2

1391

11

)f(R,T

15

19

23

27

31

DBI

35

39

- :

43

47

M33 :

51

55

59

63

67

71

)f (R

75

NU - 1+1

79

83

87

-n

91

95

SDSS J2215-0045

98

102

106

110

114

117

)f(T

121

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133

136

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157

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) f(T

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. .
.
.

Two Black Holes in a Background Temperature, the Universe Entropy: Entropic Force
Investigation
Davoud Kamani

)Faculty of Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic

P.O.Box: 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
We use the Newton's law of gravitation as an entropic force to study some thermodynamical properties of a
system of two Schwarzschild black-holes immersed in a background temperature. We assume the two blackholes are at large separation distance. We extract entropy, free energy and internal energy of the system. In
addition, by obtaining the entropy of the Universe we demonstrate that each galaxy is shrinking.
.
PACS No. 04.70.Dy; 04.25.dg

].[4

] .[4

] .[2 , 1

1995

] .[3

M 1 M 2 .

ur
MM r
F g = G 1 3 2 r
r
] .[4

) ( T .

M 1

M 2 r .

-
.

RS(1) + RS(2) ,

RS(1) . ) RS(2

MM
)(
TdS (r ) = G 1 2 2 dr .
r

.

. .

G M1M 2
)(
.
S ( r ) = S0 +
T
r
S 0 .

.
.

. S 0

)(1
) (2
S0 = S BH
.
+ S BH
-

.
.

.
kB A
,
4 L2P

= S BH

LP = G h / c 3 k B

. ] [4

. A = 4 RS2

ur r
ur
)(
F (r ) = T S ,
r
r

RS = 2GM / c 2 .

M 1 M 2 T . )

M 2 + M 2 G M 1M 2
). (
S (r ) = 4 kB 1 2 2 +
MP T r
M P = hc / G .

S .

( .

.
.

M2 +M2
)Fmax = 4 k BT 1 2 2 . (
MP

. Fmax

) (

. r
Fmax

r0 F ( r0 ) = 0

F U

) (8 . F ( r0 ) = 0

)(

T S =U F.

) (4

)(
)(

M2 +M2
MM
F = 4 k BT 1 2 2 G 1 2 ,
r
MP
M2 +M2
U = 8 k BT 1 2 2 .
MP

. i j
) (3

r .

)(

G Mi M j
,
T ri j

Si j = Si + S j +

Si S j

ri j . ) (9 N

. F

W . ) (6

} {M i | i = 1, 2,. . . , N .

TS

)RS(1) + RS(2

) (6 .

)(

dF = dW

1
Si j , N 2 .
N 1 i , j =1

= SN

j >i

ri j

.
) (6 1 / r

i =1

S N = Si .
) (10 .

F .

( . T

- -

NS

NB

I =1

i =1

rI J ri I

) (i
) (I
SUniverse = S BH
+ S star
)+S BB + S SS + S BS , (

( N S ) N B ) (

) (i
S BH - i th
.

) (I

S star I .

S BB .

) (I
S star
< AI3/4

] .[5

) (9 ) (10

) 1 G N B M B( i ) M B( j
,

N B 1 T i , j =1 ri j

)(

= S BB

j >i

N Si
G NB 1
M S( iI ) M S(iJ )
), (

T i =1 N Si 1 I , J =1
IJ
J >I

= S SS

.
.

)(

) G N B NS M (i ) M (iI
= B S ,
T i =1 I =1
ri I

" " .

S BS

) M B(i i N Si

i ( rI J ) ri j

i ) j I J
( . ) ri I (14

I .

ri I rI i . riI |i = I =n 0

[1] J.D. Bekenstein, Black holes and entropy,

Phys. Rev. D7 (1973) 2333.
[2] S.W. Hawking,Particle creation by black
holes, Comm. Math. Phys. 43 (1975) 199.
[3] T. Jacobson, Thermodynamics of spacetime:
The Einstein equation of state, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 75 (1995) 1260, arXiv: gr-qc/9504004.
[4] E.P. Verlinde, On the Origin of Gravity and
the Laws of Newton, JHEP 1104:029 , 2011,
arXiv: 1001.0785 [hep-th].
[5] G. 't Hooft, Dimensional reduction in
quantum gravity, arXiv: gr-qc/9310026.

) (14
.


.

.

.
ri j

S BB .

-
2

21 12
1

.
.

Emergence of spacetime dynamics in entropy corrected theory

Sheykhi, Ahmad1,2; Dehghani, Mohammad Hossein1,2 ; Hosseini, Seyedeh Elaheh1
1 Physics Department and Biruni Observatory, Shiraz University, Shiraz
2 Center for Excellence in Astronomy and Astrophysics (CEAA-RIAAM) of Maragha

Abstract
Recently Padmanabhan suggested that the difference between the surface degrees of freedom and the bulk
degrees of freedom in a region of space drives the accelerated expansion of the universe, as well as the
standard Friedmann .In this paper, we first derive the Friedmann equation of FRW universe by using the area
law of entropy. Then, by applying the Padmanabhan's idea we extract the corresponding Friedmann equations
in the presence of power-law and logarithmic correction terms in the entropy. Our study further supports the
viability of Padmanabhan's proposal.
PACS No. 04

[.]1-4

.
Pre-geometric

-
[ .]5

()5

[]5

()6

[]5

()1

[]6

()8

()2

- - .

()7

( )5

[]7

T=H/2

()9

V=4 /3H 2

()3

()11

dt

. ( )8

dV

()4

( )8

V=4 /3H

()11

( )1 T=H/2

()12

( )4 ( )3

Komar Energy

()21

( )21

()13

()14

()21

( )14

( )21( )16 ( )21 ( )17

( )6

()15

()22

()16

()23

( )4

()17

( )15( )13 ( )16 ()17

.
- -
[ ]11

( )23 .

()18
( )6

( )18

()19

- -

[ .]98

( )9 .

]5[

.
.

.] 5[ .

- -

[1] T. Jacobson, Thermodynamics of spacetime: The Einstein equation of

state " Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1260 (1995).
[2] R. G. Cai and S. P. Kim, First Law of Thermodynamics and
Friedmann Equations of Friedmann-Robertson-Walker Universe" JHEP
0502, 050 (2005).
[3] A. Sheykhi, B. Wang and R. G. Cai, Thermodynamical properties of
apparent horizon" Nucl. Phys. B 779 (2007)1.
[4] A. Sheykhi, B. Wang and R. G. Cai, Deep Connection Between
Thermodynamics and Gravity in Gauss-Bonnet Braneworld" Phys. Rev. D
76 (2007) 023515.
[5] T. Padmanabhan, Emergence and Expansion of Cosmic Space as due
to the Quest for Holographic Equipartition" arXiv:1206.4916
[6] J. Zhang, Black hole quantum tunnelling and black hole entropy
correction" Phys. Lett. B 668 (2008) 353
[7] S. Das, S. Shankaranarayanan and S.Sur,Entanglement and
corrections to Bekenstein-Hawking entropy" arXiv:1002.1129.
[8] R. G. Cai, L. M. Cao and Y. P. Hu, Corrected Entropy-Area Relation
and Modified Friedmann Equations; JHEP 0808 (2008) 090.
[9] A. Sheykhi, Thermodynamics of apparent horizon and modified
Friedmann equations; Eur. Phys. J. C 69, 265 (2010).
[10] A. Sheykhi, S.H. Hendi, Power-law entropic corrections to Newtons
law and Friedmann equations; Phys Rev D 84 (2011) 044023.

f ( R, T )

(+

./

0 %1

. 4 , %1

= 4 >? @ A

:A

R *

- !. &

0-%1

09 :

(+

f ( R, T ) )

(,

!( ; 7 %1 8 4

# $ $

0, &' (

% &' (

4 567 )

!"

Traversable Wormhole Geometry In f ( R, T ) Gravity

Azizi, Tahereh
Department of Physics, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar

Abstract
We study wormhole solutions in the framework of f ( R, T ) gravity where R is the scalar curvature, and T is
the trace of the stress-energy tensor of the matter. We show that in this modified gravity scenario, the matter
threading the wormhole may satisfy the energy conditions, so it is the effective stress-energy that is responsible
for the violation of the null energy condition.
PACS No.

04

.[3]-[2]

*/

?G

a [GM

&' ( I 4 N 0 %

= 4 >? \D

,GM ! Z (
!" & ? 3

%1

8 4 &' (

/R _ %

/& b & F

,4 9 : ( + " ,
4 ,

!
)!( I7

f ( R, T ) )

.+ !( , ,
,

( , c 96RO

GM

^ I _ %" &' (

( + !( , `
/

3 ,

" X I(

R - !.

I& Q"

S=

1
d 4x
16 G
R = R - !.

,& $ Lm ./

I 4

f ( R, T ) @

g f ( R, T ) + d 4 x

&

g Lm

T = T %

0 %1

O 0
E

O ,

8? ,

%P

)!(

+ RF0

O
%

+ RF0

GHO I 4

3 . 4 ,

\& O % " D!O

0 %
,M

:A %P

[2] NO

V )!( *

&

,'

f ( R, T ) )

0 ,

&

9 D "

. 4 ,

4 - !.

567 )

E ,& $

! %

0E

( 4 J KG

4 "X , G ( )

% Z 4 # KG

96RO

K& N 0

(1)

9E F

D0

4 Z!

f ( R, T ) (

% GM N 0

,LM N 0

! 0 , - !.
)!(

/D

,F DW [1] f ( R) 4 567 )

f ( R, T )

4, , F

&

-3 G ! %P

. 4 , (NEC) %1

:[2]

,LM RO 9 7

+ *,

0- %

HG

(/
&
[GM

,H GK ,F 0

(b b' r ) / b 2 > 0 8

! %
, hG *
,

G4

O n

( /

e2

h!

=0 3

, (

[ 4]

4,

0-%1
L

hG

,b L 3G4
(

./ ," !G O R"

1
Rg
3

1
Tg
3

df
dT

fT ( R , T )

9 7

:A

% G. %
( +

R" @

!( , ; 7 %1

8 4

1
f ( R, T ) g =
6
1
Tg
3

f R ( R, T ) .

Lm
g g

2g

%P

% R

%1

# $ $

E ( + !( , `
%1

,& $

:,!F
T

= diag[

: !*,

./
*,

= 2T

(5)

g .

(7) ,

8M [!

&' (

G i7 0 %
: [4]

h!
ds 2 = e2

4%

(r )

dt 2 +

dr 2
+ r 2 (d
1 b(r ) / r

!G " r , F4 9 [GK

0-%1

( r ), pr (r ), pt (r ), pt (r )]

9 7

I 4

&' (

./

% L_ 9 7

4,

f ( R, T )

. (9)

pt

&? 3

( !4 , %

$ u

0 I 4 9 Vb6 3

pr

,& $ \ 0 0

NO

pt )

(4)

:[4] 4 ,
T = ( + pt )u u + pt g + ( pr

(3)

f R ( R, T ) = f ( R, T ) / R

./

&' (

0-%1

/D (1) )!( g

: *,

( % W

R $

(4) & F h G

4 i F0 T(eff ) = T(m ) + T(m )

./

1
g
3

= 2T + g Lm

Lm =

(8)

0 %1

%P

(2)

:[2] * , /

I 4

1
R g = T(eff ) ,
2

).

fT ( R, T ) = f ( R, T ) / T

f = f (T ) (

: 4, ,

:/ 8D0

fT ( R, T ) T

(7)
.F =

9E F

8 G T

f (T ) ( % W

9E F /& b 3

8 G 1 `

g Lm

f R ( R, T ) R

1
Rg = 8 GT + 2 FT + ( 2 F + f ) g .
2

& F 3

: " ,

: 4,
R

&? 3

K& N 0

@ ?G N 0 ( + !( ,

8 0 (4) ,

0-%1

T =

^ I _ &' (

0 , P

/ / :k

9 7

b' (r0 ) < 1

f ( R, T ) = R + 2 f (T ) ( + !( , `

./

J M

1 b(r ) / r > 0

. 4 , @R

+" ( 4

b(r0 ) = r = r0 & ' ( %

%"= 4

0 ( 4

&' (k
0 / Z!

9E F

b
=
f,
(10)
r2
b
= pr (1 + 2 F ) + 2 F + f ,
(11)
r3

= 4

@ ?G N 0

&' ( %

/ Z , 0 r0

lm

+ sin 2 d
(r )

% GM N 0

/ /M !

),

(6)
b( r ) (

I 4 N 0 \0 0

r , F4 9 [GK .

/ F_

( r0

! R(

, )" ( /(13)
b(r0 ) = r0

% & ' ( % Z O 3G4 %

, )
(14)

(eff )

+ pr(eff ) =

br b
.
r3

(b r b) / b 2 < 0 J uM u ,uu ( u

&' (

( + !( `
u u_

u (+

1
9 7
2

./

= u4
!( ; 7 %1
+ pr

4, @R

&' (

, /

I 4

O 0 \& O /& b & F

I 4N 0 ;

%1

/& b & F

r
b(r ) = r0 ( 0 )1/ .
r
b(r )
() 1
0 &' ( %
r

2 1%Z 4
= 0.6

*,

h
. 4,

? %
Z 4

\0 0 r
(

.+ *

,F 0

+G

. 4 , ,
(r)

9E F +G

./

pt (r )

/& b & F

"

>?

( G
hG

/D

9E F +G
0-%1

0 , @ 7E ,

0%"

NEC >?

! ./

_ ,G_

/D

0
4

hG

'

$I
!( , ; 7

9 D

, F4

I 4

T(eff ) n n < 0

+ pr(eff ) = (1 + 2 )( + pr ) < 0.

h G (15)-(13) 9E F

& ' ( I 4 N 0 : 1I 4

t FG

( /

=
: *,

(eff )

# $

" % . !( ,

4 # KG

( &' (%
V

@ b . T n n

3G
,!F

= 4 (/

= 4 n

8 4

0 ,

^ I _ &' ( %Z O

(NEC) %1

pr (r )

a [GM

"

%1

b( r )

b( r )

./

= 1.5

r \ b

= 0 /& b

&' (I 4N 0

? %

( b( r ) )

GHO G

,H GK % ZG "

H&A & ' ( I 4 N 0 3G

(+

9E F

I 4 (15)-(13) 9E F

. ( ,

0 , %

/D

& F

3 Ib %
W

@ Zh N 0 Z$

%1

= 0.6

(15)
&' (

+"

L R" .+

(12)-(10) )

(14)

(/ r b(r ) 0
/D

+ pr + 2 pt

(13)

( !( O 0 . !!( , i 7 0

&' (

_ b(r ) < r ,!F & ' ( % ! 8 4 /& b

./

I 4 N 0

, F4

>0

I 4

9 7

(b b r )
.
2r 3 (1 + 2 )

!( O 0

< 1

HG
T=

! . *, /

(9) & F
8

!(

+ !( , `

pt =

@s

(12)

b
,
r (1 + 2 )
b
pr = 3
,
r (1 + 2 )
=

(18)
= 4 @R

: !*,

9 7

f (T) = T

0-%1
9E F 3

. 4 , / :

: 4, hG

/ :

,& $

HG

/R _ 3

9E F Ib

9 7

GHO G

(15)-(13)
pr =

(/

./

%&' (

a [K /& b & F

3 ,LM L

8 4

pr =

HGuu

./ ,H! ; 9 D

,u!F %1 u i Fuc = u4 @ uR
u? %

b br
= pt (1 + 2 F ) + 2 F + f .
2r 3

(17)

HG

(16)
%
: 4,

. r0 = 1

ob

9w

,4

NEC >? , 7

! 3

!" , c 96RO

(/

:A

0-%1
.

