٧

±≥∏∑ÊU²Ä“¨≤ÈÁ—ULý¨ÂËœ Ë XOÐÈÁ—Ëœ

هﺪﻴﻜﭼور ﻪـﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳا ردﺮﺑ هدﺎﺳ ﻰﺷﺰـﻤﺳا رﺎﺸﻓ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ىازآ ﻚﻳ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ،ىرا ﺶـﻳﺎﻣﻮﺷﻰﻣ ﻪﻳاﺎﺑ .د ور ﻦﻳا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳاﻮﺗﻰﻣ شﺰﻤﺳا رﺎﺸﻓ نار ىﻮﻴﻣ رد اﻮـﮔ تﺎﺠﻳﺰﺒﺳ و ﺎﻫهﻮﮔﺎﻧزاﺪﻧا نﺮﻴﮔهﺮﻛ ى.د زآ ﻦﻳا ردﺰﻤﺳا رﺎﺸﻓ ،ﺶﻳﺎﻣزﺐﻴﺳ رد ى.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻰﻨﻴﻣ وﺪﻴﻠﻛژاﺰﻤﺳا رﺎﺸﻓ :ﺎﻫهزﺐﻴﺳ ،ىﻰﻨﻴﻣ

زﺮﻫ

ﻰﻟﺎﻤﺷ ه

ﺗ ــﻌ ﻴﻴ ﻦ ـــﻓ ﺸ ﺎ را ـــﺳىﺰﻤ ﻴﺳ ردﺐ زﻰﻨﻴﻣ

ﻦﺨﺳ زﺎﻏآ

،ﻪـﻧﺎـﻣﺎﺳ ﻚﻳ ﻰﺑآ ﻞﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ

،رﺎﺒﻋﻰـﻳﺎﻴﻤﻴﺷ ﻞﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ زا تﺮﺷ رد بآ ﮋـﻳو ﻂﻳاﻞـﻴـﺴـﻧﺎـﺘـﭘ .ﺖـﺳا ﻢﺠﺣ و رﺎﺸﻓ ،ﺎﻣد زا ىاهژﺮﻧا راﺪﻘﻣ ﻰﻳﺎﻴﻤﻴﺷزآ ىﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ﻰﻳژﺮﻧا ﺎﻳ دارﺎﻛ نداد مﺎﺠﻧا ىا ﻮـﻣ ﻚﻳ ردﺮـﺘﺳد رد بآ لﺮﻗ سﺮـﻴﮔﻰﻣ راو رد .دﻞـﻴـﺴـﻧﺎﺘﭘ ،ﻊﻗا ﺮـﺑ ﻰـﻛﻼـﻣ ﻰـﻳﺎﻴﻤﻴﺷﻮـﮕـﭼ ﻰﺑﺎﻳزرا ىاﺮـﻴـﻴﻐﺗ ﻰﮕﻧژﺮـﻧا تازﺎﻓ ى ردﻮـﻣ داﺪﻌﺗ ىﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧﺰﺟ ﻚﻳ ىﺎﻫلﺮﺷ رد ﺖﺳا ﻪﻧﺎﻣﺎﺳ رد ءﻰﻄﻳا ﺰـﺟا ﻪﻛﻪـﺘـﺷاد ﻪـﮕـﻧ ﺖـﺑﺎـﺛ ﻪـﻧﺎﻣﺎﺳ رد رﺎﺸﻓ و ﺎﻣد ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺮﮕﻳد ىاﺮﺗﺶﻴﺑ ﻞﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﻪﻛ ﻰﻳﺎﺟ زا بآ .ﺪﻧاهﺪﺷراد ىﺮﺣ ﻰﺘﻤﺳ ﻪﺑ دﺖﻛ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺗﻢﻛ ﻰﺑآ ﻞﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ زا ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛﻰﻣرﻮﺧﺰﻤﺳا رﺎﺸﻓ رد .ﺖﺳا رادى ﺮﺗ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﻰﺑآ ﻞﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ،ﺖﺑﺎﺛﻮﺷﻰﻣ ﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺐﻴﺗ:د

