Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Announcements
kashaw@cs.stanford.edu Ethernet
Network
Tokenring
mar@cs.washington.edu
MSN Messenger
LAN 1
Few thousand meters Ethernet FDDI Token ring Packets routed based on physical address (MAC)
Network technologies:
Ethernet
Tokenring
LAN 2
LAN 1
Few thousand meters Ethernet FDDI Token ring Packets routed based on physical address (MAC)
Network technologies:
Ethernet
?
Tokenring
LAN 2
Hub
Bridge
Hub
Ethernet
Ethernet
Bridge
Switch
Ethernet
CISCOSYSTEMS
Ethernet
CISCOSYSTEMS
T3
CISCOSYSTEMS
STS-N
Switch
Router
Originally gateway Forwards packets based on network layer info (IP) Separate broadcast domains In each domain, IP packet encapsulated in domainspecific packet
Ethernet
CISCOSYSTEMS
Ethernet
CISCOSYSTEMS
Router
CISCOSYSTEMS
Tokenring
Internet Society
http://www.isoc.org
Networks
MCI Worldcom, Sprint, Earthlink, Exchange points provide connections between networks Network Access Points open access policies
Build national or global networks Lease space at NAPs Sell bandwidth to regional NSPs Regional NSP sell bandwidth to ISP
Application
Network
Link Physical
Internet Protocol
Protocol Stack
App Transport Network Link TCP / UDP IP
Data Hdr
TCP Segment
Hdr
Data
IP Datagram
IP Datagram
IP Addresses
Specifies both network and host Number of bits allocated to specify network varies Three classes:
A B host 1 0 net host 110 C net host
0 net
1 7
24 bits
14
16 bits
21
8 bits
IP Addresses
IP (Version 4) Addresses are 32 bits long IP Addresses Assigned Statically or Dynamically (DHCP) IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long
IP Address Space
Originally, 3 Classes
A, B, C
Problem
Solution
Subnetting (e.g. within Stanford) Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
Subnetting
IP Address plus subnet mask (netmask) IP Addr: 171.64.15.82 Netmask: 0xFFFFFF00 (111...1100000000)
First
24 bits are the Subnet ID (the neighborhood) Last 8 bits are Host ID (the street address)
or 171.64.15/24
Subnetting at Stanford
To: cenic.net
dcl-rtr
171.64.1.132
171.64.74.0/24
171.64.1.132/30
171.64.1.133 171.64.1.161 171.64.1.178 bbr2-rtr 171.64.74.1 Gates- rtr
171.64.1.160/27
171.64.74.58
yuba
171.64.1.144/28
IP Routing
Next-Hop
IP Routing Hop-by-Hop
128.17.20.1
R2 R3 R4
Next-hop
128.17.16.1 128.17.14.1 128.17.14.1 128.17.10.1 128.17.14.1 128.17.20.1 128.17.16.1
Port
3 2 2 7 2 1 3
1 R1 2 3
128.17.16.1
Forwarding/routing table
232-1
216
232-1
128.9.16.14
128.9/16
232-1
128.9.16.14
232-1
128.9.16.14
Network Programs
Summary of IP
Protocol Stack
App Transport Network Link TCP / UDP IP
Data Hdr
TCP Segment
Hdr
Data
IP Datagram
Characteristics
Three Phases
(Passive) Server
Data Transfer
Byte 80
Host A
Host B
Data Transfer
Byte 80
TCP Data
Host A
TCP Data
Byte 80
Host B
IP Hdr
0
Src port
15
Dst port
31
Sequence #
Ack Sequence #
URG ACK PSH RST SYN FIN
HLEN 4 RSVD 6
Flags
Window Size
Checksum
Urg Pointer
(TCP Options)
TCP Data
(Passive) Server
Sending a Message
Leland.Stanford.edu Ron
Transport Layer
Application Layer
Arachne.Berkeley.edu Leslie
O.S.
D H
Data
Header
Data
Header
O.S.
D H
Network Layer
Link Layer
UDP
Protocol Stack
App Transport Network Link TCP / UDP IP
Data Hdr
TCP Segment
Hdr
Data
IP Datagram
Connectionless,
Datagram, Unreliable
Adds only application multiplexing/demultiplexing and checksumming to IP Good for Streaming Media, Real-time Multiplayer Networked Games, VoIP
Summary
IP is the basis of Internetworking TCP builds on top of IP adds reliable, congestion-controlled, connectionoriented byte-stream. UDP builds on top of IP allows access to IP functionality