity of the research results. The research design is the researchers overall plan for obtaining answers to the research questions guiding the study. Designing a study helps researchers to plan and implement the study in a way that will help them obtain the intended results, thus increasing the chances of obtaining information that could be associated with the real situation. Everything starts with an idea. An idea alone can inspire, but ideas connected can change the world. By collecting different sources together, synthesizing and analyzing critically, it essentially creates new knowledge or perspectives. The group of researchers involved in this project were composed of six (6) members.
The Research Instrument

The research instruments used were the complied related literatures
of the authors, regarding the significance, benefits and necessity of
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implementing this project. The design is with the alliance of some AS/RS information derived from the internet and other references having a related idea about the project.
Gathering of Data
The first activity which they had conducted was to find for problems that still existing in the Philippines particularly here in Roxas City. Next is to formulate the research title. Since that the title must be relevant as to what it is intended for, they undergo thorough group discussion. As a result, the researchers were able to finalize the project design to be proposed. They have come up with Automated Storage and Retrieval Management System. The researchers conducted quite a lot of gathering informations related to the project and a few consultations from their adviser. Amalgamation of collected data was next, then putting it on papers for checking. During the consultation, several revisions were made to improve the manuscript. Based from the title of the project design, they were able to create the statement of the problem. They gathered more information as they research about the background of the study and theoretical framework. Soon they began to know the purpose or the objectives of the project, including the people who will be benefited by conducting this research. They also provided a definition of terms which explains some terms that would be difficult to understand. The researchers presented the manuscript to Engr. Mell A. Balasbas,
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Engr. Arnel A. Abagatnan and Mrs. Susan F. Fantilanan, Ph.D., for the checking and some suggestions for the improvement of the manuscript. This research was conducted at Colegio De La Purisima Concepcion during the school year 2011-2012. The coverage of this project is about the automation of storing and retrieving process of stocks. The researchers decided to implement this project on a warehouse. They had selected the Building of MIROLA located at Rizal St., Roxas City. Since it is only focusing on storing and retrieving of stocks, it will only limit its function on the storing and the retrieving process and it will not cover the full automation of the entire warehouse. The researchers decided to choose a Technical Adviser Engr. Ronniel P. Babis, who will help them deal regarding with the research and the circuitry and program interfacing. The work of a Technical Adviser is to supervise the researchers during the analysis and interfacing of their external circuitry with their program for the whole system operation. Their Technical Adviser also gave them briefings regarding the functions of the circuitry and the program interfacing using Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.
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CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter includes the presentation and analysis of data of the project. This chapter also contains gathered necessary data that are needed to know the following: a) the materials needed, b) the input/output devices to be used, c) making the input/output circuitry, d) Programming Language to be used and e) the interfacing of the program, circuitry and the devices. The Automated Storage and Retrieval System is an advantage for those warehouses and other big distributors, it enhances the approach for storing and retrieving of stocks through the automation that the system brought into reality. The focus of this project is only limited on storing and retrieving of stocks and will no cover the full automation of a warehouse.
Materials Stated below are the main tools and instrument used in creating this design project. AC-DC ADAPTER. A type of external power supply, often enclosed in what looks like an over-sized AC plug. Other names include plug pack, plug-in adapter, adapter block, domestic mains adapter, line power adapter, or power adapter. In formal terms include wall wart, wall cube and power brick. AC adapters are typically used with electrical devices that do not contain their own internal power supply. The
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internal circuitry of an external supply is very similar to the design that would be used for a built-in or internal supply, but there are several advantages of separating the power supply from the main body of an electronic device. DC MOTOR. A mechanically commutated electric motor powered from direct current (DC). The stator is stationary in space by definition and therefore so is its current. The current in the rotor is switched by the commutator to also be stationary in space. This is how the relative angle between the stator and rotor magnetic flux is maintained near 90 degrees, which generates the maximum torque.
DIAL CORD. (design engineering) A braided cotton, silk, or glass fiber cord used as a dial cable.
DRILL BIT. Used to create holes. Bits are held in a tool called a drill, which rotates them and provides torque and axial force to create the hole.
ELECTRIC DRILL. Use for fastening and drilling holes in various materials.
GLUE. is a mixture in a liquid or semi-liquid state that adheres or bonds item together. Adhesives may come from either natural or synthetic source.