= 1.5

r \ b

? %

b ( r ) & ' ( I 4 N 0 : 2I 4

. r0 = 1

(15)-(13) ,
:
(

0 8M) = 0.6
. r0 = 1

? %

r \ b

= 1 (3 $ L? 8M)

9E F

4 , I7 b
pr =

,& $ : 3I 4
= 1.5

pt =

I 4

C ( + 1)r (3+1/
2 (1 + 2 )

I 4 (

./

? %
* r0 = 1

%1

= 4 : 4I 4

= 1 (3 $ L? 8M)

= 1.5

&' (
L R" .+

/Ds

? %

,H!

? # KG

[1] S. Nojiri and S. D. Odintsov, Phys. Rept, 505, 59, (2011).

[2] T. Harko, F. S. N. Lobo, S. Nojiri and S. D. Odintsov,
Phys. Rev. D, 84, 024020, (2011).
[3] M. J. S. Houndjo, IJPD 21, 1250003 (2012).
[4]M. S. Morris and K. S. Thorne, Am. J. Phys., 56, 395

C = r01+1/

G / :

r \ b

(
%1

? # KG 5 c
%

,H! %1

0-%1

hG

. "

,& $

(19) L

HG

= 1.5

= 0.6

(+

"

" ,

. !( , ; 7 %1

4,

. 4 " M - c %1

+,

(20)

,H!

= 4
0 8M) = 0.6

NEC = 4 4 I 4

0 % " H&A
(19)

= 0.6 %

!( . 4 ,

= 1.5

h!

0-%1

HG

Cr (3+1/ )
,
(1 + 2 )

,& $ 3 I 4 ./ %
,

(18) I 4 N 0

* %1
= 4 8?

i Fc = 4

)*
G
J KG

(1988).

f ( R, T ) %

( t FG

Flaring out condition

Exotic matter

/ N_

G &? 3

& ' ( I 4 N 0 /& b & F

% Z O f ( R, T ) )
Shape function

,F 0 I 4

, F
. !*/

# $ $

(+
! 0,

!( , >?

%1

a [GM
.+ (
^ I _ &' (
= 4

1 2

1 ) (IPM
2

. .
.

Studying properties of astrometric centroid shift of source star due to gravitational

microlensing
Sajadian, Sedigheh1; Rahvar, Sohrab2 ; Dominik, Martin3
1

School of Astronomy,Institude foe research in Fundamental Sience(IPM), Tehran

2
Department of Physics, Sharif Universityof thechnology, Tehran
3 SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews

Abstract
In gravitational microlensing events, the brightness center of images does not coincide over the position of
the source star and it travels an elliptical trajectory while the source star moves over a straight path. Measuring
this path helps for resolving degeneracy for indicating physical parameters of lenses. On the other hand the
degenerate microlensing events with different configurations of lens and source star which have the same light
curves have different astrometric trajectories so that measuring these trajectories helps for resolving
degeneracy. In this direction we investigate the properties of centroid shifts of source star images and also
astrometric maps in single and binary microlensing events. Finally we study resolving degeneracy in the
degenerate close-wide binary events using astrometric measurements.

)(1

u0

)(2
u

] .[1

. ]:[4

] .[2

)(3

) (1 :

.

.

) :(1

] .[3

. ) (2

. )(3

)(4
:

)(5
:
)(6

):(3

.
.

) (3

) :(2

1 2

) (2

) (

].[1

fold

cusp

( . ) (4

) (5 .

) (q ) (d

) :(4 :
.

[1] Walker. M. A. 1995, ApJ, 453, 37.

[2]Han C.,Chun M.-S. & Chang K. 1999, ApJ, 526, L405.
[3]Han C. 2001, MNRAS, 328, L611.
[4] Dominik, M. & Sahu, C., 2000, ApJ, 534, L213.

) :(6 :
.

q d .

.
q d 1/d
.

.

1 -
1

1+3 - .
1+3
. -

The Gravitational Aharonov-Bohm Effect of Cosmic Strings

Nouri-Zonoz, Mohammad1; Parvizi, Aliasghar1
Department of Physics, University of Tehran, Tehran

Abstract
Using the concepts of 1+3 decomposition of Einstein field equations, we find a gravitational analogue of
Aharonov-Bohm effect for static spacetimes. With the help of introducing new projection tensor in threedimensional space, writing down the Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar of two-dimensional space in terms of
corresponding three-dimensional Ricci tensor and scalar and hence in terms of energy-momentum tensor, was
passible. Previously a gravitational effect in analogy to Aharonov-Bohm effect was shown using linearized form of
Einstein field equations. We show the same result without using linearized form of equations.

- 1959

] .[1

.
-

][2

()1

1+3

1+3 -

. ( )1

1982

()2

] .[3

1+3

. ( )2

- -

][6

()3

] .[4

( )3

1981 -

][6

].[5

()4

. -

()7

( )7

] .[5 1981 "

- " .

1+3

. v

1+3 .

1+3

][8

].[7

(8)

1+3

(8)

(8)

(8)

(8)

( )4 .

1+3

()5

( )5

()9

| |

()6

( )9( )8 .

( )14

][5 ( )7

()15
S

()11

()16

( )11

( )16

( )1

()17

| |

()11

1+3

|-

( )11

.
].[9

()12

( )12 ( )11

( )12

( )17

()13

| |

( )13

( )8 .

)]1[ Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm , Phys. Rev. 115 485 (1959

]2[ J. J. Sakurai, Advanced Quantum Mechanics, AddisonWesley, Heading, Mass. ,(1967), pp. 15-18 .
]3[ J. Stachel, Phys. Rev. D 26, (1982) 12811290
)]4[ E. G. Harris, Am. J. Phys, 64, 4 (1996
)]5[ L. H. Ford and Alexander Vilenkin, J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 14 (1981
)]6[ J. J. Stoker, "Differential Geometry", Wiley-Interscience, (1989
[7] edited by B. L. Hu, M. P. Ryan, Jr, C. V. Vishveshwara, Directions in

( )13
| |

( )13
()14

)General Relativity, Cambridge University Press (1993

)]8[ D. Lynden-Bell1, M. Nouri-Zonoz, Rev. Mod. Phys. 70, No. 2 (1998
)]9[ A. Vilenkin, Phys. Rev. D 23 852, (1981

(8)

1 21

1
2 ) (IPM
3

. 50
) (HST z<1 .
. ][1
.

Predicting Quasar Continuum in the Lyman alpha Forest Using Wavelet Analysis
Zandi Sarabsoreh, Azizeh1; Aghaee, Alireza1,2; Kourkchi, Ehsan3
Department of Physics, University of Sistan & Baluchestan, Zahedan
2
Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran
3
Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu

Abstract
In this paper, predicting quasar continuum in the Lyman alpha forest has been done using Wavelet analysis. In
this analysis, a statistical sample of 50 quasar spectra were used which have been obtained using HST and have
a redshift less than one. Average relative error in the Lyman alpha forest has been calculated and the values of
the average error in this analysis are compared to that of Fourier analysis. The errors of this research is almost
near the that of Suzuki et al. [1], which has been done using Principal Component Analysis.
PACS No. 98

[1] 2005

)q i ( m ) ( m ) q i ( n ) ( n ) (1
1
,

) ( m ) ( n
N 1 i =1
N

= ) R (m , n

(Ly) (Ly) .

q i ( m )

) ( m N m ) ( m
m .

) ( .

)(2

.
.

a,b R

x a

a b

= ) a ,b ( x

a b

50 ) (z<1

] .[5

(S/N) .
) (Rest frame

DWT .

1020-1600

1216

1026 .

Joseph

Fourier .
] [2
.
1909 Alfred Haar

Jean Morlet ]3.[4

: 1 s a1 d1 .

)a = 2 j , b = 2 j k ; j ,k (t ) = 2 j / 2 (2 j t k ) (3

j k ].[6

.

-
.

: 2 .
.

: 1

) [cA ,cD ] = DW T (Spectrum

)(4

cA cD

11.2566

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HST .

) qw ( ) q (

)(5

) q (

=
1

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-2


].[8

[1] Suzuki, N., Tytler, D., Kirkman, O., John, M., Lubin, D.,. Predicting
QSO Continua in the ly Forest. Astrophysical Journal, 618, pp. 592-600,
2005 .
[2] Kaiser, A Friendly Guide to Wavelets, Birkhauser Publisher, 1994.
[3] Heil and Walnut, Continuous and Discrete Wavelet Transforms,
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Review, vol.31, No.4, pp.
628-666, December 1989.
[4] Goldering, Applications of Wavelets to Quantization and Random
Process Representation. PhD Thesis. Stanford University, 1993.
[5] K. Urban, Wavelet Methods for Elliptic Partial Differential
Equations, Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Oxford Science
Publications.
[6] J.C. Van Den Berg, Wavelets in Physics, Cambridge University Press.
[7] R. Polikar, The Engineer's Ultimate Guide to Wavelet Analysis, The
Wavelet Tutorial, Rowan University.
[8] Suzuki, N., quasar Spectrum Classification with Principal Component
Analysis (PCA): Emission Lines in the Ly Forest, The Astrophysical
Journal Supplement Series, 163, Issue 1, pp. 110-121 , 2006.

50 HST

%13 .
12 1
%3 10
%50
.
39 28/1044
.
10

%13 %28.

. 1
.
.
-1




].[7

2 1

. FRW
.
. .
.

The Spherical Perfect Fluid Collapse in Cosmological Background

Rahim, Moradi; J.T, Firouzjaee2 ; Reza, Mansouri3
1

Department of Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran

School of Astronomy, Institute for Research in Fundamental Science ( IPM),Tehran

3
Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran and
School of Astronomy, Institute for Research in Fundamental Science ( IPM),Tehran

Abstract
We consider the collapse of a perfect fluid mass condensation in FRW universe. These solutions may be
considered as representing dynamical mass condensations leading to black holes immersed in a FRW universe.
In this research we study the density evolution of the fluid and find that the pressure plays a repulsive force role
which prevents from the matter collapsing. We investigate the apparent horizon behavior and show that our
model's apparent horizon is the dynamical horizon which is the black hole boundary. The time evolution of the
model shows that the dynamical horizon turns into slowly evolving horizon and the pressure helps this process.
With employing the quasi-local mass flux, the matter flux of the model decreases with time and the pressure
prevents more matter fall into the black hole.
PACS No.

(95.30.Sf,98.80.-k, 98.62.Js, 98.65.-r)

e
p
)(4
T r
0
p
)( p
.

] [1 .

2M
2 M
)(5
2 , p 2
R R
R R

] . [2.3
] [4,5,6,7

f (t , r ) R 2e 1

2M
R 2

)(6
R e
f
3
R
pRR 2
)(7
M
2
R 2 R
R
)(8
p ( p ) .
R
R R

2 pR
)(9

R .

)R ( p

dp
p
.
)(10
d

].[8

.
.
.
. 8G=c=1

) x (t , r , , ]:[8
)(1

ds 2 e 2 dt 2 e dr 2 R 2d 2

) (t , r ), (t , r

p p s (r )

) R R(t, r

. s r

. d 2 d 2 sin 2 d 2

:
( p ) u u g p

)(2

r 1

T
G T

s (r ) e.

FRW .

)(3

r
r0

2e2
2
4 R
T t

0
)( p
)( p
R

LTB FRW .

f r f t 0 , r M r M t 0 , r
FRW.

][9
1 r
)(11
f (r ) re
b
1
)(12
) M (r ) r 3/2 (1 r 3/2
a
:
lim r f (r ) 0

)(13
3

r
)(14
a
FRW .
lim r M (r )

) :(2 .

LTB

R r R 0 r .

) (1 .

] .[2,3

FRW

)(3

dt
dt
)|AH |null :(3
dr
dr

) :(1 p

) (2 .

c c<<1 ].[9
) (4 c .

.

[1] Robert M. Wald, General Relativity (University of Chicago

Press, Chicago, 1984
[2] Wessel Valkenburg, Gen.Rel.Grav. 44 (2012) 2449-2476;
Xuelei Chen, You-Gen Shen and Valerio
Faraoni, Phys.Rev. D84 (2011) 104047; Krzysztof Bolejko,
Marie-Noelle Celerier and Andrzej Krasinski,
Class.Quant.Grav. 28 (2011) 164002.

:(4)

[3] J. T. Firouzjaee, Reza Mansouri, Gen. Relativity Gravitation.

42, 2431 (2010) [arXiv:0812.5108].

[4] S. A. Hayward, Phys. Rev. D 49, 6467 (1994).

: .

[5] A. Ashtekar, C. Beetle, O. Dreyer, S. Fairhurst, B. Krishnan, J.

Lewandowski and J. Wisniewski, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 85, 3564-3567 (2000).

dM (r ,t )
M (r ,t ) M (r ,t ) r
|AH

|AH (15)
dt
t
r t
( 5)

[6] A. Ashtekar and B. Krishnan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 261101

(2002); A. Ashtekar and B. Krishnan, Phys. Rev.
D 68, 104030 (2003).

[7] Booth I. and Fairhurst S., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 011102 (2004).
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[9] J. T. Firouzjaee, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D, 21, 1250039 (2012)
[arXiv:1102.1062].
[10] J. T. Firouzjaee, M. Parsi Mood and R. Mansouri, Gen.
Relativ. Gravit. 44, 639 (2012) [arXiv:1010.3971].
[11] J. T. Firouzjaee and Reza Mansouri, Europhys. Lett. 97,
29002 (2012) [arXiv:1104.0530].
[12] Mohammadhosein Razbin, J. T. Firouzjaee, Reza Mansouri
[arXiv:1212.4796]
[13] R. C. Tolman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 20, 410 (1934);
G. Lemaitre,
[14] G.C. McVittie, Mon. Not. R. Astr. Soc. 93, 325 (1933); A.
Einstein and E.G. Straus, Rev. Mod. Phys. 17,
120 (1945); 18, 148

. :(5)

FRW
.
.

.
.
.

DBI

1
2

DBI . .
N .

Two-bird DBI Inflation

Khoeini-Moghaddam, Salomeh

Department of Physics, Kharazmi University, Tehran

School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences(IPM), Tehran

Abstract
We consider a model of multi-hybrid DBI inflation with two inflatons with only gravitational intractions. A
water-fall field terminates the inflation. In calculation N formalism is used.

.Cq.

PACS No.

. -

] [1

].[111098765

DBI

.
.

]2 [

) e-fold(

DBI .

)N e-fold( N

" "

] .[3
].[4

DBI

]:[

S d x g f I f I I V I I V
I

e-fold dN Hdt .
e-fold
:

f I $I m I I

I
14 ].[15

I VI m I V .

t
N t ln
tf

. N t f :

V g I I
I

- :

ds dt a t dx
:

M p

f I I

sin

2 :

( I f I ) I
:

sin cos

I t

sin

, f

sin

N :

a t

, f

cos sin

t
:

, f

, f

ln ln ln , f ln , f

f I f I
I
fI
fI
:

cos

g
g
N :

I .

I I, f

p f I I V I

m
i i

I M p

f I I VI

I I

H .

. ] .[13

H p
a

a
:

; I , f I t f

N ln I ln I , f

N cos sin

cos
sin

N .

