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Ampere
’s Law
 
Emily A. GatlinPartner:
Whitney Heaston
 Performed:
4 March 2009
 11 March 2009John Caruth
 ~
Page 1
~
 
OOBBJJEECCTTIIVVEE 
This experiment see
ks to show the validity of Ampere’s Law while learning
 about an application for giant magneto-resistive sensors. This experimentmeasures the magnetic field strength as a function of the distance measuredperpendicularly from a long current carrying wire.
IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN 
Static magnetic fields contain currents flowing through wires or space, and ingeometrically symmetric situations,
Ampere’s Law
enables the calculation of the
magnetic field in terms of current. Ampere’s Law is a mathematical formulation
that relates the magnetic field strength with any currents associated with thatmagnetic field. It is the closed integration of the magnitude of the magneticfield that equals the product between the permeability of free space and thecurrent expressed
 
0
Bdl B dl I 
(1.1)Integration along the length of the circle yields the infinitesimal differences of 
  
0
B i
where
  
B
and
  
are vector quantities (1.2)In general,
  
B
and
 Δ
  
have, a product that only the component of 
  
B
is multipliedtimes the increment length. In vector multiplication,
  
B
 
is the ―dot product‖
or the scalar multiplication given by
 
Emily A. Gatlin Ampere
’
s Law 11 March 09
~
Page 2
~
r
  
d 
  
  
 B
  
 B
  
 B
  
 B
  
 B
  
 B
  
 B
  
  
 B
r
  
 B
r
 
ii
  
coscos
B B B
(1.3)where
=
angle between
 
  
B
 
and 
 
 Δ
  
 
cos
B
is the component of 
  
B
along
 Δ
  
 The current on the wiregenerates a magnetic field
 – 
amagnetic field that follows theright-hand rule. If themagnetic field moves clockwise, the current flows into the board. The converseis also true, where if the current were moving into the paper, the magnetic fieldwould be clockwise.If the circular path were divided into a large number of increments
as shownabove,
 B
has the same magnitude at every increment and is in the same directionas
. Here, the angler between
  
B
and
  
is zero. Using
0
,
cos1
theproduct
  
B
is
B
. Thus, the summation expression is now
  
0
cos0
B B B B i
(1.4)where
2
r 
,
radius of circular
r 
 Thus,
0
2
B r i 
0
2
I B r 
(1.5)When rearranged, this equation makes
B i 
a linear function of 
1
r 
to give a straightline when graphed:
0
12
B i r 
 
 
Emily A. Gatlin Ampere
’
s Law 11 March 09
~
Page 3
~
The very long straight length of wire carrying a current verifies Ampere’s law
using this relationship. The magnetic field decreases inversely with distance andmeasured radially outward from the wire.
PPRROOCCEEDDUURREE 
Apparatus
The apparatus used to verify the aforementionedrelationship is roughly depicted on the left. Thedistance is determined with a digital scale to aprecision of 0.01-mm and the radius is the distancebetween the center of the wire and the point that the sensor is located beneaththe surface of its mounting package. A Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) sensormeasures the magnetic field whose change in volts is directly proportional to thechange in magnetic field strength.The digital anameter determines the measure of the current present in the wire.We gathered data at approximately 0.1-mm intervals in the range 0.2-mm to1.00-mm, 0.5-mm intervals in the range 1-mm to 5-mm, 1.0-mm intervals in therange 5-mm to 10-mm, and 5.0-mm intervals in the range 10-mm to 50-mm.After the collection of data, the graph of 
vers1
 
us
B i r 
allows the acquisition of the linear regression equation in order to gain the measured value
0
. The slope
m 
of this line gives the value
0
2
.
Voltage
of 00

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