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HEAT SINK. is a device attaches to some computer chips to absorb excess heat generated by the chip, thereby promoting more efficient operation of the circuit and extending the life of the chip. IC (INTEGRATED CIRCUIT). is an electronic circuit manufactured by the patterned diffusion of trace elements into the surface of a thin substance of semiconductor materials. It is used in virtually all electronic equipment today and has revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, cellular phones, and other digital appliance are now inextricable parts of the structures of the modern societies, made possible by the low cost of production of integrated circuits. MULTITESTER. is a tool that can be used to check resistance, current and voltage in electronics. PARALLEL PORT. (also known as printer port) is a type of interface found in computers for connecting various peripherals. In computing, a parallel port is a parallel communication physical interface. PCB (PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD). is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated into a non-conductive substance. RESISTOR. is a two-terminal passive electronic component which implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.
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SCREW DRIVER. it is a tool use for driving screws and rotating other machine elements the mating drive system.
SOLDERING LEAD. is a fusible metal alloy with a melting point ranges from 90 to 450 degree Celsius, used primarily in the process called soldering, where it is melted using soldering iron to join metallic materials. SOLDERING IRON. is a hand tool most commonly used in soldering process. It supplies heat to melt soldering lead so that it can flow into the join between two work pieces. TACT-SWITCH. in electronics, it is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either 'closed' meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or 'open', meaning the contacts are separated and none conducting. WIRE. is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to bear mechanical loads and to carry electricity and telecommunication signals. Integrated circuits are used in virtually all electronic equipment today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. ICs used are also specified below:
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74LS138 1-OF-8 DECODER/DEMULTIPLEXER Table 1.0 represents the data about the 74LS138 IC, which is needed to configure the binary combination circuit to decode the input and output addresses. It decodes one address at a time by letting a single active low output. , and are all control pins that must receive 1 and zero signals , and will configure what address will be
respectively. The selected pins
activated depending on the bits inputs. Please refer to the function table below for the configuration of 74LS138 IC. Table 1.0 74LS138 Truth Table INPUTS H X X L L L L L L L L X H X L L L L L L L L X X L H H H H H H H H X X X L H L H L H L H X X X L L H H L L H H X X X L L L L H H H H H H H L H H H H H H H H H H H L H H H H H H H H H H H L H H H H H OUTPUTS H H H H H H L H H H H H H H H H H H L H H H
H H H H H H H H L H H
H H H H H H H H H L H
H H H H H H H H H H L
H= HIGH voltage level L= LOW voltage level X= dont care
Note:
The Flatpak version has the same pinouts (Connection Diagram) as the Dual In-Line Package
Fig.1 Connection Diagram Dip (Top View) 74LS138
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Colegio de la Purisima Concepcion B.S. Computer Engineering 2012 Team Bravo Table 1.1 74LS138 Pin Names
PIN NAMES DESCRIPTION ,

Address Inputs Enable (Active LOW) Inputs Enable (Active HIGH) Input
-
GND VCC
Fig.1.2 Logic Symbol of 74LS138
Active LOW Outputs (Note b) Ground Source
Functional Description The LS138 is a high speed 1of-8 Decoder/Demultiplexer
fabricated with the low power Schottky barrier diode process. The decoder accepts three binary
weighted inputs (A0, A1, A2) and when enabled provides eight
Fig.1.3 Logic Diagram of 74LS138
mutually exclusive active LOW Outputs (O0O7). The LS138 features three Enable inputs, two active LOW (E1, E2) and one active HIGH (E3). All outputs will be HIGH unless E1 and E2 are LOW and E3 is HIGH. This multiple enable function allows easy parallel expansion of the device to a 1-of-32 (5 lines to 32 lines) decoder with just four LS138s and one inverter. (See Figure 4.) The LS138 can be used as an 8-output demultiplexer by using one of the active LOW Enable inputs as the data input and the other Enable inputs as
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strobes. The Enable inputs which are not used must be permanently tied to their appropriate active HIGH or active LOW state.