[] . .

t k

WMAP

local
[ 16] . f NL
(%

I J

CL)

IJ
tk

cos sin H
k

P k
PR k

[] A.H. Guth, The Inflationary Universe: A possible Solution to the

Horizon and Flatness Problems, Phys, Rev. D ,().
A.D. Linde, A New Inflationary Universe Scenario: A Possible
Solution of the Horizon, Flatness, Homogeneity, Isotropy and Primordial
Monopole Problems, Phys. Lett. B ()
A. Albrecht and P.J. Steinhardt, Cosmology for Grand Unified
Theories with Radiatively Induced Symmetry Breaking, Phys. Rev. Lett.
()
[] Lyth and Liddle, The Primordial Density perturbation, Cambridge
University Press().
[] M. Alishahiha, E. Silverstein and D. Tong, DBI in the sky, Phys.
Rev. D , ()[arXiv:hep-th/]
[] C. Armendariz-Picon, T. Damour and V. Mukhanov, k-inflation,
Physics letters B () -.
[] D. Seery and J. E. Lidsey, Primordial non-Gaussianities from
multiple-field inflation,JCAP ().
[] D. Langlois, S. Renaux-Petel, D. A. Steer, and T. Tanaka,
Primordial fluctuations and non-gaussianities in multifield
Dirac-Born-Infeld inflation, Physical Review Letters,
, ()
[] D. Langlois, S. Renaux-Petel, D. A. Steer, and T. Tanaka,
Primordial perturbations and non-Gaussianities in DBI and
General multi-field inflation, Physical Review D ,
()
[] F. Arroja, S.Mizuno, and K. Koyama, Non-Gaussianity from
the bispectrum in general multiple field inflation, Journal of
Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics( ) ,
().
[] D. Langlois, S. Renaux-Petel, and D. A. Steer, Multi-field
DBI inflation: introducing bulk forms and revisiting the
Gravitational wave constraints, Journal of Cosmology and
Astroparticle Physics () , , .
[] S. Mizuno, F. Arroja, K. Koyama, and T. Tanaka, Lorentz
Boost and non-Gaussianity in multifield DBI inflation,
Physical Review D , ().
[] Y.-F. Cai and H.-Y. Xia, Inflation with multiple sound
speeds: a model of multiple DBI type actions and nonGaussianities, Physics Letters B, , ().
[ ] H. Firouzjahi and S. khoeini-Moghaddam; Fields Annihilation
And Particles creation in DBI inflation ;[ arXiv:]
[ ] A.D. Linde, Phys. Rev.D , ()[arXiv:astro-ph/]
[] M. Sasaki; Multi-brid inflation and non-Gaussianity
[arXiv: ]

cos g sin e

N
k

tk

tk

. e-fold N k
:

local
f NL RL C RS RL S C ss S

. S R L

N RL

R L cos sin

S sin cos

:
local
f NL

cos sin
cos sin

g cos g sin
g cos g sin

DBI
.
N
.

[] A. Naruko and M.Sasaki; Large non-Gassianity from multi-brid

inflation;[arXiv:]
[] E. Komatsu et al. [WMAP Collaboration], Astrophys. J. Suppl. ,
() [arXiv:] .

1 2
1

.
. .

Simulation of non-Gaussian CMB maps with an arbitrary power spectrum

Movahed, Seyed Mohammad Sadegh1,2 ;Vafaei sadr, Alireza1
1

Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran

School of Astronomy, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran

Abstract
For statistical analysis of stochastic phenomena it is essential to make simulation based on their statistical
characteristics. Gaussianity plays an important role as a criterion for most of the theories in the CMB analysis.
For this purpose we have to generate Gaussian or non-Gaussian distributions with an arbitrary power spectrum
that resembles the CMB power spectrum. Having this ability helps to examine current analytical methods that
studies the CMB by generating simulated data. Considering its significant we have explain the CMB data
simulation in this paper.

[1].

] [2

(1 .

[3]:

(2 .
(3

)( 3

)( 4

il.r
d
r
C (r ) e

1
2

) (2

Cl

) ' a (l ) a * ( l ' ) C l (l l

(4
.

T (r1 ) T
T

)(1

T (r1 )

:1 )(9y-WMAP

1 CMB

9 WMAP ].[4

: :

: :

f NL [5].

: :

) (Bispectrum

) (60 [3]:

)(5

:
)(2

T ( k1 )T ( k 2 )T ( k3 ) (2 ) 2 ( k1 k 2 k3 ) bl1l2l3

) C(r1, r2 ,..., rn ) T (r1)T (r2 )...T (rn

[6],[7]:

: :

)(6

T (n ) *
)Ylm (n
T

alm d 2 n

Blm1l12ml3 2m3 al1m1 al2 m2 al3m3

)(7

bl1l2 l3 B lm1l12 ml3 2 m 3 ( g lm1l12ml3 2 m 3 ) 1

)(8
[5].

)(11

C ( r1 , r2 ,..., rn ) r1 , r2 ,..., r n

)(9

glm1 1l2ml32 m3 d 2 nY
)l1m1 (n)Yl2m2 (n)Yl3m3 (n
(2l1 1)(2l2 1)(2l3 1) l1 l2 l3 l1 l2 l3

4
0 0 0 m1 m2 m3

)(12

n T

alm glm1l12ml32 m3
l1 l2 l3

m1 m2 m3

3 j .

)(13

: :

'

'

T (k1 )T (k2 ) Ck k1 ,k2

.




.

.

.

. ) T (rn rn
) T (kn .
.

[3]:
)(10

'

) T (kn ) Cl T (kn
:2 .

. 2

.


.




.

.

Fortran90

:3

. CMB .
WMAP-7 .

[1] Rebecca J. Danos, Andrew R. Frey, Yi Wang 2012

)](arXiv:1108.2265v3 [astro-ph.CO
[2] http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/toolbox/
[3] Graca Rocha, M.P. Hobson, Sarah Smith, Pedro Ferreira
)and Anthony Challinor 2004 (arXiv:astro-ph/0406136v2
[4] G. Hinshaw, D. Larson, E. Komatsu
)](arXiv:1212.5226v1 2012 [astro-ph.CO
[5] Eiichiro Komatsu , David N. Spergel 2000
)(arXiv:astro-ph/0005036v2
[6] Carlo R. Contaldi, Joao Magueijo 2001(DOI:
)10.1103/PhysRevD.63.103512
[7] J. R. Fergusson, M. Liguori, and E. P. S. Shellard, 2010
)(DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.82.023502

.

.

[3]:
)(14

(k1 k2 k3 ) k ,k , k 3
3

C1C2C3

23

3
2

'

'

'

T 1T 2 T 3

- :

.

.

.

Physics in the Finsler geometry: Call for experimental revision of the light speed
anisotropy.
Exirifard. Qasem
Physic School, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran

Abstract
We present a phenomenological model for the nature in Finsler and Randers geometries. We show that the
parity-odd light speed anisotropy perpendicular to geoids encodes deviation from Riemann geometry toward the
Randers geometry. We utilize asymmetrical ring resonator and propose a setup to measure this deviation. We
address the constraints that current technology will impose on the deviation should the anisotropy be measured
on the Earth surface and the orbits of artificial satellites.

.
-

) c(r c n .

C|| p q|| = d

) L ( x, x

c n = 0 :

\
L .

. ,

. x = (ct ( ), x ( )) :

].[1

) c(n ) = c(1 + c(r ) r .n

n r ) c(n

n .

- -

- - .

. .

| ) = 2 | c(r
c
.

:
2
n

) dl = (a 1 ... n dx ...dx
n

n =1

- ,

n=2

.
.
1
2

-- ] . [3,4

dl = ( g dx dx ) + a dx

. .

:
n

) a = c n ( R R

m .

. ] .[2-

Trimmer ] . [5

:
1
2

dl = ( dx dx ) + c(r )dr

=2 , c n

- -

Pexp

c n.

] . [6,7

] [8

= 2 | c(r ) |< Pexp

c
) c(r

] [9
.

c
r
| m0 | < Pexp ( ) 6 m +1
re
cm

= 10 9
c

[8] . .

] [6,7

] [9 = 10 17

c

= 10 9

c
c

6
r c 4 re
c = e
12 m 48 G 2 M 2

re

0
m

M G

= 10 17

c
c

r Pexp
.

Pexp = 10 9

Pexp = 10 17
. :

: 1

-1

Pexp

6m+1>0 -
-

c m .

6m+1<0 - -
c m.

c m

6m+1<0

.
c m


.
. m

1391
.

[1] C. Pfeifer and M. Wohlfarth, Phys. Rev. D 84, 044039 (2011),

Phys. Rev. D 85, 064009 (2012).
[2] Gunnar Randers, Phys. Rev. 59 (1941) 195.
[3] Robertson, H., Rev. Mod. Phys.,21 (1949) 378.
[4] R. Mansouri, and R. U. Sexl, Gen. Relativ. Gravit., 8 (1977) 497.
[5] W. Trimmer et. al, Phys. Rev. D 8 (1973) 3321
[6] C. Eisele et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 (2009) 090401.
[7] H. Muller et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (2007) 050401.
)[8] F. Baynes et al., Phys. Rev. D 84, 081101 (2011
][9] Q. Exirifard ,arXiv:1010.2057 [gr-qc

-
1

.
. r

Thermodynamic of Lifshitz black holes in Einstein- nonlinear- Maxwell gravity

Dehghani, Mohammad Hossein 1; Shakuri, Chiman 2
Department of Physics, University of Shiraz, Eram paradise
Department of Physics, Shiraz University, Eram paradise

Abstract
In this paper we investigate thermodynamic of Lifshitz black holes in the presence of massive and massless
vector fields in Einstein gravity. We suppose the massive gauge field Lagrangian to be linear and the massless
gauge field Lagrangian to be in nonlinear form .Without solving field equations we find the relationship
between thermodynamic quantities temperature, entropy and energy using a constant which is conserved along
the radial coordinate r.

PACS No.04

]1[AdS/CFT

[ .]2

-[ ]3

. -

. -

[ .]4

)(1

()5

( )5 ( )2

:
(

:
)

()3

()6

. n+1

( )4

[ ]5 [.]6

( )4

r .

r .

. .

[ ]5

11

( )11

12

()9

11

()Counterterm

( )12

()

()

()

)
)

)
)

]
]

13

( ) ( )13

.
[:]7

)
)

(
[

)
)

14

( )AdS/CFT .

15

[]5

q .

()16

( )8 ( )15
( )16

17

s .

( ) :

J. Maldacena, Adv. Th. Math. Phys. 2 (1998) 231.

)(18

[]1

]2[ S. A. Hartnoll, Class. Quant. Grav. 26, (2009) 224002.

]3[ Born, M, modified field equations with a finite radius of the electron,
nature, 132, (1933) 282.

E. S. Fradkin and A. Tseytlin, Phys. Lett. B, 163 (1985) 123.

[ .]8 ( )18

[]4

M. H. Dehghani, R. B. Mann, Phys. Rev. D 82 (2010) 064019; M. H.

[]5

Dehghani, R. Purhasan, R. B. Mann, Phys. Rev. D 84 (2011) 046002.

]6[ G. Bertoldi, B. A. Burrington and A. W. Peet, Phy. Rev. D 80, 126003

s .

(2009); U. H. Danielsson, L. Thorlacius, Black holes in asymptotically

Lifshitz spacetime, JHEP 0903 (2009) 070; R. B. Mann, Lifshitz
topologicalBlack holes, JHEP 0906 (2009) 075.

M. H. Dehgahni and A. Khodam-Mohammadi, Phys. Rev. D 67,

084006 (2003).

)]8[ G. B. Benjamin, A. Burrington, A. W. Peet, Phys. D 80 (2009

) U(1

126004.

.

r
.

[]7

: M33
3

1 1 2
1 ( )IPM
2

M33 UKIRT UIST .

. AGB
. M33 .

M33 .

Monitoring of Pulsating Giant Stars in the Spiral Galaxy M33: Dust Production and Star
Formation History
Javadi, Atefeh1; Khosroshahi, habib2; van Loon, Jacco2; Mirtorabi, Mohammad Taghi2
School of Astronomy, Institute for research in Fundamental Science(IPM), Tehran
2
Astrophysics Group, Keele University, UK
3
Department of Physics, Alzahra University, Tehran

Abstract
We have conducted a near-infrared monitoring campaign at the UK InfraRed Telescope (UKIRT), of the Local
Group galaxy M33. The main aim was to identify stars in the very final stage of their evolution, and for which
the luminosity is more directly related to the birth mass than the more numerous less-evolved giant stars that
continue to increase in luminosity. The pulsating giant stars (AGB and red supergiants) are identified and their
distributions are used to derive the star formation rate as a function of age. We here present the star formation
history for the central square kiloparsec. These stars are also important dust factories; we measure their dust
production rates from a combination of our data with Spitzer Space Telescope mid-IR photometry.

65 M33

M33

1 .

M31

( :)1 M33 UIST .

)60,000 ()T3000-4000 K
( 65 ) .

AGB

M33

AGB

( 10-30 Myr )

30 Myr

10 Gyr

161-1111 .

. ( (1000-

AGB 01 .

AGB

. UIST 1 kpc x 1 kpc

M33 ) K(2.2m), J(1.2m

) H(1.6m .
2113 2116 .
012 M33
]([1 .)2 10380
CDS .
WFCAM M33
. M33
.

: M33

t ]:[2
( :)2 - .
M33 .

AGB

()1

.
M33 .

.
.

M33 .


.

( :)3 ( )1kpc x 1kpc

M33

dn'(t)

UKIRT ( UIST )1 WFCAM

t
.

( .) 6

(].)[2

0.006
] .[3

( :)4

M33
( )3 .
M33 4-10 Gyr
.
6 Gyr .
M33

( :)6

] .[2

M33

~200-300 Myr

%4 M33

AGB

M33

M33

M33

( .)3-8m

[1] Javadi A., van Loon J.Th., Mirtorabi M. T., 2011, MNRAS, 411, 263
[2] Javadi A., van Loon J.Th., Mirtorabi M. T., 2011, MNRAS, 414, 3394
[3] Javadi A., van Loon J.Th., Khosroshahi H., Mirtorabi M. T., 2012,
submitted to MNRAS

( .)4

. .

. -
.

Investigation of ghost dark energy drawbacks in chameleon Brans-Dicke scenario

Saaidi, Khaled1
Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj

Abstract
Ghost dark energy model, which risen from QFT and has attracted more attention, recently has been
investigated in chameleon Brans-Dicke (CBD) mechanism. In the ghost dark energy model density of dark
energy is proportional to Hubble parameter,H, where []=(energy)3 . In Einstein theory of gravity, ghost
model cannot satisfy phantom crossing divide line and classical stability, but as we shall show in CBD
framework this model will have the ability that can justify the observational constraints.

. CBD

ST QCD QFT

] [3

QG

) U(1
ghost-QCD . -

H 3QCD

CBD

3QCD .

) (

)(1

] .[1 -
.

{R V ()} f () Lm

1
2

S d x g
4

FLRW ) (+2

] [2

. V () M 4 n )(1

0.73, 0.007, V

104 , 0.68

1.079, q 1 0.24 -
CBD

d
) f () 3Hf ()( P ) P d f (
dt
dt
d
) f () m 3Hf ()( m Pm ) Pm d f (
dt
dt

) (2
) (3

i i c

V

2

3H 2

1 f ()(m )

) e i f ()(i

c -

1/ 3

0 a

f ( )

) (5

) (1 3

5.53 10 20 G G 3.32 10 20

f()= FLRW

. 0.026 0.015 -

f()=

~
~
1 3( b 2 ) V k
2
3
3
3
~
~
(1 ) (2 3b 2 ) V k
4
4
q
2

)(9

FLRW

)(10

)(6

~
1
V (3 5 4)V / 2 n 1 1 2
6

~
2 V 3

~ ~
(2 / 4 3b 2 ) V k
)(1 3 / 4

)(12

V k
6b 2

)(11

(1 3 4)k

~
. 2
k

3
3
~
(1 ) (2 ) V
4
4
q
2

)(7

Q 3b 2 H

~
1 3 V
3 2

. 0

. 2 -

H 0 2.11 1018 s 1

0.026 0.015

. ] [ 4

~
V

)(8

d
m 3H ( m Pm ) 0
dt
d
3H ( P ) 0
dt

) (4

0 2

) (5

n 1

. 3 V k
2
) 3( 2b

10 , b 0.2, k 0.02

n 1

0.007, V

CBD

0.73,

. 0.365 0.7298 0.68

1.15, q 1.35

] [5

Fig1 Fig2 .

