6 .3G ro w th a n d D e c a y in S c ie n c e a n d E c o n o m ic s
(p a g e2 5 0 )
2 4 y= e-X
s o lv e s
=-y . T h e d iffe re n c e e q u a tio n Y (x+f) =Y (x )-fY (x ) w ith Y (0 )=1 givesY(f )=1
3
4
a n d Y ( l )=(z ). (C o m p a re e-'
=.3 7 w ith
(Q )4
=.3 2 . S e e t h e e n d o f S e c tio n 6 .6 .)
2 6 \/E ; is the sam e ass l2 . Its graph a t x=
-2 ,0 ,2
has the sam e heightsf ,1 , e as the graph of ex at
x=-1 ,o ,1 .
2 8 ( e 3 ') ( e 7 " )
=e lo x w h ic h is th e d e riv a tiv e of & e l k
3 0 2 -x
=
,- x
1 n 2 w h ic h h a s a n tid e riv a tiv e d
e
-
~
=
l n
in 2
3 4
-e c o s
x+
e e inx
3 6x e x- e x
3 2 e-"
+x -~h a s a n tid e riv a tiv e -e -=
+
3 8 ex m eets xx at x= e. Their slopes are ex and x x (l+ In x)b y Exam ple 6. A t x= e those slopes are ee and
2ee. T he ratio$=
( %
) I
a p p ro a c h e s in fin ity .
40 At x=0 e q u a l i t y h o l d s : e 0=1+ 0 a n d e -O
=1-0. (a) B eyond x= 0 the slope of ex exceeds the slope of
1+x (this m eans ex>1 ). So ex increases faster th an1+ x. (b) B eyond x= 0 the slope of e-l
i s
larger than the slope of1-x (th is m ean s -e-'
>-1 ).
S in c e th e y s ta r t to g e th e r, e-'
is larger than1- x.
4 2 x l/'
=e ( l n x ) / xh a s s l o p e e ( l n X ) l z ( $-9 )
7
)
=x l~ ('-ln x
.T his slope is zero atx= e, w hen ln x=1 .
T h e s e c o n d d e riv a tiv e is n e g a tiv e s o th e m a x im u m of x l/"
is elle. Check: $e(ln x ) / x ( y )=
+
L
e (ln ~ )/~ [(l-lt~ )2
.
L
]=
at x= e.
x
44 xe= ex at x= e. This is the only point w here xee-"
=1because the derivative is xe(-e-")
+e x e -le -'
=
(i-l) x e e - % .T h is d e riv a tiv e is p o s itiv e fo r x< e a n d n e g a tiv e fo r
x
>e. S o th e fu n c tio n x e e -%
increases to1at x= e and then decreases: it never equals 1a g a in .
4 61;sin x e C 0 8 x d x=
[-e C o S x ]~
=- e - l
+e .
3
4 8
f
12 -~ d x=
(b y P ro b le m
30) [& 2-"]L1
=& (+-2 ) =
- u \ue000
5 0J r x e - " 'd x
=J re e -u d u
[
-
L
2
2 1 0
3 .
2-
.
\ue000
m
=1
5 2J i e l+ ~ 'xdx= [ i e l + ~ ' ] ~
z("
=1
2-e )
=
1 1
5 4$ ,'
-e ')lO e ~ d x=
-
1:
[- \ue000
=-
1 1
5 6y ' (x )=
5y ( x ) is s o lv e d b y y= A e5'
(Ai s any constant). C hoose A=2 so that y (x )= 2 e 5 ~h as y(0)= 2.
5 8 T h e a s y m p to te s of( 1+
!)x
=
( ? ) %
=(A )-'are x=- 1
(fro m th e la s t fo rm u la ) a n d y= e (fro m
th e
first fo rm u la).
6 0 T h e m a x im u m
of x6e-"
o c c u rs w h e n i t s d e riv a tiv e (6 % '-x 6 )e -"
is z e ro . T h e nx=
6(note that x= 0
isa m in im u m ).
6 2 lim $
=lim F6 x S
=lim T3 0 s'
=lim T1 2 0 x 3 =l
i
m
F= l i m
F= l i m
F= 0 .
6 .3
G row th and D ecayi n
S c ie n c e a n d E c o n o m ic s
(p a g e2 5 0 )
ln 2
Ify'= cy th e n y ( t)= y o e c t.
Ifd y ld t= 7 y a n d yo= 4 th e n y ( t)= 4 e 7 t. T h is s o lu tio n re a c h e s8 a tt=
7
.
ln 2
Ifth e d o u b lin g tim e isT th e n c=T .If y'=
3y and y(1)=
9then yo w as ge-'.
W hen
cis n e g a tiv e , th e
s o lu tio n a p p r o a c h e s z e r o a s t- +
oo.
T h e c o n s ta n t s o lu tio n t o d y l d t= y + 6 is y=-6 .
T h e g e n e ra l s o lu tio n is y= A e t- 6 .If yo=4 th e n A= 1 0 .
The solution of dyldt=cy+s starting from
yois y= A ect+B=
( y o+ :)e c t
-e.T h e o u tp u t fro m th e so u rc e
ise ( e c t-1 ).A n in p u t a t tim eT g ro w s b y th e fa c to r e c ( t- T )
a t tim e t.
A t
c=lo % , th e in terest in tim e d t is dy=
.O 1 yd t. T h is e q u a tio n y ie ld s y ( t)= y O e -O 1 t. W ith a s o u rc e
t e r m
in s te a d of y o , a c o n tin u o u s d e p o s it ofs=4000/year yields y= 40,00O (e-1 ) after ten years. The deposit
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