Fig.1.4 FAST AND LS TTL DATA of 74LS138
74LS244OCTAL 3-STATE BUFFER/LINE DRIVER/LINE RECEIVER General Description These octal buffers and line drivers are designed specifically to improve both the
Table 2.0 74LS138Truth Table
Inputs L L H A L H X
Output Y L H Z
performance and density of three-state memory address drivers, clock drivers, and bus-oriented receivers and transmitters. The designer has a choice of selected combinations of inverting and
L = LOW Logic Level H = HIGH Logic Level X = Either LOW or HIGH Logic Level Z = High Impedance
non-inverting outputs, symmetrical, active-low output-control () inputs, and complementary output-control ( and ) inputs. These devices feature high fanout, improved fan-in, and 400-mV noise margin. The SN74LS and SN74S devices can be used to drive terminated lines down to 133 .
29
Fig.2.1 Connection Diagram Dip (Top View) 74LS244
Fig.2.2 74LS244 Logic Symbol
Fig.2.3 74LS244 Logic Diagram
74LS374 OCTAL D-TYPE TRANSPARENT LATCHES AND EDGE-TRIGGERED FLIP-FLOPS General Description These 8-bit registers feature designed 3-state outputs for
Table 3.0 74LS374 Truth Table
Output Control L L L H
Clock L X
D H L X X
Output H L
specifically
driving highly capacitive or relatively low-impedance
loads. The high-impedance 3-state and increased highlogic-level drive provide
H = High Level (Steady State) L = Low Level (Steady State) X = Dont Care = Transition from low-to-high level Z = High Impedance State = The level of the output before steady-state input conditions were established.
30
these registers with the capability of being connected directly to and driving the bus lines in a bus-organized system without need for interface or pull up components. These devices are particularly attractive for implementing buffer registers, I/O ports, bidirectional bus drivers, and working registers. The eight latches of the LS373 and S373 are transparent D-type latches, meaning that while the enable (C or CLK) input is high, the Q outputs follow the data (D) inputs. When C or CLK is taken low, the output is latched at the level of the data that was set up. The eight flip-flops of the LS374 and S374 are edgetriggered D-type flip-flops. On the positive transition of the clock, the Q outputs are set to the logic states that were set up at the D inputs. Schmitt-trigger buffered inputs at the enable/clock lines of the S373 and S374 devices simplify system design as ac and dc noise rejection is improved by typically 400 mV due to the input hysteresis. A buffered output-control ( ) input can be used to place the eight outputs in either a normal logic state (high or low logic levels) or the high-impedance state. In the high-impedance load nor state, the outputs lines
neither
drive
the
bus
significantly. does not affect the internal operation of the latches or flip-flops. That is, the old data can be retained or new data can be entered, even while the outputs are off.
Fig.3.1 Connection Diagram Dip 74LS374
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Table 3.1 74LS374 Pin Names
PIN NAMES DESCRIPTION Data Inputs Latch Enable (Active HIGH) Input Clock (Active HIGH going edge) Input Output Enable (Active LOW) Input
VCC GND
Fig.3.2 74LS374 Positive-Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops
Outputs (Note b) Source Ground
Fig.3.3 Schematic of inputs and outputs of Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops
74LS32 QUADRUPLE 2-INPUTS POSITIVE-OR GATES General Description The OR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical disjunction - it behaves according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results if one or both the inputs to the gate are HIGH (1). If neither input is HIGH, a LOW output
32
(0)
results.
In
another
sense,
the
function
of
OR
effectively
finds
the maximum between two binary digits, just as the complementary AND function finds the minimum.
Table 4.0 74LS32ruth Table (each gate)
Inputs A L L H H
Fig.4.1 Connection Diagram Dip 74LS32
Output Y L H H H
B L H L H
H = High Level (Steady State) L = Low Level (Steady State)
Fig.4.2 Logic Diagram 74LS32
Fig.4.3 Logic Symbol 74LS32
Fig.4.4 Schematic (each gate) 74LS32
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Servo Motor A Servo is a small device that has an output shaft. This shaft can be positioned to specific angular positions by sending the servo a coded signal. As long as the coded signal exists on the input line, the servo will maintain the angular position of the shaft. As the coded signal changes, the angular position of the shaft changes. Servos are controlled by sending them a pulse of variable width. The control wire is used to send this pulse. The parameters for this pulse are that it has a minimum pulse, a maximum pulse, and a repetition rate. Given the rotation constraints of the servo, neutral is defined to be the position where the servo has exactly the same amount of potential rotation in the clockwise direction as it does in the counter clockwise direction. It is important to note that different servos will have different constraints on their rotation but they all have a neutral position, and that position is always around 1.5 milliseconds (ms). The angle is determined by the duration of a pulse that is applied to the control wire.