1
) 2(1 2b
(2 ) 2
2

C 2 S

.
1
em e
2

)(13

H
) f (
em 2 em (3 / 4) H em
Q
H
3H 2

)(14

H
) f (
e (3 / 4) H e
Q
H
3H 2

)(15

e 2

) (13

2 H 3 H 2 (3 / 4) H 2 [3 n ]H 2V
2
4

)(16
.Fig2 k=0

f () , n 1 )(14)-(16

. b=0.02 =0.73

V n 1
) ( 2b2

) (2 ) 3 (2

)(17

) . (3 / 2 5 / 8

)(18

2 V n 1
2 V n 1

] 3 (2 e ) 3 [3 ( ) V n 1 3b2

.Fig1 k=0 -

n 1

C 2S

e
2

) (2 e

. 0 2 [3( 2b 2 ) V ) (18
3

/ 2

. b=0.02 =0.73

CBD .
cai ] [5
.

( 0

Fig3

Fig4 .

CBD .

.
CBD
.

.

.Fig3
.

[ 1] F. R. Urban and A. R. Zhitnitsky, Phys. Lett. B 688, 9 (2010); Phys.

Rev. D 80, 063001 (2009); JCAP 0909, 018 (2009); Nucl. Phys. B 835,
135 (2010).
N. Ohta, Phys. Lett. B 695, 41 (2011).
[2] E. Ebrahimi, A. Sheykhi' Phys. Lett. B. 705 (2011) 19 arXiv:
;1105.5680V2 351
E. Ebrahimi and A. Sheykhi, Int. J. M. Phys. D. 20, 2369 (2011).
;)[3] D. F. Mota and J. D. Barrow, Phys. Lett. B. 581, 141 (2004
;)J. Khoury and A. Weltman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 171104 (2004
;)S. Das and N. Banerjee, Phys. Rev. D. 78, 043512 (2008
Kh. Saaidi, A. Mohammadi, and H. Sheikhahmadi, Phys. Rev. D.83
104019 (2011).
[4] F. Wu, X. Chen, Phys. Rev. D 82, 083003 (2010).
[5] R.G. Cai, Z.L. Tuo, H.B. Zhang, Phys. Rev. D 84, 123501 (2011) .

.Fig4 .
= 0.0065 = 0.007 0.0065

= . b 2 0.2

.
.

Hawking temperature and Conformal transformation

Fazel, Mohamadreza; Mirza, Behrouz
Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.

Abstract
In this article, we prove the invariance of Hawking temperature of Schwarzschild black hole under conformal
transformation. This fact has been demonstrated by purely geometrical method earlier. We make use of a semi
quantum mechanical method to prove it.
PACS No.

TH [ .]2

. 1

2 .

[ . ]3

[ .]4
4

[ .]1

.
Hawking
Beckenstein

Bogoliubov
Perturbation

3
4

.
.

()2- 1

[ .]7

( ) 1- 1

i x

()4- 1

C1e

3 4

'
g ab
2 ( x) g ab

) 2 ( x .

[ .]6

[.]4

- 2

2M
2M 1 2
1)dt 2 (1
() dr r 2 d 2 )2- 1
r
r
2M 1 6
2 ( x) (1
)
r
.
( ds 2

.
.

- 1

r
(d 2 )2- 2
2M
(1
)
r

m 2 .

2M 2
)
r

ds' 2 dt 2 (1

) R(r )e i t Yl ,m ( ,
- ( )2- 2

[.]7
d 2
( 2 V [r ( x)]) 0
2
dx

Conformal transformation
Clein-Gordon

C2 e

i x

( )1- 1

()1- 1

l ,m

) dx f (r

d 2
2

d
()3- 1
dr
) f (r .

[ . ]5

) Yl ,m ( d 2

) (r

ei t

Quasinormal mode
Gray body factor
Schwarzschild
Conformal factor

1
2

3
4
5
6

(1 2b) iM z
e
(az ) 2i M
1
)( b a
2

:
2M 2 2
) r r (r 2 r R)
r
()3- 2
)l (l 1
2M
2
(
(1
))R 0
r
r2
i
b
16M 2 2 1 a 2iM l 0
2
r
) z (2 ( )3- 2
M
.
(1

()11- 2

C 2 i M z
e
(az ) 2i M
r
( ) 11- 2 . C1 0

.
2

1
]R (r ) (C1Whitta ker M [a, b, az
()4- 2
r
)] C 2Whitta ker W [a, b, az
z 0 [.]8

) (2
z2
1
) ( k
2
1

()5- 2

()7- 2

Whitta ker W [k , , z ]

1
(2b)( b a )(2i M ) 2i M
2

T 1 R

) (2

z2 ,
1
) ( k
2
1

1
2

()12- 2
2

Whitta ker W [k , , z ] z k e

1
) ( 2
z
2
Whitta ker M [k , , z ]
(z k e 2 )8- 2
1
) ( k
2
( )6- 2( )5- 2 ( )4- 2

TH

1
(2b)( b a )(2i M ) 2i M
2
1
(2b)( b a )(2i M ) 2i M
2

( ) 12- 2
.
()13- 2

.
b
)(2b
(az ) 2
1
) ( b a
2

( )

z [:]8
z
2

1
(2b)( b a)(2i M ) 2i M
2

()11- 2

(Whitta ker M [k , , z ] z 2 , 1,2,... )6- 2

C1
r

2
8M

TH

R NH (C1 C 2

1

8M
.

TH

()9- 2
1
b
)(2b
C2
(az ) 2
1
) ( b a
2
( )8- 2( )7- 2 ( )4- 2

.

.

[1] J. D. Beckenstein, "Black hole and Entropy,"

Phys. Rev. D 7, 2333 (1973).
[2] S. W. Hawking, "Black hole explosion," Nature
248, 30 (1974); S. W. Hawking, "Particle Creation
By Black Holes," Commun. Math. Phys. 43, 199
(1975).
[3] M. K. Parikh and F. Wilczek, "Hawking radiation
as tunneling," Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 5042 (2000)
[4] K. Ghoroku and A. L. Larsen, "Hawking
Temperature and String Scattering off the 2+1
Black Hole," Phys. Lett. B 328, 28 (1994), arXiv:
hep-th/9403008.
[5] S. Carlip, "Symmetreis, Horizon, and Black Hole
Entropy," arXiv: 0705.3024 [gr-qc].
[6] Ted Jacobson, G. Kang, "Conformal Invariance of
Black Hole Tempereture," arXiv: gr-qc/9307002.
[7] E. Berti, V. Cardoso and A. O. Starinets,
"Quasinormal modes of black holes and black
branes," arXiv: 0905.2975 [gr-qc].
[8] F. W. J. Olver, D. W. Lozier, R. F. Boisvert and C.
W. Clark, "NIST Handbook of mathematical
functions," Cambridge University Press (2010).

, 1 ,

, , , 1
, , 2

. ,
,
, .
. .
. BAO CMB SN Ia
.

How observational data will be affected by considering extended gravity theories in

Palatini formalism?
Izadi, Azam1; Sajedi Shacker, Shadi2
1

Department of Physics, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

2

Faculty of Physics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
Due to the fact that a large portion of the energy content of the universe is needed to be a kind of unknown energy
called dark energy, several theories have been proposed. Among all models, a variety of extended gravity theories have
been suggested in the hope that they can solve some cosmological puzzles such as dark energy. As Palatini formalism
has so many advantages compared to others in gravity, it might be a good idea to make use of different modified
gravity models in this formalism in the hope of explaining this unexpected behavior in cosmological data without using
dark energy. The fact of the matter is different aspects of speed of light will not coincide in the local inertial frame in
Palatini formalism, one should be careful about the space-time interval measurement and interpreting and analyzing
the observational data such as SN Ia, CMB and BAO data. Furthermore the particle horizon may be modified in some
modified gravity theories if we take Palatini formalism. Therefore analyzing observational data demand to take into
precise consideration.

.1

Ia CMB

f= R + a1 R R ,

BAO ,

cST c0/ c0

10 m/s

) f(R R -

- ,

] [3 .

,CEM -

,CST cGW -

[1] (cE ,
,

) f(R R ) f(R

][2

cST cEM .
) f(R cST

] [2 c

)(1

.
.

2.2
,

, .

.2

)(3

2.3 )(CMB

R CMB:

)(4

)(5

2.1 SN Ia

cST ,

Ia .

SN Ia

2.4 )(BAO

:
)(2

:
)(6

sinh

BAO :

.5

)(7

.3

:
)(10

, -
,

.6

- ,

R .

].[3

.4 ) f(RR

c0 .

CMB BAO

. :
)(8
)(9

1
1

.7

[1] Ellis G F R and Uzan J P 2005 Am. J. Phys. 73 240

) (8 ) (9 ) (5) ,(2 )(7

)[2] A Izadi and A Shojai Class. Quantum Grav. 26 (2009

195006

[3] A Izadi and A Shojai, accepted by Gen Relativ Gravit

DOI 10.1007/s10714-012-1467-8

) f(RR

.
.

1 2

.
.

Cosmology of Varying Speed of Light in Vicinity of a Sudden Future Singularity

Homayouni , Yasaman1 ; Shojai Baghini , Fatemeh2
Department of Physics, University of Tehran, Tehran

1,2

Abstract
Taking the speed of light as a constant, we will study the behavior of the cosmic pressure and cosmic fluid
energy density in vicinity of a sudden future singularity. Furthermore, by taking the speed of light as a varying
function, we will show that in this type of singularity, the speed of light will remain finite which is the same
behavior as the cosmic fluid energy density.

Ia

< 1

] . [1

= p/

() ()

() .

< 1

[2].

() )(

DEC] [1

NEC

+ < 0

)( )( .

].[3

FLRW -

+3p

)( :

)(6

()

. a

< < 0 ]: [3

)(3

) ( 1) + 1 (1

= )(

s . :

)(4

) (1

2 1

( 1)

)( ) (t

) (1

)(.

)() = ( 1

k ) (8G=c=1

) (

)(

) (5

)(2

)( = )(
6

:
)(1

][3

3k
a2

3 2 =

) (3

)( =

1 < < 2

)(5

)( .

0 < 1

. )(6

) (7 ) (8 )( )( .

) ( 1

t
t s :

:
)(9
)(10

)2(1
2

6 ( 1) 1
) (
2 2

() = +

2(1) 2
) (
2

, ) (11
) (13

= )(

s t s.

.
) (11 ) (13

) (11

1:

)(17

)(18

)(19

[4]:

)(11
3

)(12
)(13

6
2

2
2

3
1

(11

)(15
)(16

( 2 )1

1
6

)(1
2

= (1 + 2

= 6 ( +

= (1 + 2

3 2

)(1

, .
)(14

c ) (12

2 2

) . (8G=c=1

, :

) ( 1)(2

2 , c2 , p1 , p2-

= + 3 + 2

, , )

)(20

= 2

) = 6 ( + 2

) (22

2 2

) (12

c .
c

2 ( 1)2

= 1 ( )2 + 2

cs t s

) (6 .

[1]

M. P.Dabrowski and T.Denkiewicz and M.Hendry;"How far is it to

a sudden singularity of pressure?"; Physical Review D 75, 123524
(2007)
[2] L. Amendola and S,Tsujikawa;"Dark Energy:Theory and
Observations"; Cambridge University Press (2010)
[3] J. Barrow; "Sudden future Singularitirs"; Class.Quant.Grav.21: L79L82 (2004)
[4] Albrecht and J.magueijo;" Time varying speed of light as a solution tp
cosmological puzzles";PRD. 59, 043516 (1999)

1 2
1
2

.
6 .

Investigation of Magnetic Branes in Dilaton Gravity

Bazrafshan, Afsaneh1; Ghanaatian, Mohammad2; Dehghani, Mohammad Hossein3
Department of Physics, Jahrom University, Jahrom, Iran
Department of Physics, Payame Noor University, Iran
3
Department of Physics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract
We present a new class of asymptotically anti-de Sitter (AdS) magnetic solutions in (n + 1)-dimensional dilaton
gravity in the presence of an appropriate combination of three Liouville-type potentials. This class of solutions
is asymptotically AdS in six and higher dimensions and yields a spacetime with a longitudinal magnetic field
generated by a static brane. These solutions have no curvature singularity and no horizons but have a conic
geometry.

PACS No.: 4

- -

] .[2-

- ].[3

- .

- -

-- ] [4

-- ] .[5

] .[1

].[6

. ) (1

. -

] .[10-7

] [11

- .

--

) ( + 1 .

) ( + 1
) (1

- ) ( + 1

:
( ) ()

( ) + 2

)(3

)(4

)(5

=0

=
e

) (

- .

+ 9]e ( )[( )] + ( 2) (
)
([
+ 4 ( 1)( 2)e

6( + 1) +
()e

)(2

)(1

])

)[( + 1) ( + 1

= )(

) ( + 1

. ) (1

) (5)-(3

) ( 2 .

) ( = 1,2, , 2 .

( ) ( ) ) ( .

:
) (

) ( ) (

) (

)(12

)(6

)(13

) (
)

) < 2

< (0

(0 -

[ .

) (5

)(7

)(8
+

)(9

(=

=0
+

)
=0

)(10

)(19

(
( )

( +

+ 8

=0

=0

+
)

+
e

(
( )

= 3

( )

+ 8

)
)

) (

=) (

)(20

16

+4

+2

) (

()
(

) (

+2

)(11

( )

(+ 8

+
)

+3

(+

+ (2

()

. ) (6

) (7 ) (5 )-(3

(=

. ) (6-3

) (

)(16

)(18

= ) (

( ) = 1 +

)(17

) (ln
)

) (

( )=

)(15

()

( )=

)(14

. ) 2

()

( )

=) (

= 4

+
+

=) (

( )

) (19 ) (20 4

(+

) (19 ) (20

. ) (

)(27

- .

) ( ) (23 -

= 0

- .

(. . . .

= 0

- = 0 .

) (

) ( ) (

) (

) (

( ) < 0

--

>

( ) = 0 .

- .

- ) ( + 1

( 1) + ( 5) +

. -

< -

:
)(21

[] L. J. Dixon and J. A. Harvey, Nucl. Phys. B274 (1986) 93; L. AlvarezGaume et. al. Phys. Lett. B171 (1986) 155; E. Dudas and J. Mourad, Phys.
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(2004) 084042; G. Clement, D. Galtsov and C. Leygnac, Phys. Rev. D67
)(2003) 024012; G. Clement and C. Leygnac, Phys. Rev. D70 (2004
)084018; C. Chamousis, B. Gouteraux and J. Soda, Phys. Rev. D80 (2009
024028.
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(2006) 084016; M. H. Dehghani, S. H. Hendi, A. Sheykhi and H. Rastegar
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) (6
:
+

) (

) ( ) (

) (

)(22

) (

<

0 ) ( ( )

( ) ) ( :
)(23

=) (

)(24

)(25
)(26

ln

)
)

( )=

( )=

(
(

= 0

<

= 1+

= ) (

)f (R
1

1 1
1

84156-83111

)f (R

)F ( R

. .

)f (R

. .

The Little Rip and the second law of thermodynamics around it in f (R ) Theory
Aghaei Abchouyeh, Maryam; Mirza, Behrouz; Nadi, Hamideh1
Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111

Abstract
Due to cosmological studies, by using f (R) theory the Little Rip may happen in the future of the universe. We have shown
that the occurrence of Little Rip is relevant to a special form of F ( R) . The second law of thermodynamics in f (R) theory is
obtained and verified for Little Rip conditions. Our results show that the second law of thermodynamics is satisfied around
the Little Rip.

PACS No.

Ia

] .[1

) R

( )

1 2

) R ( ( .
) f (R

1 3
].[2

] .[3
2
f ( R) R R R 2

.
Cosmic Microwave Background

quintessence

Phantom

) F ( R

) f (R -

) f (R .

]:[1

) f (R

4
) : ( I

FRW

t t s , a , ,

) (1 ) (2 .

)( ) : ( II
p

1 d a (t ) 4G

)( 3 p
a(t ) dt 2
3

)(1

t t s , a as , s ,

) : ( III

1 da (t )
8G

3
a (t ) dt

)(

t t s , a a s , ,

.
) : ( IV

p 0

t t s , a a s , 0,

. - R
F (R )

]: [7

8 G
) ( c
) 3F '( R

)(

:
p

H2

t , a , ,
4 G
) ( p c pc
H
) F '(R

)(

. ][1,4

) F '(R ) F (R R c

pc ) f (R

] .[5

)(5

2
2 F (R ) RF '(R ) 2HR R F ''(R ) R F '''(R )

pc p
pt
c
t
eff

) F '(R ) F '(R
) F '( R ) F '(R

] [6
.