μ = μ

نآ رد ﻪﻛ

ﺰـﻤﺳا رﺎﺸﻓىهدﺎـﻣ ﻚـﻳ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ زا ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا ىﻮﺷﻞﺣرد هﺪﺷ دﺎﺠﻳا رﺎﺸﻓ رد ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ و هﺪﻧﻮﻔﻧ ىﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧﻰﺷﺎﻧ ،بآ ذ ﻮﺷﻰﻣﺰﻤﺳا رﺎﺸﻓ .دﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﻚﻳ ىر لﻮﺧ زا ﻰﻜﻳ ،ﻖﻴﻗﻰﻌﻤﺟ صا ﻮﻠﺤﻣﺮﻳز ﺖﺳﺎﻫلراد ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ هﺪﺷﻞﺣ ىهدﺎﻣ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺎﺑ اد .ﺖﺳا نآ ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ زا ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ،ﺎﻣاﺰﻤﺳا رﺎﺸﻓﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﻚﻳ ىر لﻮﺷﻞﺣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻖﻴﻗﻮﻳﺮﻴﻏ ىاهﺪﻧﻰﻧ و ىﻪﻟدﺎﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻨﺑﻮﻫ ﺖﻧاﺮﻗ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ف:ﺖﺳا را

= −

CRT

نآ رد ﻪﻛ

ﻮـﻣ ﺖﻈﻠﻏﻮـﺷﻞﺣ ﻰﻟ،هﺪﻧ

زﺎـﮔ ﺖﺑﺎﺛﺮـﺑ و ﺎﻫﺎﺑ ﺮﺑا

0821

L.atmK.mol

و

وﺰـﻓا .ﺖـﺳا ﻦﻳﻮﻠﻛ ىﺎﻣدﻮـﺷﻞﺣ ندﻪـﺑ هﺪﻧ

g¹UÄ“¬UÐ‘“uÄ¬

ﺰﻤﺳا رﺎﺸﻓ ،بآ ر نآ ىروآﻰﻣ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ اﺮﻓ .دﺮﻇ ﻚﻳ ﻢﻴﻨﻛ ضف

ﻞﻜﺷﺮﺗﻢﻴﻧ ﻰﻳﺎﺸﻏ نآ رد ﻪﻛ ﻢﻴﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷادوالﻼﺣ ،ا

ﻮﻠﺨﻣ وﻮﺷﻞﺣ طهﺪﻧﻰﻨﻌﻳ ،لﻼﺣ و

رﺮﻛ اﺪﺟ ﺮﮕﻳدﻚﻳ زا اﻪﻛ ﺎﺟنآ زا .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هدﻮﺗﻰﻣ لﻼﺣ ﺎﻬﻨﺗر زا ﺲﭘ ،ﺪﻨﻛ رﻮﺒﻋ ﺎﺸﻏ زا ﺪﻧا،لدﺎﻌﺗ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ نﺪﻴﺳراﻮـﻟ زا ىاﻪـﺧﺎـﺷ رد ﻊﻳﺎﻣ عﺎﻔﺗﻪـﻛ ﻪﻟ

وﻮﺟراد دﺮـﺗﺶﻴﺑ ،د ﻮﺷﻰﻣرﺎـﺸﻓ .دﻮـﺘﺳ ﻦﻳا ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ىو نراﻮـﺷﻰﻣ درا ﺎﺗ دود رد ﻊـﻳﺎﻣ عﺎﻔﺗ ﻮﻟ ىﻪﺧﺎﺷﻮـﺷ نﺎﺴﻜﻳ ﻪﻟﺰﻤﺳا رﺎﺸﻓ نﺎﻤﻫ ،درد ﻪـﻛ ﺖﺳا ىىﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ

٧

±≥∏∑ÊU²Ä“¨≤ÈÁ—ULý¨ÂËœ Ë XOÐÈÁ—Ëœ

٨

±≥∏∑ÊU²Ä“ ¨≤ÈÁ—ULý¨ÂËœ Ë XOÐÈÁ—Ëœ

ﻮﺷﻞﺣ نﺪﺷ ﻞﺣﺮﻓﺮﻴﻏ ىهﺪﻧ ّ.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ دﺎﺠﻳا لﻼﺣ رد را