Fig.5.1 Pulse Signal of Servo Motor Fig.5 Servo Motor
This is called Pulse width Modulation. The servo expects to see a pulse every 20 ms. The length of the pulse will determine how far the motor turns. For example, a 1.5 ms pulse will make the motor turn to the 90 degree position (neutral position).
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When these servos are commanded to move they will move to the position and hold that position. If an external force pushes against the servo while the servo is holding a position, the servo will resist from moving out of that position. The maximum amount of force the servo can exert is the torque rating of the servo. Servos will not hold their position forever though; the position pulse must be repeated to instruct the servo to stay in position. When a pulse is sent to a servo that is less than 1.5 ms the servo rotates to a position and holds its output shaft some number of degrees counterclockwise from the neutral point. When the pulse is wider than 1.5 ms the opposite occurs. The minimal width and the maximum width of pulse that will command the servo to turn to a valid position are functions of each servo. Different brands, and even different servos of the same brand, will have different maximum and minimums. Generally the minimum pulse will be about 1 ms wide and the maximum pulse will be 2 ms wide.
Fig.5.2 Pulse-Rotation of Servo Motor
Another parameter that varies from servo to servo is the turn rate. This is the time it takes from the servo to change from one position to another. The worst case turning time is when the servo is holding at the minimum rotation and
35
it is commanded to go to maximum rotation. This can take several seconds on very high torque servos.
Input and Output Devices In order to operate the project, it needs an input and output device to function and perform the storing and retrieving process. For the input device, basically, computer standard keyboard was used as the main input device, it is use normally to start the computer, to start programs, to login security password, to encode data, etc. They also utilizes switch buttons that are equipped in the storage boxes, this switch will act as an input that will send signals to the computer through the circuitry and indicate whether the storage box is available or not. Switch buttons are also placed in the platform of the forklift. It will serve as a sensor that will send signals to the computer to command the forklift where to stop. For the output device, the storing and retrieving process uses three (3) motors that are compacted in a forklift; these motors are placed in the forklift, so that it will enable the forklift to move forward, backward, upward and downward. The movements of the forklift are controlled by the controller program that sends signals on internal and external circuitry. Once a specific button is pressed, the forklift will automatically store or retrieve stocks on the specified storage box. A LED bulb was also used to indicate that the system is in progress or processing.
36
Making the input/output circuitry The researchers started gathering informations about input/output card for the said project. They have given an address 254H 256H to decode in order to create an input/output card. They then started making the schematic diagram for the I/O card using application software called ORCAD Family Release 9.2. They then design the schematic diagram of the external circuitry of the storing and retrieving process. After finalizing the schematic diagram they then created their PCB layout, using also the said application and developed the circuit using double sided Photo PCB through fluorescent lamp. After having the final output of the PCB of the I/O card and external circuit, the researchers began to test the I/O card in the ISA slot of the computer and the external circuitry in the parallel port, and then followed by making the forklift and the storage boxes. A forklift was constructed using fibber plastic; this will serve as the main tool or device for processing the storing and retrieving of stocks automatically. And in order to control the process, it needs motors and a controller program. The storing and retrieving process uses three (3) motors that are equipped in the forklift, thus, motors are placed in the forklift so that it will be able to move forward, backward, upward and downward. Designing of the movement mechanism of the forklift comes next. The movements of the forklift are controlled by the controller program that sends signals to the computer through the internal and external circuitry. The storage box was also constructed using fibber plastic; it is composed of six boxes. These boxes are equipped with switch
37
buttons that will send signal to computer and indicate whether it is available of storing or not. After making the prototype model and finalizing the mechanism, they tested and interfaced the forklift with the stocks that has to be stored or to be retrieved in the storage box with the external circuit. Programming language The researchers created the program for the controlling the motors and other improvement in the system using Visual Basic 6.0.