1
8G

pc

peff

) (3 ) (4 :

Big Rip
Sudden Singularity

Little Rip

1 1

RF '(R ) F ( R ) 3HRF ''(R )

8 G 2

)(
)(

3H 2 8 G eff
) H 4 G ( eff peff

F R
) f (R

) (13 .

) P ( ) Q ( ]: [8

f R

)( 8

P ( ) Q ( )

d 4 x g
Lm
16G

) (1 ) (2

S F (R )

]:[9

) . (R

) dP (
) dQ (
R
0
d
d
):(8

)(15

2x
3
.
0
3
2
) (6 ) (7 eff peff

F ( R ) P ( R ) R Q ( R )

)(9

a a0 exp exp t 1

) (8 - FRW

) ) :( (t

) (15 ) (13 :

) 16G 0 (10

)(11

dP
dt

)(16

6H 2 P Q 6H

dP

4H

d 2 P

) (10) (9 ) (14
2

f R

F R

dt
dt
4H 6H 2 P Q 16Gp 0
2

)(12

8G( p) 0
2HP

dP
dt

dt

)(17

F R

12 3R 4R 3 9 3 4R 3
96 2

t :
)(13

2R 150R 27

96 2
4

P :

d 2P

g (t ) exp t 1

F R .

a (t ) a exp g (t )

f R

) ( 0 :
d 2 P dg dP
d 2 g

2
)P 0 (14
d2
d
d
d2

.
f R

) P (14

Q ) (10 .

. f R ]:[7

dQ
)(18
dcS
T

dS

) AF '(R
f S
4G

)(24

J .

. ) (15

) (17 ) (15

2e 2 t 2 4e t
2 2
2G

S
4 e t 4 e 2 t
2 2
2G
S

)(19

.
) f (R
.

-
S . S S

) f (R

) f (R

. :
)(20

1 1
''( R )
J 0; J 1 b H 3 RF
2G H 4
) '( R) 2 b H 2 F '( R
2 1 b H 2 HF

) F ( R

Tt dSt d ( tV ) pt dV

St Tt

. .

) f (R .

S h T Tt bT

dc S
Sh
St 0
)(21
t
b
)(22
1 b tV 1 t pt V 0
2
:

[1] S. Nojiri, S. D. Otintsov and S. Tsujikawa, Phys. Rev. D, 71, 06304

(2005).
[2] S.J.M. Houndjo, Europhys. Lett., 92:10004,2010, arXiv:1008.0664v1

)451-497 (2010

dS sum dS dSt

0
)(23
dt
dt dt
S sum S St S St

[hep-th].
[3] Sotoriou, T. P., Faraoni, V., Rev. Mod. Phy., 82
arXiv:0805.1726

[4] S. J. M. Houndjo, Europhys. Lett., 92 10004(2010), arXiv: 1008.0664

[hep-th].
[] I. Brevik and O. Grobunova, Eur. Phys. J. C ., 56 425-428 (2008),
arXiv:0806.1399 [gr-qc].
[6] Damien A. Easson, Paul H. Frampton, George F. Smoot, Phys. Lett.
B, 696, 273-277 (2011), arXiv:1002.4278v2 [hep-th].

. ) (22
b 1 .

[7] K. Bamba, C. Geng, Phys. Lett. B, 679, 282-287, 2009.

) (3) (4 ) (24

[8] K. Bamba, S. Nojiri, S. D. Odintsov, JCAP, 2008.

[9] A. V. Astashenok, S. Nojiri, S. D. Odintsov, A. V. Yurov,
arXiv:1201.4056, (2012).

NU - 1+1
12

1 2

- 1+1
- .

NU .

NU Approach in Exact Solution of Dirac Equation in 1+1 Dimensional Curved SpaceTime

Ahmadi, Alireza1; Rafibakhsh, Shahnoosh2
Plasma Physics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

1,2

Abstract
In this paper, we study the Dirac equation for a relativistic free particle -without the spin dependence- in a
gravitational field and in 1+1 dimensional curved space-time. Then we investigate Nikiforov-Uvarov approach
to solve the second-order differential equations. Finally, the components of the Dirac spinor are obtained using
this method.
PACS No. 02,03,04

] [1

]2.[3

2+1

- ] .[5

- 1+1

mg c m g

- NU

] .[4

)(7

e
e

) (7 :

]:[6
)(1

0.

- n+1
m,

:
0,

)(8

y ) (1

0.

) (8

. NU

) "

] [7 .

" ( . -
:
, ,
2 ,

)(2

.D

- ]-8

[10

1+1 -

] .[11

:
0
), (3
a x

a x
0

:
0 1
;
1 0

0
;
1

a x

1
0

)(9

a . a a

) (9 x :

. a x :
R

)(4

:
)(5

)(11
dx .

2 R e

) (9

.
dt

y x x ,

)(10

R -

x x x

aa

0,

y x

y x

x :

ds

x, t
)(6

x, t

)(12

y x

:
B

)(13

y x

)0. (20

) (20 ) (8:

B x
:

1.

)(21
.

)(14

:
4; k

)2i. (22

k,

)(16

22iz

2iz

)(23

)(24

:
)(17

1;

z y z ) (12 ) (13

2z;

2z

2;

) (15 ) (18

)(15

) (8

,
.

z e

2 B z

z
y z

) (23 ) (24 ) (10

,

z :

)(18

2,

)(25

2 B z e

x x

z ) (25

]:[12

)(26

) (16 ) (17 .

2iz ,

A z e

A ) (26 .

) (26 ) (7

1+1

) (8 NU .

)(27
.

)(19

[] M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun; Handbook of Mathematical

Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical tables;
National Bureau of standards, Applied mathematics Series, 55,
U.S.Goverment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (1964).

z
n
n
. n 0
.

1+1 -
.
NU
.
NU



.

[] L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz; The Classical Theory of Field;

Pergamon Press, Oxford; New York (1977).
[] C.Y. Cardall and G. M. Fuller; Neutrino Oscillations in Curved
Spacetime: an Heuristic Treatment; Phys. Rev. D 55, 7960-7966
(1997).
[] J. Wudka; Mass Dependence of the Gravitationally Induced WaveFunction Phase"; Phys. Rev. D 64, 065009-065013 (2001).
[] M. Khorrami, M. Alimohammadi and A. Shariati; Spin 0 and Spin
1/2 Quantum Relastivistic Particles in a Constant Gravitational Field;
Ann. Phys. 304, 91-102 (2003).
[] V. P. Gusynin and S. G. Sharapov; Unconventional Integer Quantum
Hall Effect in Graphene; Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 146801-146804 (2005).
[] A. D. Alhaidari and A. Jellal; Dirac and Klein-Gordon Equations in
Curved Space; arXiv: 1106.2236[hep-th] (2011).
[] A. F. Nikiforov and V. B. Uvarov; Special Functions of
Mathematical Physics; Birkhauser, Basel. Boston (1988).
[] Sameer M. Ikhdair, and R. Sever; Approximate Dirac solutions of
Complex -Symmetric Pschl-Teller Potential in View of Spin and
Pseudospin Symmetries; Appl. Math. Comput 218(20), 10082-10093
(2012).
[] B. Gonul and K. Koksal; A Search on the Nikiforov-Uvarov
Formalism; Phys. Scr. 75, 686--690 (2007).
[] S. Bakkeshizadeh and V. Vahidi; Exact Solution of the Dirac
Equation for the Coulomb Potential Plus NAD Potential by Using the
Nikiforov-Uvarov Method; Adv. Studies Theor. Phys. 6(15), 733-742
(2012).
[] G. Szego; Orthogonal Polynomials; American Mathematical
Society, New York (1959).

1
1

84156-83111
2

. .

.
100 -1000 GeV . .

Production of light dark matter in Reheaton model

Tavakoli, Masoumeh1; Moslem, Zarei2
Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran,
Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan

Abstract
In this work we consider a new mechanism for reheating. In this model inflaton just inflate the space time and a
new field, reheaton, generate reheating. The inflaton can decay to dark matter particles with mass in the range
100-1000GeV.
)( 11 Times New Roman, italic

PACS No.

1 .

TRH

. .

3 :

a a .

I a I

)(1

. .

8 I a I 3
) (
3 m2 a
pl

H( a )

I ( a I )3

2
4
R ( )g TRH
30

- e

)(2

90 14
200 14
)
( m pl 0.2
)
m pl
3
g
8 g

-e 60 .

( TRH

g TRH .
109 1010].[1

)(3

] .[2,1

] [2,1

,
.

mX
)
TRH

J 3HJ V 0 , J ,
,J

)(4

.
exp(

2 2
2
2 2
2
2
) H 8 ( X 1 1 m 1 1 m
2
2
2
2
3m 2pl

] [6,5,4,3,2,1

)(5

J 3HJ

2
) J V( J ), ( J ,

) ( m X 1.15 1019

) ( m m H .

2
3H m

)(6

2
3H m

)(7

(300-100 Gev .

m 2 2

)(8

8
2

3 m pl

-e

2 .

)(9

m 2pl
2

2
( N ) i

) (6 ) (7

3 .

)(10

, (m>m)

d
d

2
m m 2

m 2

m 2
(
)
0
0

)(11

2 EQ 2
X X 0

)(18

v
mX

X 3H X

EQ X ][3

X

) , ( H m

3
) T ) 2 exp( m X
T
2 m X

)(19

4
EQ
( X mX

) ( g 200

)(20

1
R4

T ( 30 ) 4
,
mX
g 2 mXa

0.1

0.001

, R

T m

. X

10 5

4 10 8

X BX

10 10

1 BX

10 8

10 6

10 4

100

: 1 .x/xI

. X

H I

X .

) x/xI=108 ( .
.

) ( J ,

)(12

2 EQ 2
)(13
EQ
X X X ( X X ) 0

)(14

J 3H J J J 0 ,
v
mX

2 EQ 2
EQ
X X X ( X X ) 0

R 4 H R ( 1 B X )J J

v
mX

X 4 H X B X J J

2
X v mX

)(15

( J , ) ,

)(21
mJ
J

)0

BX

. -

( B

( .

)(22

. X 0 -

)(17

) ( end I , a end a I

) J 3HJ J J 0 , ( J ,
2
v 2
EQ

X
X
0
mX

)( H

3
) ( a
end a end

) (14)-(12

)(16

3 m pl

X
X

) (

2
H

R 4H R

)(23

1 3
1 3
4
1 3
x a m , m a , m a , R R a , X X m X a

) (14)-(12

)(35

)(24

c1

)(25

2
2
) (X X EQ

)(26

2
2
) (X X EQ

)(27

C
2

2
c2

X c 5

c3

x H mX

c 4

R c1

x RH 2
3
) x ) 3 exp( ( x ) 2
x
( , H H RH ( x ) , RH

3
x RH
m
mm

. .
.

)(28

m
mX

Xx

mX

m
m

, c3 c 2

x R

X m
mX

, c 2 c1

3 m pl
m

c1

m
3 m pl
C
m , c5 c 4
2
8 m
mX

c4

.
)(29

: 2 mX .x mX

R( x I ) X( x I ) 0 , ( x I ) I , I I

x .

) (26
)(30

) ( H

5
5
1
2
2
2
c1 ( x x I )I

100-1000 GeV

)(31

1
1
3
1
1
T c ( 12 ) 4 ( I ) 8 [( x ) 2 ( x ) 4 ] 4
4
1
2
m
3
x
x
I
I
g
xI

x / xI 1.48
)(32

1
1
1

0.77c1 4 ( 12 ) 4 ( I ) 8
3
2g
xI

Max

)(33

1 m mpl 1
TMax
9
8
4
) TRH 0.77( 5 3g ) ( T 2RH

[1] D. J. H. Chung, E. W. Kolb and A. Riotto; Production of massive

TMax/TRH~103

particles during reheating; Physics Review D, Vo 60 (1999) 063504

][hep-ph/9809453
;[2] C.Pallis; Massive particle decay and cold dark matter abundance

Astroparticle Physics 21 (2004) 689-702

[3] E.W. Kolb, M.S. Turner, The Early Universe, Addison-Wesley,
Redwood City, USA, 1990.
[4] R. Allahverdi, M. Drees; Production of massive stable particles in
inflaton decay; Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 091302
[hep-ph/0203118].
[5] G.F. Giudice, E.W. Kolb, A. Riotto; Largest temperature of the
)radiation era and its cosmological implications;Phys. Rev. D 64 (2001
023508 [hep-ph/0005123].
[6] N. Fornengo, A. Riotto, S. Scopel ; Supersymmetric Dark Matter and
)the Reheating Temperature of the Universe; Phys. Rev. D 67 (2003
023514 [hep-ph/0208072].

. X
X<<XEQ

1 5

)(34

2
X c3 I 2 x 2 X EQ

Inflaton Field
2
Reheaton model
3
Reheaton
4
Number of e-folds

. .
.

Cosmic rays propagation in fractal medium

Jamali , Hamide1 ; Seyed jalilaldin , Fatemi2
Department of Physics, shahid ba honar University of kerman

Department of Physics, shahid ba honar University of kerman

Abstract
As The inter stellar medium up The experimental data and a non homogeneous or a fractal Medium A
simulation program is lead to calculate propagation Tims cosmic Rays in a fractal and homogeneous ISR. The
calculated Path Lenghts are Compared and shorter Path Length of shorter cosmic Rays. Energy densities for
The fractal Medium is obtained which details are discussed in the text

) (cadavid etal

1 .

em

. 1

[1].

ratio of containment time

)(normal/super diffusion

) (Breg ) (Birr
0

. 3G

15

20

10

)log (Energy ev

:1

)(

E=1011ev E=1020ev

1016.5 1014 ev )

(.

(1

^
E

(2 .Super Diffusion

Random Walk
Levy flight

1
2

proton
f proton

(J.R.Hornadel

) Path Lenght (g/cm

10

)N.N.Kalmkov A.V.Timokihin et.al 2007

-1

10

). (2

-2

10

11

10

10

)Energy (Gev

proton

-1

10

:3

) Path Lenght (g/cm

10

1
)(1015ev .

-2

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

)Energy (Gev

:2

] [2

) (1011_ 1014 ev

3
.

1015ev

.

[1] A.A.Lagutin, Fractional diffusion of cosmic rays, Hamburg; proc 27th

)int. cosmic Rays conf, 1900 (2001
[2] J.R.Hoorandel, N.N.Kalmkov, A.V.Timokihin, Propagation of super
high-energy cosmic rays in the Galaxy, Astroparticle Physics Vol 27 , issues
)2-3 (2007

-n

83111-84156

.

. .

Correspondence of second order phase transition points and curvature

singularities of Kerr black hole in n-dimension using conjugate variables method.
Hosseini Mansoori, Seyed Ali; Mirza, Behroz
Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.

Abstract
In this article, we study the thermodynamics geometry of Kerr black hole in more than four space time
dimensions. Moreover, we will introduce a new formulation of conjugate variables in order to introduce
thermodynamic geometry. This way results to make a correct correspondence between second order phase
transitions points and singularities of the scalar curvature while the general thermodynamic geometry isnt able
to indicate this correspondence. In addition, we prove that this formulation is correct for all cases.

04

PACS No.

[1] 1

] .[2

( .