زﺐـﻴـﺳ ﻪـﭼنﺎـﻨﭼﺮـﻗ ﺺـﻟﺎـﺧ بآ رد ﻰـﻨـﻴـﻣﺮـﻴﮔ راﻪـﺑ بآ ،د ﻮـﻠﺳﻮـﻔﻧ نآ ىﺎﻫلﺮـﻳز ﺪـﻨﻛﻰﻣ ذو ﺖـﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ اﻮﺟﻮـﺷﻞﺣ دىﺎـﻫهﺪﻧ ،ﻰـﻤـﺳﻼـﭘﻮـﺘﻴﺳ

ﻮـﻠـﺳﺮـﺗﻢـﻛ راﺪـﻘﻣ لراد ىﻮـﻔـﻧ ﺎﺑ .د،بآ ذ ﻮﻠﺳزﺐﻴﺳ ىﺎﻫلﺮﺟ ،هﺪﺷ ﺮﺗﻢﻴﺠﺣ ﻰﻨﻴﻣﺮﺗﺶﻴﺑ مﺎﺗ .ﺪﻨﺑﺎﻳﻰﻣ ى زﻪﻛ ﻰﻧﺎﻣ

ﻮﻠﺳﺎﺑ ل

ﺮﺑ بآ ﻮﺷ ﺮﺑاﻮﻔﻧ ،د.ﺪﻨﻛﻰﻣ اﺪﻴﭘ ﻪﻣادا بآ ذ

ﻮﻠﺳ ﻪﻛ ﻰﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫزﺐﻴﺳ ىﺎﻫلﻮﻠﺤﻣ رد ﻰﻨﻴﻣﺮﻗ ﺮﻜﺷ لهداد را ﻮﺷ،ﺪﻧ

ﻮﻠﺳزا ل

ﻮﻠﺳ زا بآ ﺲﭘ .ﺖﺳا ﺮﺗﺶﻴﺑ بآ رﺎﺧ لج ﻮﺷﻰﻣﺮﺟ و ﻢﺠﺣ و دﻮﻠﺳ مﻮﺘﻣ ﻰﺘﻈﻠﻏ رد .ﺪﺑﺎﻳﻰﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ لﻂﺳ ،ﺮﻜﺷ زا

ﻮـﻠﺳﻮﻠﺤﻣ و لﺮـﺑ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ لﺮـﻴـﻴﻐﺗ ﭻﻴﻫ ،هﺪﺷ ﺮﺑارد ى ﺮﺟﻮـﻠﺳ ﻢﺠﺣ و مﻮـﺷﻰـﻤﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ لﻮـﺗﻰﻣ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﻦﻳا رد .دنا ﻮﻠﺳ ﻰﺑآ ﻞﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘر لىﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ا

روآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ.د

ﻮﻣو و دارﻮﻣ ﻞﻳﺎﺳزﺎﻴﻧ د

١ﻮﻟﺎﺑﻢﺠﺣ ﻪﺑ ن

١٠٠٠،٨ﻢﺠﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺸﺑ

٢٥٠،١ﻮﺘﺳارﺪﻣ ىﻪﻧاﻢﺠﺣ ﻪﺑ ج

١٠٠،١ﻮﺘﺳارﺪﻣ ىﻪﻧاﻢﺠﺣ ﻪﺑ ج

٥٠ﺰــﻤـﻫ ،ﺮـﺒـﻧا ،،لﺎــﻤــﺘــﺳد ،ﺞـﻨـﺳﺎـﻣد ،ىاﻪـﺸـﻴـﺷ ن زﺐﻴﺳ.زورﺎﻛﺎﺳ و ﺮﻄﻘﻣبآ ،ﻰﻨﻴﻣ

وررﺎﻛ ش

١.

٣٤٢ر ﺮــﻜـﺷﻮــﻟﺎـﺑ ﻚـﻳ رد ان ١٠٠٠ﺮـﺘﻴﻟﻰﻠﻴﻣﺮـﻄﻘﻣبآ ﺎﺑ و ﺪﻳﺰﻳﺮﺑ ىﺮﺑ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻪﺑﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻴﻧﺎﺳل

١ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﺮﻜﺷﻮﺷ.د٢.٨ر ﺮﺸﺑر ﻚـﻳ رد اﺪﻳراﺬﮕﺑ ﻳد ،رﻮـﺘـﺳد ﻪـﺑ ﺎـﻨـﺑ و٨ﻮـﻠـﺤـﻣﺎـﺑ ﺮـﻜـﺷ ل وﺎـﻔﺘﻣ ىﺎﻫﺖﻈﻠﻏوﺪـﺟ ،ﺪـﻴﻨﻛ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ تل١.٣.٨زﺐﻴﺳ ﻪﻌﻄﻗﺖﻣﺎﺨﺿ ﻪﺑ ﻰﻨﻴﻣ٢ﺎﺗ٣.ﺪﻳﺮﺒﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻰﻠﻴﻣ ر ﺎﻫنآ ور ار ﺎﺗ ﺪﻳراﺬﮕﺑ لﺎﻤﺘﺳد ىﺮﮔ نﺎﺸﺘﺑﻮﻃﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﻓ.د ٤ر ﺎﻫﻪﻌﻄﻗ .زو ازﺐﻴﺳ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﻚﻳ ﺮﺸﺑ ﺮﻫ رد و ﺪﻴﻨﻛ نﻰﻨﻴﻣ تﺪـﻣ ﻪـﺑ و ﺪـﻳزاﺪـﻨﻴﺑ١ﻮـﻠـﺤـﻣ زورﻪـﻧﺎـﺒﺷر ﺎﻫلﻮـﺧ لﺎـﺣ ﻪﺑ اد .ﺪﻳراﺬﮕﺑ٥زﺐﻴﺳ ،ﺮﺒﻧا ﺎﺑ .ر ﺎـﻫﻰﻨﻴﻣﻮﻠﺤﻣ زا اوﺮﻴﺑ نﺎﺸﻟو ﺪـﻳروﺎﻴﺑ ن ورﻮﺷ ﻚﺸﺧ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻳراﺬﮕﺑ لﺎﻤﺘﺳد ىرﺎﺑود ﺲﭙﺳ .ﺪﻧر ﺎﻫنآ هزو ان زو فﻼﺘﺧا و ﺪﻴﻨﻛر نﺎﺸﻧ.ﺪﻳروآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ رﺎﻛ زﺎﻏآ ﺎﺑ ا٦ﻮﻠﺤﻣ ىﺎﻣد .ر ﺎﻫل.ﺪﻴﻨﻛ ﺖﺷاددﺎﻳ ا ٧ﻮﻤﻧ .ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ رادر ﺮﻜﺷ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ تاﺮﺑ ارد ﺐﺴﺣزو ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺪﺻن زﺐﻴﺳ ىﺎﻫﻪﻌﻄﻗر ﻰﻨﻴﻣ.ﺪﻴﻨﻛ ﻢﺳ٨زو ﺮـﻴـﻴﻐﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻰﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ .ر ﺮـﻜـﺷ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ،ﺖﺳا ﺮﻔﺻ نزا ا ورﻮﻤﻧ ىىﻪﻟدﺎﻌﻣ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ و ﺪﻴﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ راد٢ﺰﻤﺳا رﺎﺸﻓ ،ى ر.ﺪﻳروآ ﺖﺳدﻪﺑ ا

ﺚﺤﺑ

وﺪﺟل٢زوزﺐﻴﺳ ىﺎﻫﻪﻌﻄﻗ نﻰﻨﻴﻣ

(g)

رزآ زﺎﻏآ رد او ﺶﻳﺎﻣﺮﻗ زا ﺲﭘﺮﮔ راﻮﻠﺤﻣ رد ﻦﺘﻓ.ﺪﻫدﻰﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺎﻫل

رﺎﻤﺷﺮﺸﺑ ه١٢٣٤٥٦٧٨

ﺮﻄﻘﻣبآ ﻢﺠﺣ

١٠٠٩٠٨٠٧٠٦٠٥٠٤٠٣٠

ﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﻢﺠﺣل

١ﺮﻜﺷ

 ١٠٢٠٣٠٤٠٥٠٦٠٧٠

ﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﺖﻈﻠﻏﺮﺸﺑ ل

٠١٫٠٢٫٠٣٫٠٤٫٠٥٫٠٦٫٠٧٫٠

وﺪﺟل١

زوﻰﻳﺎﻬﻧ ن١٤٫٨٠٧٫٨٤٩٫٧٦٥٫٦٣١٫٧٣٥٫٤٣٥٫٥٥٢٫٦زووا نﻪﻴﻟ٥١٫٦٠٩٫٧٠٥٫٧٥٠٫٦٠١٫٨٣٦٫٥٠١٫٧٩١٫٨) ﺖﻈﻠﻏ