Interfacing (VB 6.0) The main interfacing function implemented in the design project, the interfacing of the Forklift itself and the PC serial connection. Proper Interfacing is only possible if the circuitry, the prototype model and the programming language were properly modulated. The Program of Interfacing (customized-forklift-to-computer and
computer-to-transmitter interfacing) is written in Visual Basic 6.0. First, the administrator will have to login until the correct username and password is encoded and will initialize the main operation of the system. Then, the program will wait input from the operator through the keyboard. Then the program will read the corresponding address of the input 254H and compare it to the list of the addresses in the program. The program uses If-Else-Then Statement. For the storing process, the user will encode first the name and the description of the stock, and then the program will locate which rack is available for storing. When the program detects which rack is empty, it will send signal to
38
the forklift and will automatically store the stock. After storing the stock, it will return back to its initial position. And for the retrieving process, the user will press a button that corresponds to the stock on the GUI which is to be fetched. After pressing the button, the program will automatically search the storage rack and retrieve the stock and return to its initial point. On the other hand, the program will only depend on the input command of the user. The forklift can only store or retrieve stocks one at a time and will not generate unless an electrical power is retained. The LED indicator will light up, indicating that the system is processing. Once a specific button is pressed, the forklift will automatically store or retrieve stocks on the specified storage box. After the forklift stored or retrieved the stock it will return to its initial position. The program will cycle indefinitely.
Table SYSTEM TESTS Test 1. Start the system Expected Result The GUI should show up on the screen. The Picture and Database regions should be empty. 1. First the program will ask for the stock name and description. 2. After encoding the parameters, it will automatically update the database. 3. Then the program will start to find for available box. 4. When the program found an empty box, the forklift will automatically store the stock on that specified box. 5. LED lights up indicating that the system is processing. 6. Once the stock is stored, the forklift will return to its initial position. 1. The program will ask what stock to be retrieved. 2. GUI shows the storage box with corresponding names of stored stock.
2.
Storing of stocks
3.
Retrieving of stocks
39
3. After the user chooses the box with the corresponding stock to be retrieved, the forklift will automatically fetch the stock. 4. Exit gate should be turned to OPEN position 5. GO LED (or signal) in exit lane turns on 6. Once car has left (after a predetermined time interval), gate should go to CLOSE position 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Restart system The external layer will be allowed to communicate with the main computer. Table Input Bits Values (Storing) Address Used Input Bit Value (BIN) Input Bit Value (HEX) Function
Input Bits Value (Retrieving) Address Used Input Bit Value (BIN) Input Bit Value (HEX) Function
40
Output Bits Values (Motor) Address Used Output Bit Value (BIN) Output Bit Value (HEX) Function
Table a, b & c shows the structure of the typical operation of the whole storing and retrieving system its address used, input/output bit binary and hexadecimal value and its designated function on the whole operation.
41
Pictures of Prototype Model
42
AUTOMATED STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Flowchart Program Source Code
43
CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter presents the summary of automated storage and retrieval management system. The conclusions are derived from the results and recommendations are based on the findings and conclusions. Summary The main objective of conducting this research is to invent an Automated Storage and Retrieval Management System. The project foresees the worlds innovations, because today the evolving technology is still on its way to progress. This will come up to the solution of improving the management of warehouses for storing and retrieving their stocks. This will be conducted at Colegio de la Purisima Concepcion, Roxas City during the school year 2011 2012. This study sought to determine the materials needed, the input/output devices to be used, how making the input/output circuitry, Programming Language to be used and the interfacing of the program, circuitry and the devices. This research used compiled related literature of authors. The instrument used was only the PC itself but with thorough analysis of gathered necessary data. The researchers had decided to have a technical adviser that would help them deal regarding the mechanism of the machine as well as how interfacing is done.