F0

] [3
F1

Fluctuation theory

Quevedo

) (1.1 ) (2.1

-n

M
=
=( T
)
S

)(3.1

+ 4J 2

[4] 3

n 3
2 n2

( n 3) ( S 2 4 J

) (S
) + 4J
2

F2

4S S 2

n 3

J 2 n2

1
4

( n 3) J
S2

)(4.1
J2
2
S 1 4 2
S

n 3
n2

-1

)(5.1

M
=
=(
)
J

S
CJ = T
=
T J

.
4

2 S

n 3
n2

S ( n 2 ) S + 16 J
4

F3

8nS J + 32nJ S + 8S J 80 J
) (5.1 C J
4

] .[5

n 3

)(1.1

J 2 n2

1
4

S2

( n 2) S

.
n 3
n2

. [1]5
F4

F5

] [2

= ) M (S, J

gijR = gijW / T

)(6.1

2
K
. ) gijW = Mi ( X J T

n n = 4

X X

X .

) (1.1 ) (6.1

)(2.1

dM
= TdS + dJ

S J

T ) (, J )(T,S

)(7.1

) A( S , J
4

+ 4J

)( S

+ 4J

(S

R( S , J ) =

Thermodynamics of phantom Reissner-Nordstrom-AdS

Ruppeiner

Myers-Perry

Weinhold

) A( S , J

1 2 M 1 M
= g
=

T 2 T S S

)(4.2

. ) (7.1 ) (
C J

. M S

C J

S J .

) R ( S ,

. M S

C ) R ( S , J .

M
M
)(5.2
=
dM
dS +
dJ
S J
J S


)(6.2
=
d
dJ +
dS
J S
S J
d ) (6,2

-2

) R ( S ,
. ] [3

J

)(7.2
=

S
S J J S

=
)M ( S , ) M ( S , J ( S , )) J ( S , ) (1.2
M S
) J (4,1 S

M
M M J
=F
=

+
) (8.2
S S J J S S
) (2.2

J .
C J S J
M ) (1.1 ) (4.1

1 F F J
)(9.2

+

T S J J S S
.

) (4.1) (1.1 ) (1.2

M S

) R ( S ,

) (4.1 S J

=
g SS

S J
S J

R = A( S , J ) /

)( .

)(10.2

1 2 M 1 M
)(2.2
=
= g SS

T S 2 T S S
1 2 M 1 M
=g
=g
=

S
S
) (3.2
T S T S S

[ 32 J n 80 J 8 J nS + 8 J S S

( n 2 ) 4 J 2 n 16 J 2 S 2 n + 2 S 2

] + 4J 2

) (S
3

S 2 + 4 J 2

. C J
R
.

) ( T = 0

C J

.
1

T
C = T
)(11.2

S
T S J

[1] G. Ruppeiner, Phys. Rev. A 20 (1979) 1608; G.

Ruppeiner, Phys. Rev. D 75 (2007) 024037
[2] F. Weinhold, J. Chem. Phys. 63 (1975) 2479.
[3] H. Quevedo, Geometrothermodynamics of black
holes, Gen. Rel. Grav. 40, 971 (2008).
[4] D. F. Jardim, M. E. Rodrigues and St_ephane J.
M. Houndjo; Thermodynamics of phantom
Reissner-Nordstrom-AdS black hole; arXiv: [grqc]1202.2830v2
[5] R. C. Myers and M. J. Perry, Ann. Phys. 172, 304347, (1986).
[6] A. Bravetti, D. Momeni, R. Myrzakulov and H.
Quevedo, Geometrothermodynamics of higher
dimensional black holes, arXiv:1211.7134v1 [grqc] 30 Nov 2012

T
T
)(12.2
=
dT
dS +
dJ
S J
J S

T T J
)(13.2

+

S J J S S
) (7.2 )(2.1

T
=

)( n + 2 ) S 5 8 J 2 S 3 + 16 J 4 ( n 4 ) S (14.2

= C

(4 J 2 S 2 ) 2
) (7.1
.
C J
) R ( S , . C
) R ( S , J .


] .[6

] .[4

n
.
.

. WKB
. FRW

Stabilization of test particles in brane gravity

Heydarzade, Yaghoub; Jalalzadeh, Shahram
Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran

Abstract
We studied general dynamics of test particles on 4D brane embedded in 5D bulk under perturbation along extra
dimension. We used WKB method to obtain an approximate solution for its differential equation. We show the
solution implies that test particles are confined to the barne under Mach energy condition. Moreover, we
precisely studied FRW brane and brane-world black holes. In these cases, we show particles will be stabilized
around the original brane.
PACS No. 04.50.+h.

. :

V4 V5
Y : V4 V5 :

A
,

Z ,A ( x , ) Y, A N ( x ).

)(3

)GABY,AY,B g , GABY,A N B 0, GAB N A N B 1. (1

G AB g Y A

x N A

)(4
N

A 0,1,..., 4 . 0,1, 2,3

A
4

V4 :
)(2

0,G AB N A N

G G A B ,A ,B G 4 G AB ,A N

Z A ( x , ) Y A ( x ) N A ( x ).

)(5

0
.

g

0

GAB

)(6

d
1 g
u u 0.
( )
)(14
d e
2e

g g 2 K 2 g K K ,

K G ABY ,A N B; ,

)(7

e
K u u 0.
)(15
e
l 2 : g u u

:
)(8

K GAB Z A, N B; K K K ,

e 2 M 2 l 2 2 .
)(16

.
2 ll
eeM
)(17
:

.
)(9
2

e
2 ll 2 K u u .
eeM
)(18
e
:
e l 1
)(19
2 K u u ,
e l l
:

e
2
2 K u u .
)(20
e
l
) (15

1 B
1
[d
AB Z A Z B e( ) M 2 ].
)(10

2 A
) e (

][2
:

A e( ) B M

K u u 0.
)(21
.

. ) e(
Z A ]: [1
)(11

1
dZ A dZ B
1 dS
AB

,
M
d d
M d

dZ A
e
A B B
BC
Z Z Z A .
)(12
d
e
:

1
[ g u u 2 ] eM .
)(13
2e
- :

)(22

1 d ds 2
) ) (
d 2 d 2 ds d
dx dx
[ 2
] K
0.
ds
ds
ds
ds ds
( )2
d

ds .
l

l 2
l

)(31

:
ds 2
) 1 2 K u u 2 K K u u .
d

)(23
) (22

. P

) (26
- ]: [3

)(24

1
K
)K K u u 8 G (T u u T ) . (32
2
R

1
K u u .
R

)(25

1
K 2
8 G (T u u T ) 2 0.
)(33
2
R R
-

:
)(26

d 2
2

( 2 K K u u )
0.
2
d
R
R

)(26

WKB . 1

A( )ei ( ) B( ).
)(27
:
d2A
d
dA d
d 2
d2B
A( )2 PA)ei i (2
A 2 )ei 2 PB Q 0.
2
d
d
d d
d
d

dr
r 2 (d 2 sin2 d 2 )].
[ ds 2 dt 2 a(t )2
2
1 kr
)(34

)(28
:

)(29

1
4

P
C .

d 2
( K K K )(1 2 K u u )u u 0.
d 2

P
.
Q

exp(i Pd )

d2A
d
A( ) 2 PA 0 ,
2
d
d
dA d
d 2
2
A 2 0,
d d
d
2
d B
PB Q 0.
d 2

1 d b
( ),
a dt a

K 00

b
gij .
)(35
a2
b t .
Kij

2
K K u u ,
R2
1
Q .
)(30
R
P Q A B
P

)(36
:
)(37

A B :

d 2
3
1
2 0.
2
dt
R
R

dt
R
B) .
R
3

AR1/2 sin( 3

1
K u u K00 .
)(38
R

FRW .

] [4

4D

:
2m 2 2 2
dr 2
r )dt
r2 (d 2 sin 2d2 ).
2
m
r
) (1 2r2
r

].[5
ds2 (1

2m 2 2
dr 2
r )dt
r2 (d 2 sin 2d2 ).
2
m

r 3
) (1 r 2
r 3

ds2 (1

[1] S. Jalalzadeh and H. R. Sepangi, Classical and Quantum

Dynamics of Confined Test Particles in Brane Gravity,
Class. Quantum Grav. 22 (2005) 2035-2048.

K g ,

)(39

[2] A. M. Yazdani, K. Atazadeh and S. Jalalzadeh.,

Localization of Gravity in Brane World with Arbitrary
Extra Dimensions, Int J Theor Phys (2011) 50: 888-898.

1
g u u ,
R
K K u u 2 .

[3] S. Jalalzadeh and A. M. Yazdani, Variation of mass in

primordial nucleosynthesis as a test of induced matter
theory , Physic Letters B 664 (2008) 229-234.

(26):

[4] M. Heydari-Fard, H. Razmi and H. R. Sepangi., BraneWorld Black Hole Solutions via a Confining Potential,
Phys.Rev.D 76:066002 (2007).

d 2
1
2
0.
)(40
2
d
R
1

[5] L. Randall and R. Sundrum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 4690

(1999).

:
1
)(41
,
R

Asin( )

SDSS J2215-0045
2
1
2

1 2

SDSS J2215-0045 . 29
2011 IDS 2/5 INT 3 .
ESO-MIDAS SDSS .

Investigating Time Variations of Broad Absorption Line quasar SDSS J2215-0045

Dadboud, Laila1; Aghaee, Alireza1,2
1

Department of Physics, University of Sistan and Baluchestan

)School of Astronomy, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM

Abstract
Investigating time variations of broad absorption line in the spectrum of quasar SDSS J2215-0045 has been
reported. This quasar has been observed by the second author of this paper using IDS spectrometer in the INT
observatory with three exposures time of one hour for each. Data reduction has been done using standard
system of ESO-MIDAS and the final spectrum has been compared to that of SDSS and its variations were
reported.
PACS No. 98

1960

-1

-2 .

]. [2 1

.-

29

20 40 -

2011 IDS

. 5000 50000

2/54 INT

] .[3

ESO-

0/1 .

MIDAS .

(Flexible Image Transport) fit

bdf

].[2

:HiBAL -1 C IV

Si IV N V O IV .

:LoBAL -2 Mg

- .
SP2148+28

Al II II Al III.
:FeLoBAL -3 LoBAL

Fe II Fe III.

) 1 .(5
6
SDSS

Al III FeIII UV 48 2080 UV 341910

SDSS J2215-0045 2002

.
FeLoBAL
Al Fe III UV 48 2080 UV 341910

III C IV
.

2012 :
-1 Fe II Fe III.
-2 Fe III UV 48 2080
Fe III UV 341910.
-3

:1 SDSS J2215-0045

Mg II Z=1.478

.[3].

: 5

SDSS J2215-0045 : 2

SDSS J2215-0045

SDSS J2215-0045 : 3

)SDSS ) ( :6
Al III UV34 UV48 .(

1. Peterson, B.M., An introduction to active

galactic nuclei, Cambridge university press,
1997.
2. Quider, A.M., et al., The Pittsburgh Slon
Digital Sky Survey MgII Quasar AbsorptionLine Survey Catalog, The Astronomical
Journal, Volum 141, 2011.
3. Vivek, M., et al., Probing the time variability
of five Fe low broad absorption-line quasar,
Monthly of the Royal Astronomical Society,
Volum 423, 2012.
:4
SDSS J2215-0045

Kamali.ata@gmail.com

.
GUP .

Some Quantum Gravity corrections in Black Holes Thermodynamics in Extra

Dimensions
Damavandi Kamali, Ataollah
Department of Physics, Islamic Azad University Sari branch, Sari

Abstract
In this paper we study the effects of minimal length, minimal momentum and maximal momentum on the Thermodynamics
of black holes in a model universe with large extra dimensions. Also we calculate the Hawking temperature, entropy and
heat capacity for the modified Schwarzschild black hole in the presence of the GUP.

PACS No.

] [1-4

] [ 5-6

)(1

)(2

L P 1 2 1 12 L P
2

16 2 2 L P 4 1

L P 1 2 1 12 2 2 L P 4
16 2 2 L P 4 1

x i x min
pi p min

) xi pi (1 2 LP pi 4 2 LP 2 pi 4 2 LP 2 xi

x p

)[x , p ] i (1 2 p 4 2 p 2 4 2 x 2 ) (3

] [2-4

)(4

4 2 LP 2 1 4 2 LP 2 x i
L P x i
(
)
1

2
4 2 L P 2
L P x i

( pi

.
) (4 ] [7-11

1 12 2 2l 4 32 6 6l 12 12 8 8l 16
(1
)
4 2 2l 4 1 64 4 4l 8

)(5

d 3 p
2

M ext

1 12 2 2l 4 32 6 6l 12 12 8 8l 16
) 16 2 2l 4 1
4 2 2l 4 1 64 4 4l 8

TH

( d

4 L 1 4 L x
2

d 3 ( LP xi )(1

. M min M M
ext

)) (6
2
LP xi

P

x i rs d L p m d 3

4 2LP 2

1
16
) d 3
(d 2)d 2

1, 0.01

( d

Mmin .

) (6

1 2 1 12 L P d 3
(
))) M p (7
d
16 2 2 L P 4 1
4

25

ext

d 4M

( M min

) (8

) (6
a

d 3 (16 2 2 LP 4 2

1
1 12 2 2 L P 4
))M p d 3 , (8
4
16 L P 1
2

8 L P

T max

.
] 4 LP )

d 2m d 3

4 LP d m

ln 1 4 m 2 2 L P 4d 2

2 L P 3d 1 4 2 2 L P 4 2

.
)1 (9
,
16

1
d 3

2 2

[)

d m d 3

4 LP
d 3

M
( dM
min

Mp = 1 TeV d=4

a
1
,
12

c2dM
min T

4 L P 2 ln m d

d 1 4 2 2 L P 4

)2 arctan 2m L P d (10
L P d 1 4 2 2 L P 4
2

2 2

S4

.
.

1

4 L P
d 3 O m
ln

m
) (12

d
2 2
4
d 3

d 1 4 L P

d 2

Sd

2 .

: 1 ) (GUP

m d

(ln

4 L P 2

)
1 2 1 12 2 2 L P 4
)

16 2 2 L P 4 1
1 4m 2 2LP 4d 2

3
(ln
)
2 2
4
2
2LP d 1 4 LP
1 2 112 2 2LP 4 2 2 2 4
(1 4
) LP
16 2 2LP 4 1

d 1 4 2 2 L P 4

12 11222LP4
( tan1(2mLP2d ) tan1(2LP2
))
1622LP4 1

2
4

S4

LPd 1 4 LP
2

: 2 ) (GUP

m .

l 3 ln m d
ln 1 4m 2LP 4d 2
m

1/
2
LP 3d 2
LP 3d 2 1 4 2 2LP 4 2
d 2 1 4 2 2LP 4
)(11

dT

C T

dT

d=5

dM

dS

arctan 2 m L P 2d

L P 5d 2 1 4 2 2 L P 4 3

S5

) 42 (1 4 2LP 4d 2m d 3
1

8 m LP ( d m d 3 ) 1
2

( d m d 3 )2

1/ 2

2
2

1)] 16 LP d m d 3
2

) 42 (1 4 2LP 4d 2m d 3
1

[d m d 3 ( d m d 3 )( 1

( d m d 3 )2

)(13

. Mext

GUP Mmin Mext Mext

Mext
.

.


.

: 3

[1] A. Kempf, G. Mangano and R. B. Mann, Phys. Rev. D 52,

1108 (1995).
;)[2] H. Hinrichsen and A. Kempf, J. Math. Phys. 37, 2121 (1996
;)[3] A. Kempf, J. Math. Phys. 38, 1347 (1997
[4] A. Kempf, arXiv: hep-th/9405067 (1994).
[5] Ali A. F, S. Das and E. C. Vagenas.: Phys. Rev. D 84, 044013
;(2011).
[6] Nozari .k, Etemadi .A .: Phys. Rev. D 85 (2012) 104029
)[7] K. Nozari and S. H. Mehdipour, Europhysics Lett. 84 (2008
)[8] K. Nozari and S. H. Mehdipour, Class. Quant.Grav. 25 (2008
[9] K. Nozari and S. H. Mehdipour, JHEP 0903 (2009) 061.
[10] Kourosh Nozari, A. S. Sefiedgar, Class. Quant.Grav. 39
)(2007
[11] K. Nozari and P. Shahini, arXiv:1206.5624 (2012).