44
Findings Based on the results of the study, the findings were arrived that answers the following specific questions of this study: 1. What are the materials needed in this projects? The main tools and instrument used in creating this design project are: ACDC adapter, DC motor, dial cord, drill bit, electric drill, Fibber Plastic, glue, heat sink, IC (integrated circuit), multi-tester, parallel port, PCB (printed circuit board), resistor, screw driver, soldering lead, soldering iron, Tact-Switch and electrical wire. Integrated circuits used are: 74LS138 (1-of-8 coder/demultiplexer), 74LS244 (octal 3-state buffer/Line Driver/Line Receiver), 74LS374 (Octal D-type
transparent latches and edge-triggered flip-flops) and 74LS32 (Quadruple 2inputs positive-or gates). 2. What are the input and output devices to be used? For the input device, basically, computer standard keyboard was used as the main input device, it is use normally to start the computer, to start programs, to login security password, to encode data, etc. They also utilizes switch buttons that are equipped in the storage boxes, this switch will act as an input that will send signals to the computer through the circuitry and indicate whether the storage box is available or not. Switch buttons are also placed in the platform of the forklift. It will serve as a sensor that will send signals to the computer to command the forklift where to stop. For the output device, the storing and retrieving process uses three (3) motors that are compacted in a forklift; these motors are placed in the forklift, so that it will enable the forklift to move forward, backward, upward and
45
downward. The movements of the forklift are controlled by the controller program that sends signals on internal and external circuitry. Once a specific button is pressed, the forklift will automatically store or retrieve stocks on the specified storage box. A LED bulb was also used to indicate that the system is in progress or processing. 3. How to make the input/output circuitry? The researchers started gathering informations about input/output card for the said project. They have given an address 254H 256H to decode in order to create an input/output card. They then started making the schematic diagram for the I/O card using application software called ORCAD Family Release 9.2. They then design the schematic diagram of the external circuitry of the storing and retrieving process. After finalizing the schematic diagram they then created their PCB layout, using also the said application and developed the circuit using double sided Photo PCB through fluorescent lamp. After having the final output of the PCB of the I/O card and external circuit, the researchers began to test the I/O card in the ISA slot of the computer and the external circuitry in the parallel port, and then followed by making the forklift and the storage boxes. A forklift was constructed using fibber plastic; this will serve as the main tool or device for processing the storing and retrieving of stocks automatically. And in order to control the process, it needs motors and a controller program. The storing and retrieving process uses three (3) motors that are equipped in the forklift, thus, motors are placed in the forklift so that it will be able to move forward, backward, upward and downward. Designing of the movement
46
mechanism of the forklift comes next. The movements of the forklift are controlled by the controller program that sends signals to the computer through the internal and external circuitry. The storage box was also constructed using fibber plastic; it is composed of six boxes. These boxes are equipped with switch buttons that will send signal to computer and indicate whether it is available of storing or not. After making the prototype model and finalizing the mechanism, they tested and interfaced the forklift with the stocks that has to be stored or to be retrieved in the storage box with the external circuit. 4. What specific programming language to be used? The researchers created the program for the controlling the motors and other improvement in the system using Visual Basic 6.0. 5. How will the programming language be interfaced with the circuitry and the devices? The Program of Interfacing (customized-forklift-to-computer and
computer-to-transmitter interfacing) is written in Visual Basic 6.0. First, the administrator will have to login until the correct username and password is encoded and will initialize the main operation of the system. Then, the program will wait input from the operator through the keyboard. Then the program will read the corresponding address of the input 254H and compare it to the list of the addresses in the program. The program uses If-Else-Then Statement. For the storing process, the user will encode first the name and the description of the stock, and then the program will locate which rack is available for storing. When the program detects which rack is empty, it will send signal to
47
the forklift and will automatically store the stock. After storing the stock, it will return back to its initial position. And for the retrieving process, the user will press a button that corresponds to the stock on the GUI which is to be fetched. After pressing the button, the program will automatically search the storage rack and retrieve the stock and return to its initial point. On the other hand, the program will only depend on the input command of the user. The forklift can only store or retrieve stocks one at a time and will not generate unless an electrical power is retained. The LED indicator will light up, indicating that the system is processing. Once a specific button is pressed, the forklift will automatically store or retrieve stocks on the specified storage box. After the forklift stored or retrieved the stock it will return to its initial position. The program will cycle indefinitely.
Conclusion Through the help of our Almighty Father, and the unity of the researchers, they were able to accomplish and made the project possible and successful. The researchers conclude that this design project worked out to be functional and operational storage and retrieval management system which can be adopted in manufacturing, distribution, retail, wholesale and institutions that could modernize and automate the storing and retrieving process of parts, goods and items. And like the other projects, trials and errors occurred during the establishments of the project but through strong determination, hard work,
48
believe and faith in God, the project ended up having a successful, efficient and constructive output. The researchers founded that planning everything about the project was really a tough one. Planning on how they would deal with the mechanism, proper arrangement of gears, the movements of forklift, measurements, the circuitry, I/O Card and the computer program. But through the help of their technical adviser, they were able to create the I/O Card and other external Circuits that they needed to for the project. The computer program was
created using Visual Basic 6.0 (VB6.0) which was a type of an OPP (Object Oriented Programming Language). For the storing process, you will encode first the name and the description of the stock, and then the program will locate which rack is available for storing. When the program detects which rack is empty, it will send signal to the forklift and will automatically store the stock. After storing the stock, it will return back to its initial state. And for the retrieving process, the user will press a button that corresponds to the stock on the GUI which is to be fetched. After pressing the button, the program will automatically search the storage rack and retrieve the stock and return to its initial point. On the other hand, the program will only depend on the input command of the user.
Recommendation For the improvements and actual implementation of this project the researchers would like to recommend the following:
49
1. Movement of forklift for storing and retrieving must be fast and accurate. 2. Suggestions and recommendations from other parties are always welcome as well.
50
Project Development Cost I/O Card Construction Components Breadboard Photo PCB Wires 74LS138 IC 74LS32 IC Ferric Chloride Soldering Lead
Quantity 2 1 (12x6) 2 (4x6) 5 meters 10 10 3 3 meters Total Cost
Unit Price 125 700 150 5/meter 35 18 70 45
Cost 250 1000 25 350 180 210 135 Php 2,150
External Layer Construction Components Capacitor (104 ceramic) Capacitor (2200uF/16V) Capacitor (0.22uF/16v) Capacitor (22uF/16v) Diode (D1N4001) Transistor (Q2SC828) Transistor (Q2SD882) Resistor (3.3k) Resistor (330) Resistor (22k) Resistor (1k) Resistor (120-1/2W) Resistor (150-1/2W) DC MOTOR LED (red) IC (LM317/TO220) 74LS244 IC 74LS374 IC
Quantity 4 1 1 1 14 13 12 12 1 1 16 1 1 3 1 10 10 Total Cost
Unit Price
Cost
1 1 1 1 1 1 35 6 45 50
12 1 1 16 1 1 105 6 450 500 Php
Physical Layout (Miniature) Construction Components Quantity Fiber Plastic 1 (12x20) Aluminum 1 meter Dial Cord 3 meters Glue 10 Vinyl
Unit Price 900 60 10/meter 35
Cost 900 60 30 350
Total Cost
Php
51
Documentation Components Bond Paper Ink for printer Folder Book binding
Quantity 3 reams 2 (Blk/Clr)
Unit Price 120 880/999
Cost 600
Total Cost General Production Cost Activity I/O Card Construction External Layer Construction Physical Layout (Miniature) Construction Documentation Grand Total
Php
Cost 2,150.00
Php
52
BIBLIOGRAPHY
53
BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, Chris, 2005. How to Build Effective Management Systems. Bizmanualz Publishing Company Cormier, G., Gunn, E.A., 1992. A review of warehouse models. European Journal of Operational Research 58, 313. De Koster, R., Le-Duc, T., Roodbergen, K.J., 2007. Design and control of warehouse order picking: A literature review. European Journal of Operational Research 182 (2), 481501. G. Ghiani, G. Laporte and R. Musmanno, 2004 Introduction to Logistics Systems Planning and Control. JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-84916-9 (HB) 0470-84917-7 (PB) Gu, J., Goetschalckx, M., McGinnis, L.F., 2007. Research on warehouse operation: A comprehensive review 177 (1), 121. Johnson,M.E., Brandeau,M.L., 1996. Stochastic modeling for automated material handling system design and control. Transportation Science 30 (4), 330 350. K.J. Roodbergen, I.F.A. Vis. 2008. A survey of literature on automated storage and retrieval systems. European Journal of Operational Research 194 (2009) 343362 Kusiak, A., 1985. Material handling in exible manufacturing systems. Material Flow 2, 7995. Manda, B.S., Palekar, U.S., 1997. Recent advances in the design and analysis of material handling systems. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 119, 841848 Matson, J.O., White, J.A., 1982. Operational research and material handling. European Journal of Operational Research 11, 309318. Rouwenhorst, B., Reuter, B., Stockrahm, V., Van Houtum, G.J., Mantel, R.J., Zijm, W.H.M., 2000. Warehouse design and control: Framework and literature review. European Journal of Operational Research 122, 515533.