: 4 GUP
1, 0.01

-
1

2 + R + R 2 + Rab R ab .
- .

2,1 2, 2
.

Linear modified field equation in de Sitter space-time

Dehghani Kazemi, Mohsen1
Department of Physics, Ilam University, Ilam

Abstract
The field equation following the non-linear Lagrangian 2 + R + R 2 + Rab R ab has been considered as an
alternative to Einstein's theory. Based on the background field method, the linearized fourth order field equation
has been obtained in both the 4-dimensional de Sitter space-time and the flat 5-dimensional ambient space
notations. The field equation has been written as the eigen value equation of the Casimir operators of de Sitter
group. It has been shown that the field equation transforms according to the unitary irreducible representations
de Sitter group denoted by 2,1 and 2, 2 in discreet series.
)( 04

PACS No.

- ) (

= 3H 2:

1
Rg ab + g ab = 0.
)( 1
2
- ] 1 [2

2 + R + R 2 + Rab R ab

Rab

..

)(2

)( 0
)(1
)(2
H ab
+ H ab
+ H ab
= 0.

c
c
2
2 2
2 H a hbc + b hac + H hab 4 H 4 hab
1
) + 2 ( 2 hab a c hbc b c hac
2
1
'+ g~ ab (8H 2 c d h cd 5 H 2 2 h'+2 H 4 h
2

1
Rg ab + g ab ,
2
1
= 2 a b R 2 RRab g ab (R 2 4 2 R ),
2

'H ab( 2) = a b c d h cd 2 h'+3H 2 h

)( 3

)( 0
H ab
= Rab

)( 4

)(1
H ab

)( 2
H ab
= c a Rbc + c b Rac 2 Rab 2 Rac Rbc

1
)( 5
g ab Rcd R cd 2 R .
2
2 a a .

( ) h').
2 2

)(12

H ab( 0) + H ab(1) + H ab( 2 ) = 0.

)(13

)( 2
)(1
)(0
H ab ) (8
H ab
H ab

) ( BG
) ( BG
g ab
g ab = g ab
+ hab

) (10 ) (12 .

. -

)g ab = g ab ( dS ) h ab (6

) ( dS
g ab = g ab
+ hab

)(14

) ( dS
g ab .
g~ab

g~ab h ab h' = 0.

)( 7

24 2 1 2
H
+ 2 H 2

1
' a c hbc + b c hac 2 hab a b h
2
)( 8
1
2
2
cd
2
+ H hab + g ab h' c d h + H h' .
2
a

) h' ha (8 hab
a

= )H ab( 0

) (, + + +

24 2 1 2
H
2 H 2

.
) ( A
)( 9

)(10

)~ (1
)(1
= H ab
+ H ab
,

24 2 1
)(16
2 H 2 4 H 2
H hab = 0,

). (+,

)(1
H ab

)'H ab(1) = 2 a b ( c d h cd 2 h'+3H 2 h

24 2 1
)(15
2 H 2 4 H 2
H hab = 0,

a h ab = 0 = b hab ,

][4

) (6 ][3

)~ (0
)(0
= H ab
+ H ab
,

)(0
ab

c d h +
cd

) (7 ) (9 ) (11 ) (2

Rab . R

+ 12 H 2 a c hbc + b c hac 2 hab + 2 H 2 hab

) (16

2 g ab 3H 2 c d h cd + 3H 4 h' 2 c d h cd + ( 2 ) 2 h' .

) (6 ) ( A
)~ (2
)( 2
)( 2
)(11
H ab
= H ab
+ H ab
,

) K (x

] [6

x R 5

.
x.K = x K = x K = 0.

Q (Q 2) K = 0.
)(1
0

)(22

) K (x ) hab ( X

)(1
0

) (21

X a X b
hab ( X ).
x x

= )K ( x

)(23

) (18

D T 1..i..n = T 1..i..n H 2 xi T 1.. ..n ,

)(17

i =1

= + H 2 x x

)(1
2

2,1 2, 2

][3

] .[3 K )(24

Q s(1 ) =

1
W = L L ,
8

(Q

4 6

) SO0 (1,4
Qs( 2 ) = W W ,

()

+ 4 Q2(1) + 6 K = 0,

)(24

) = diag (1,1,1,1,1 .

1
L L ,
2

0.

8H 2 ( 3 ) = 1,

L = M + S ,

M = i ( x x ),

)(1

s Qs ) Qs( 2

. :

2 + R + R 2 + Rab R ab

Q1(1) = (Q0(1) 2) + 2 x. 2x.,

Q2(1) K = (Q0(1) 6) K + 2K '+2 S x(.K ) 2 S ( x.K ),

)(18
K ' = K , :

1
M M = H 2 2 ,
2

Q0(1) =

S ( ) = + .

][5

)x x 2 (1
)(19
H Q0 + 2 K ,
X a X b
2
x x
= 2 hab
)H 4 Q0(1) + 2 Q0(1) + 2 K , (20
a
b
X X
x.K = 0 = K ' ,

])

()

( [

2,1

2 hab =

) (

) (16
)(21

2, 2

-A ) (9 )(11

24 H 2
Q0(1) Q0(1)
+
6 K = 0.

) (9 ) (11
.

g ab = g~ ab h ab

R = a b h ab 2 h'3H 2 h'.

~
a b R = a b R + a b R,

(A.12)

a b R = a b R = a b (..h 2 h'3H 2 h').

~
2 R = 2 R + 2 R,
(A.13)

~
Rab = 3H 2 g~ab ,

(A.1)

~
R = 12 H 2 .

(A.2)

1 cd
(A.3)
g ( a g bd + b g ad d g ab )
2
1
= g~ cd hcd [ a (g~bd + hbd ) + b ( g~ad + had )
2
d (g~ad + had )]
(A.4)

~
~
abc = abc h cd g~ed abe
1
+ g~ cd ( a g~bd + b g~ad d g~ad )
(A.5)
2

~e
~e
a hbd = a hbd ab hed ad hbe ,
(A.6)
~e
~e
(A.7)
b had = b had bd hae ab hed ,
~e
~e
d hab = d hab db hae da heb ,
(A.8)

~c
c
c
ab = ab + ab ,
(A.9)
~c
- ab

abc =

(A.14)

a b Rcd = a b ( c .hd + d .hc + 2 H 2 hcd

2 H 2 h' g~cd .hcd c d h' ).

a b R = a b ( c d h cd 2 h'3H 2 h').

a b R = a b R + a b R,

g ab = g~ab + hab

~
Rabcd = H 2 ( g~ac g~bd g~ad g~bc ),

2 R = 2 (..h 2 h'3H 2 h').

~
c b Rac = c b Rac + c b Rac ,

(A.15)

[1] S.W. Howking and G.F.R. Ellis, The large- scale structure of spacetime( Camberidge,1973).
[2] B. Allen and A. Folacci Phys. Rev. D, 35(1987)3771.
[3] M. Dehghani, S. Rouhani, M.V. Takook and M.R. Tanhayi, Phys.
Rev. D, 77(2008)64028.
[4] S. Fatemi, S. Rouhani, M.V. Takook and M.R. Tanhayi, J. Math. Phys.
51 (2010) 032503.
[5] M.V. Takook, M.R. Tanhayi, J. High Energy Phys. 12 (2010) 044.
[6] T. Garidi, J.P. Gazeau and M.V. Takook, J. Math. Phys. 44(2003)
3838.

1 cd
g ( a hbd + b had d hab ),

2
. -

abc =

c
Rdab
= a bdc b adc + aec bde bec ade
( A.9)
~
Rab = Rab + Rab ,
(A.10)

Rab =

1
a .hb + b .ha + 8 H 2 hab
2
2 H 2 h' g~ab 2 hab ab h')

~
R = R + R,

(A.11)

.
.

GUP and application of hydrogen-like atoms for the curvature measurement

Dehghani-Kazemi, Mohsen; Rostami, Mojtaba
Department of Physics, Ilam University, Ilam

Abstract
Based on the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP), in which the gravitational effects up to the square order
of the Planck length are taken into account, the corrected ground state energy of the relativistic and nonrelativistic hydrogen-like atoms are calculated, up to the same order in the Planck length. The results show an
increasing shift and a less stability of the ground states in either of the relativistic and non-relativistic cases.
PACS No: 03; 04

h
,
)( 1
2
.

.
- .

LP = G 3h ~1.6 1035 m, G

xp

) (6 :
h
L2
1 + P2 + O LP4
r
r
)(7

) (

h
+ LP2 P ,
h
P

)(2

LP . L2P P )(2

h r
4 LP2

1
1
2 LP2
r2

=P

) ( ) (3

Ze 2
h2
h2 2

)(
= E

+
LP .
r
2mr 2
mr 4
dE dr = 0

h2 2 4h2 2
)(
r
LP = o .
mZe 2
mZe 2

) (r r

) ( p p .

mZe
L
a
h
, a = o .
+ 4 2 LP2 = 2a1 +
2
mZe
a
2Z
h

)(10

r3

h
r

2
P
2

a
h2
= o,
2
Zme
Z

h2
=0.51Ao
mc2

= a0

=r

2
L P

1
Emin = mc 2 Z 2 2 13.6 Z 2 eV ,
)(
2
e2
1
= .

hc 137

)( 6

L
1 +

h
8 ma 2

L2
1 + P2
a

3h 2
Ze 2 Ze 2
h2

8 ma 2
2 a 2 a 3 16 ma 4

L
1
mc 2 Z 2 2 1
2
2a

2
P
2

=
E min

h 2 L P2
+
16 ma 4

) (

+ O L P4 =

L2
= Emin 1 P2 ,
)(11
Emin
2a
) (5 .

) (2

P
r
h 2 LP2

Ze
2a

2
P
2

) (4 ) (3

1 + 1 4 L P

r2

L
1 +

2
P
2

1 1 4 L P

r2

=r

=E

dE dr = 0

)( 4

) (10 ) (8

P 2 Ze 2

2m
r

)(3

) (11

r
2 LP2

.
E 'min Emin ) (11
.

Ze 2
.
)(12
r
) (12

1/ 2

E (r ) = P 2 c 2 + m 2 c 4

h 2c 2
)(13
+ m 2c 4 = h 2c 2 ,
r2

) (18
) h (1 Z
2m 2c 2 (Z )2

8m 2 c 2 Z 2 2 (4 Z 2 2 ) 2
1 + 1 +
LP .
h 2 (1 Z 2 2 ) 2

Ze 2 r

1/ 2

h 2 h 2c 2

r = 2 2
1 .
2 2

) m c ( Ze

) a (1 Z 2 2
L2
1 + P2 , b = 0
b
Z 4 Z 2 2

=r

1 2

) (r
=
Emin

12

2 1/ 2

)(17

1/ 2

Z 2 2
Z 2 2 LP2
1

= mc 1 +
2 2
1 Z 2 2 b 2
1 Z

Z 2 2 LP2
.
)(21
1 Z 2 2 1 +
2 2
2
1 Z b
) (17

) (r
E min
) = mc 2 1 (Z

) (7 ) (12

h 2 c 2 2h 2 c 2 2
+
LP
r2
r4

)(22

dE ( r ) dr = 0

]) (

Z 2e 2 mc L2P
1 + 2
)(20
h 1 Z 2 2 b

me 2 c
2 1/ 2
,
)(16
) 1 (Z
h

m 2c 2 Z 2 2 2 L2P
') ( r
1 2 + m 2c 4
Emin
=
2 2
Z
b
1

2m 4c 6 Z 4 4 2
+ 2
LP + O L4P
h (1 Z 2 2 ) 2
1

h 1 Z 2 2
mcZ

=r

) (7 ) (19 )(12

1/ 2

2 2 h 4c 4
2
2
) Ze + h c + 2 4 1 (Z
Z e

2
mZe
hc
2 1 / 2
) = 2 1 (Z
Ze 2 +

h
Z

= r2

)(

a
12
12
h
1 ( Z ) 2
)= 0 1 ( Z ) 2 . (15
2
Z
mZe
) (15 ) (12
mZe 2
2
) 1 (Z
2
h

) (1 + x ) = 1 + nx + O( x 2 .

r dE r dr = 0

)(14

m 2 c 2 Z 2 2 4
2
2
r 1 (Z ) r 2 2 LP2 4 (Z ) = o,
h2
)(18

( r )

Emin

= mc 2

L
(r )
) (r
1 +
,
Emin
= Emin
d

2
P
2

h 2 c 2 r 2 + 4 LP2 = Ze 2 r 3 m 2 c 4 +

b 1 Z
Z
) (22
2

L2P

=d

[)

( r )
) (r
E min
.
> E min

) (22
.

],
13

A3 + 54 AL P2 + 6 3 A 4 LP2 + 27 A 2 L4P

[)

A A2 1 i 3 3

A + 54 ALP2
3
6
1 / 3
1 i 3
+ 6 3 A4 LP2 + 27 A2 L4P

1/ 3

A A2 1 + i 3 3
A + 54 AL P2

3
6
1 / 3
1 i 3
+ 6 3 A 4 LP2 + 27 A 2 LP4

6
= r2

A L + 27 A L

2 4
P

= r3

2
P

A + 54 AL + 6 3
3

2
P

r1

1/ 3

) ( A.2

2
P

L2
L
~
A 1 + 6 P2 + 2 3 P + O L 3P .
A
A

) (

1 / 3

+ 6 3 A4 L2P + 27 A2 L4P

[A + 54 AL

+ 6 3 A4 L2P + 27 A2 L4P

[A + 54 AL

2
P

1
L2
L
~
) ( A.3
1 + 6 P2 2 3 P + O L3P .
A
A
A

) (A.2) (A.1 ) (A.3

) (

.
-
.

A A
L2
L
) + 1 + 6 P2 2 3 P + O ( L3P
A
A
3 3

A
L
L
L2
~ ) + 1 + 6 P2 + 2 3 P + O ( L3P
A1 + 4 P2
3
A
A
A

=r

) (9
h2
mZe 2

A

r 3 Ar 2 4 AL P2 = O ,

A
3

= r1

;[1] L. Parker, Phys. Rev. Lett., 44(1980)1559

Phys. Rev. D, 22(1980)1922.
[2] L. Parker and L.O. Pimentel, Phys. Rev. D,
25(1982)3180.
[3] X. Han, H. Li, Y. Ling, Phys. Lett. B, 666(2008)121.
[4] K. Nouicer, Phys. Lett. B, 646(2007)63.
[4] Z. Ren, Z. Sheng-Li, Phys. Lett. B, 641(2006)208.
[5] L. Xiang, Phys. Lett. B, 638(2006)519.
[6] M. Dehghani, A. Farmany, Phys. Lett. B, 675(2009)460.
[7] A. Farmany, M. Dehghani, M.R. Setare and S.S.
Mortazavi, Phys. Lett. B, 682(2009)114.
[8] M. Dehghani, Phys. Lett. A, 374(2010)3012.

1 / 3
A2 3
A + 54 AL P2 + 6 3 A 4 L P2 + 27 A 2 L P4
3
1/ 3
1 3
+ A + 54 AL P2 + 6 3 A 4 L P2 + 27 A 2 L P4
), ( A.1
3

-
1,2 1,2

1
2

- .
-

- . -

. - .

Connection between thermodynamics and Quasi-topological cosmology

Dehghani, Mohammad Hossein1,2; Sheykhi, Ahmad1,2; Dehghani, Razieh1
1

Physics Department and Biruni Observatory,Shiraz University, Shiraz

Center for Excellence in Astronomy and Astrophysis (CEAA, RIAAM) Maragha

Abstract
We study thermodynamical properties of the apparent horizon in a universe governed by quasitopological gravity. Our aim has twofold. First by employing the entropy expression associated
with the black hole horizon in quasi-topological gravity, and replacing the horizon radius with the
apparent horizon radius, we derive the corresponding Friedmann equation in quasi-topological
gravity. Then we study the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics in quasitopological cosmology. Our study may indicate that quasi-topological gravity is a consistent
theory from thermodynamical point of view.
PACS No. 04

5 .