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Van den Berg, J.P. 1999. A Literature Survey on Planning and Control of Warehousing Systems. IIE Transactions, vol. 31, no.8, p.751762. Zollinger, H., 1999. AS/RS application, benets and justication in comparison to other storage methods: A white paper. Automated Storage Retrieval Systems Production Section of the Material Handling Industry of America.
INTERNET REFERENCES
http://automatedretrievalsystem.com/ http://electronics-diy.com/stepper_motors.php http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_storage_and_retrieval_system http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepper_motor http://home.cogeco.ca/~rpaisley4/Stepper.html http://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/ejores/v194y2009i2p343-362.html http://mansueto.lib.uchicago.edu/shelving.html http://www.aaroncake.net/circuits/stepper.asp http://www.bastiansolutions.com/automation/automated-storage-and-retrievalsystem/default.asp http://www.cisco-eagle.com/material-handling-systems/asrs-systems http://www.codeproject.com/KB/vbscript/Stepper_Motor_Control.aspx
55
http://www.daifukuamerica.com/case_studies/3/12/ManufacturingDistribution/Automated-Storage-Retrieval-System-AS-RS http://www.daifukuamerica.com/products/3/12//ManufacturingDistribution/Automated-Storage-Retrieval-System-AS-RS http://www.doctronics.com http://www.egeminautomation.com/ASRS http://www.en.wikipedia.org/warehouse_automation http://www.iimm.org/automated_storage_and_retrieval_system http://www.jervisbwebb.com/Categories/AutoStorRetr.aspx?cid=4 http://www.mhia.org/industrygroups/as-rs http://www.mhia.org/industrygroups/as-rs/casestudies http://www.stepperworld.com/Tutorials/pgCurrentControl.htm http://www.westfaliausa.com/ http://www.wikipedia.com/utomated_storage_&_retrieval_system
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APPENDICES
57
Gantt Chart
58
CURRICULUM VITAE
59
PERSONAL BACKGROUND NAME: NICKNAME: BIRTH DATE: ADDRESS: CONTACT NO.: EMAIL ADDRESS: TEAM/GROUP: AIRA MAY ATANAS MAY 11, 1990 CALUMPANG, ESTANCIA, ILOILO 09465793337 greenlady_zip@yahoo.com BRAVO EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ATTENDED: YEAR GRADUATED: SECONDARY SCHOOL ATTENDED: YEAR GRADUATED: TERTIARY SCHOOL ATTENDED: COURSE: YEAR GRADUATED: PHILOSOPHY: CONCLUSION: HIJAS DE JESUS SCHOOL 2002 2003 HIJAS DE JESUS SCHOOL 2007 2008 COLEGIO DE LA PURISIMA CONCEPCION Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering 2011 2012 Failures are just learning experiences. The only real failure is the one from which you have learned nothing. I learned that success is gained through sacrifices and hardship, but you could only achieve it with strong determination, believe and faith in God. Because God will always find a way and provides everything that we need.
60
PERSONAL BACKGROUND NAME: NICKNAME: BIRTH DATE: ADDRESS: CONTACT NO.: EMAIL ADDRESS: TEAM/GROUP: JOEDHEL LLOYD EYAO OBORDO Ojie APRIL 22, 1991 IMBOG MANINANG, SAPIAN CAPIZ 09486088867 yiandrill_jlo@yahoo.com BRAVO EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL ATTENDED: YEAR GRADUATED: SECONDARY SCHOOL ATTENDED: YEAR GRADUATED: TERTIARY SCHOOL ATTENDED: COURSE: YEAR GRADUATED: PHILOSOPHY: CONCLUSION: SAPIAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 2002 2003 SAPIAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 2007 2008 COLEGIO DE LA PURISIMA CONCEPCION Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering 2011 2012 Failures are just learning experiences. The only real failure is the one from which you have learned nothing. I learned that success is gained through sacrifices and hardship, and you could only achieve it with strong determination, believe and faith in God. Because God will always find a way and provides everything that we need.
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Computer Engineering 2012 Team Bravo

CPC | Automated Storage and Retrieval Management System