7 .

, -,

n 2

]:[1
)(1

2n 5

3 .

c p L p

3 5

. - ) (n+1 m n / 2

][ 2 . -

][2 ] [43 .

)(7

A
G

)(3

)(10

r r

) (5

][6

)(4

)(9

-- -

) (2

)(8

--

3 ][34

][5

x r

. 0

a t r

x t

) hab diag( 1, a /1 kr
2

-- -

)(2

)(6

dE Th dSh WdV

. --

r .

) (4

)(11

) (4

) (18

)(12

) (10) (6 ) (12 ) (11

3
drA
p dt

) (16

) (9
d

drA

)(15

)(20
A

. rA ) (7
H

) (15
H

(19)

)(13

)(14

)(21

) (20 ) (21
)(16

. -

)(22

)(17

. 0

) (22
0

. 1

S .

S .

- .

S .

-- -

][7

p dV

Vd

pdV

d V

4 .

- .

. ) (22 ) (24

) (20

AH

)(25

0

.
n

) (24

) (23

. S

[1] D. Lovelock, J. Math.; Dimensionally continued topological

gravitation theory in Hamiltonian form; Phys. (N.Y.) 12, 498
(1971).
[2] R. C. Myers and B. Robinson; Black holes in quasitopological gravity; High Energy Phys. 08 (2010) 067 .
;[3] W. G. Brenna, M. H. Dehghani, and R. B. Mann
Quasitopological Lifshitz black holes; Phys. Rev. D 84, 024012
(2011).
[4] M. H. Dehghani, et. Al ; Black holes in (quartic) QuasiTopological gravity; Phys. Rev. D 85, 104009 (2012).

- .

[5] A. Sheykhi, B. Wang and R. G. Cai; Thermodynamical

properties of apparent horizon in warped DGP braneworld;Nucl.
Phys. B 779, 1 (2007).
[6] S. A. Hayward, Unified first law of black-hole dynamics and
relativistic thermodynamics; Class. Quant. Grav. 15, 3147 ( 1998).
[7] G. Izquierdo and D. Pavon, Dark energy and the generalized
)second law, Phys. Lett. B 633,420 (2006

12

.
UVES 2.6<zem<3.8 . .

Measuring Flux Autocorrelation Function in the Lyman Alpha Forest

Rezaee Darestani, Sara1; Aghaee, Alireza1,2
1

Department of Physics, University of Sistan and Baluchestan

)School of Astronomy, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM

Abstract
Flux Autocorrelation function is useful utile to explain the Lyman alpha forest. Measuring the flux
autocorrelation function in the Lyman alpha forest will be done, using UVES high resolution spectrum of some
quasars at 2.6<zem<3.8. We will investigate the redshift dependency of the flux autocorrelation function.
PACS No. 98

NHI>210+20cm-2

-2

)(QSOs

cm

+17

LLS

NHI>10 ] .[ 1

Q0002-422

[] .

) (IGM ] .[

-
.

10+12<NHI<10+17cm-2 .

DLA

.1 Q0002-422 , zem=2.768
.

.
2.7<Zem<3.8 .
UVES
8/2 VLT
.2 HE0151-4326 . z=2.78

. 1

.1

)ly(Ao
3889-4577
3232-3798
3721-4378
3512-4130
3976-4679
4909-5786
3875-4561

zly
2.20-2.76
1.66-2.12
2.06-2.60
1.89-2.40
2.27-2.85
3.04-3.76
2.19-2.75

zem
2.7808
2.1402
2.6167
2.4138
2.8653
3.7749
2.7677

QSO
HE0151-4326
HE1341-1020
HE1347-2457
HE2217-2818
HE2347-4342
PKS2000-330
Q0002-422

(.


.
1

fv
f
> ) 1)( v + v 1
> < f
> < f

) (1

( <= ) (v

) =1020(1+ZQSO

) =1216(1+ZQSO .

].[

] [

) (2

2000

fv
f
> ) 1)( v + v 1
> < f
> < f
< f >2

(<

= ) ( v

5000

. 1 Q0002-

. 4

422 . 2

HE2217-2818 zem=2.41

HE0151-4326

PKS2000-330 zem=3.77

.

.

.4 <z>=2.71
<z>=2.11 .

<z>=2.70 <z>=2.1 .


.
.

[1] P.McDonald, U.Seljak, The Ly forest power spectrum the Sloan

Digital Sky Survey, The Astrophysical Journal, 2006 163, 80-109
[2] J.E.Gunn, B.A.Peterson, On the density of netural hydrogen in
intergalactic space, The Astrophysical Journal, 1965, 142, 1633
[3] P.Schneider, Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology, springer,
2006
[4] A.C. Croft, Toward a precise measurement of matter Clustering LY
forest data at redshifts 2-4, The Astrophysical Journal, 2002, 581, 20-52

.3 .

[5] M.S.Peeples, From galaxies to the intragalactic medium, The Ohio

State University, 2010

HE2217-2818, PKS2000-330
z=3.77 z=2.41 .

.5

)f(T

) f(T T
.
)1 : )2 .
.

Dynamical behaviors and cosmological viability conditions

for f(T)dark energy models
Setare1, Mohammad Reza; Mohammadipour, Naser2
Department of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj
Department of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj

1
2

Abstract
In this work we consider f(T) modified teleparallel gravity where T is the torsion scalar. This has been proposed as the
natural gravitational alternative for dark energy. We perform a detailed dynamical analysis of these models and find
conditions for the cosmological viability of f(T) dark energy models as geometrical constraints on the derivatives of these
models. We show that in the phase space exists two cosmologically viable trajectory which (i) The universe would start
from an unstable radiation point, then pass a saddle standard matter point which is followed by accelerated expansion de
sitter point. (ii) The universe starts from a saddle radiation epoch, then falls onto the stable matter era and the system can
not evolve to the dark energy dominated epoch. Finally, for a number of f(T) dark energy models were proposed in the
more literature, the viability conditions are investigated.

PACS No.

- -

] .[7

) F(R

]432 .[1

]9.[8

) f(T

] .[5

].[13,14

].[6

f(T) = T )f(T

T - . Si ei S

(TERG)1 1928

-- T 6H 2

2 ] .[12

( )1 ][14

12 H 2 f f ( r m ),
48H 2 H f (12 H 2 4 H ) f f ( Pr Pm ).

)(3

].[13]-[18

) f(T

( 3)

.
.

)(4

2 H 2T 2 f Tf T
1
3H 2 2Tf f T

weff

) d 2 f (T
) df (T
f
f

2
dT
dT

) )f(T

. -

) f(T

r
,
3H 2
x2 2 f (T ),
)(5
) f (T
x3
,
6H 2
T
x4
1.
6H 2
( )3

x1

)f(T
)

)(1

( f (T ) Lr Lm ),

edx

1
2

2k

m 1 x1 x2 x3 x4 ,

T e g d et e( i ) 2k 2 16G 1

)(6

Lr Lm

. --

g ij ei ej

3H 2

( )5

. ( )1

H
),
H2

]:[14
)(2

i i

1
1
Si (T ) fTT [e 1 ( Si ) ei S T ] fT ei f ei T
4
2

)(7

2 x1 (2

H
2mx2 2 ,
H
H
,
H2
3 x2 3 x3 x1

.
(2m 1) x2

) ( x 2 2 x3

Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity 1

Einstein 2
Viability 3
Veribein 4

dx1
dN
dx2
dN
dx3
dN
H
H2

( )7

) (r , m .

) f(T .

) Tf (T

) f (T

a
ai

: P1

5 N Ln( ) m m .
r

Tf (T ) x2

f (T ) 2 x3

) m m(r

P1 x3

. r r N r

1
)4

:
) m(r m r 1

: P2

( )7

) P2 : ( x1 0, x2 2 x3 , x3 x3

m
x
) 3
DE 1 x3

)(9

) L1 : ( x1 0, x2 x3 , x3 x3

m 0, r 0, DE 1, weff 1,
L2 : ( x1 0, x2 2 x3 , x3 x3 ), m 0

m x3 , r 0, DE 1 x3 , weff 0,

m r . ) P2m : (0,2,1
) (m 1, weff 0
x3 1 .

)(10
1
m 0, r x3 , DE 1 x3 , weff .
3
L1

) (m(r 1) 0 P2
dm
) 1
dr r 1

r L2 L3 m 0 : r 1

m r 1

. L2 L3

6 .

: P3

L1 ) ( H 0

) P3 : ( x1 x3 , x2 2 x3 , x3 x3

1
1
) m(r ) (r , m
2
2

( .

P2

) (r 1, m 0 ) (r , m -

dm
0,1,3(1
)
dr

L3 : ( x1 x3 , x2 2 x3 , x3 x3 ), m 0

1
2

(2m 1) 2 x3

3
2
)m(m 1
(4,

2 2m 1 2m 1
)(0,3,4

)(8

8m3 9m 2 3m

x3 0 7

r 0 .

dxi
0
dN

) P1 : ( x1 0, x2 x3 , x3 x3

ai
7

Scaling solutions

Attractor

m r

( -

x
r
) 3
DE 1 x3

1
) P3r : (1,2,1 ) ( r 1, weff
3

dm
)
dr

.
()
() m r.

0,1,4(1

dm
. ) 1
dr r 1

) (r , m

. .

. P3

[1] S. Perlmutter et al. [Supernova Cosmology Project Collaboration],

Astrophys. J. 517, 565 (1999).
[2] C. L. Bennett et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 148,1 (2003).
[3] M. Tegmark et al. [SDSS Collaboration], Phys. Rev. D 69,
103501(2004).
[4] S. W. Allen, et al., Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 353, 457 (2004).
[5] P. J. Steinhardt, Critical Problems in Physics (1997), Princeton
University Press.
[6] Y -F. Cai, E. N. Saridakis, M. R. Setare, J. Q. Xia, Phys. Rep.
493, 1, 1-60 (2010).
[7] C. Brans and C. H. Dicke, Phys. Rev. 124, 925 (1961).
[8] S. Nojiri and S. D. Odintsov, Int. J. Geom. Meth. Mod. Phys. 4, 115
(2007).
;][9] S. Nojiri and S. D. Odintsov, arXiv:0801.4843 [astro-ph
arXiv:0807.0685 [hep-th]; A. De Felice, S. Tsujikawa, Living Rev.
;Rel. (2010). arXiv:1002.4928.
;)[10] S. Capozziello and M. Francaviglia, Gen. Rel. Grav. 40, 357 (2008
M. R. Setare, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D17, 2219, (2008); Astrophys. Space
)Sci.326, 27, (2010
[11] L. Amendola, R. Gannouji, D. Polarski and S. Tsujikawa, Phys. Rev.
D, 75, 083504 (2007), arXiv: 0612180 [gr-qc]; S. Y.Zhou, E. J. Copeland
and P. M. Saffin, JCAP, 0907, 009 (2009), arXiv: 0903.4610 [gr-qc].
[12] A. Einstein, Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Phys. Math. Kl. 217
(1928); 224 (1928).
[13] R. Ferraro and F. Fiorini, Phys. Rev.D, 75 084031 (2007).
[14] G. R. Bengochea and R. Ferraro, Phys. Rev. D 79, 124019 (2009); G.
R. Bengochea, Phys. Lett. B, 695, 405 (2011).
[15] E. V. Linder, Phys. Rev. D, 81, 127301 (2010).
[16] P. Wu and H. Yu, Eur.Phys.J. C, 71, 1552 (2011), arXiv: 1008.3669
[astro-ph.CO].
[17] K. Bamba, C. Q. Geng, C. C Lee and L. W. Luo, JCAP 1101, 021
(2011), arXiv: 1011.0508 [astro-ph.CO].
[18] T. P. Sotiriou, B. Li and J. D. Barrow, Phys. Rev. D, 83, 104030
(2011), arXiv: 1012.4039 [gr-qc].

( P3r )
P2 ( P2 m )
P1 . ) (r , m
) (r 1, m 0 P2 P3
. ) ( P1
1
1
) (r , m .
2
2

. ) (r , m
f (T ) T T ) (r , m )(1,0

1 1
) ( , .
2 2

) ( DE 1, weff 1.

) f(T
.

12

) ( .
557 Ia
. .

Investigation of observational constraints on agegraphic dark energy in a chameleonlike

mechanism
Saaidi, Khaled1; Sheikahmadi, Haidar1, 2 ; Rabiei, Sayed Worya1
Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj
Young Researcher Club, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj

1
2

Abstract
During this Study we have shown that against some studies which claim that Agegraphic Dark Energy (ADE
) model cannot satisfy observational data, and also cannot cross the phantom divide line and so on, this model
when is considered in a chameleonlike mechanism (which matter lagrangian has an interaction with scalar
field) by using SNeIa 557 Union II, obtain this ability to improve the mentioned problems. Therefore ADE
Can be considered as an useful model for dark energy.

Ia

0 z 1.4

T dt

3n 2
T2

)(1

] .[1

1
2

1
R

2
` U () d 4 x L m
S d 4 x det g
16G 2

L m ) U (

] .[2

] .[3 . 8G 1

---

r .

) (-2 ) (1

) (9 e 1 0 1 (1 z )

Z .

)(2

d
f () 3Hf ()( P) Lm d f ()
dt
dt

Lm

Ia

. ]

)(10

) (10)-(6

[4 L m P

] . [5
) (2

)(11

r0 1

E2

th 5 log10[ DL ( z;0 ;1; )] 0

1
)) (12
) E ( x; 0 ; 1 ;

(DL ( z; 0 ; 1 ; ) (1 z ) dx
0

)(13

) e / f (

]) [ th ( z i ) ob ( z i

i2

557

Sn ( 0 ; 1 ; )
i 1

Fig.1

)(7

1
}][(1 z ) 1

r0 (1 z )3 (1 z )3 0 exp{3

E H / H 0 .

d
)(3
) f () 3Hf ()( P ) P d f (
dt
dt
d
)(4
) f () m 3Hf ()( m Pm ) Pm d f (
dt
dt
d
)(5
3H ( P ) [ P Pm ] d f () .
dt
dt
) . d / dt U (), P d / dt U (
2
2

)(6

) 3H f ()( m e
2

d
) f () e 3Hf () e (1 e ) m d f (
dt
dt
d
d
f () m 3Hf () m (1 ) m f () .
dt
dt

. ) (7
)(8

0 em f 0 (1 ) 0 m .

0em
) f (1

) 3(1

-Fig1. )(

. e 3n 2 / T 2

) (6

)(9

2 e df / dt
)(r 1

3n
3Hf
f

0 1.1, 1 1.65, 2.25, 0 43.108, 2 min 542.75 .

e 1

Fig. 2

)(15

1.86 1 1.62, 2.27 0.73,

Const.

,
]

3 1 (1 z )

[exp

) 3(1 0

e
) 1 (1 z

a Fig.4 .

-Fig.2 .

-Fig.4 a

Fig.3

) %74 ( .

r mle

r z

] 1 [ 2 .

)(16

]}{(1 z ) 1

31

[r r (1 z ) 3(10 ) exp

z Fig.5 .

-Fig.3 z

0 1.1, 1 1.65, 2.25, 0 43.108,

) (8)-(6

2

) (14

)( z 1
]
2

-Fig.5

f f 0t 2 a 30 exp[31

z .

.
.
][6

.

-Fig.7 .

)(17

HT
(1 z ) de / dz
2

CS dPe / de e
2

)(18

dz
]
)E ( z )(1 z

HT E ( Z )[ HT

. -

Ia

) (17 ) (18 z

-

.

[1] R. G. Cai, Phys. Lett. B, 657, 228 (2007).

;)[2] H. Wei, and R. G. Cai, Phys. Lett. B, 660, 113 (2008
;)H. Wei, R. G. Cai, Phys. Lett. B, 663, 1 (2008
X. Wu, Y. Zhang, H. Li, R. G. Cai, Z. H. Zhu. Arxive: 0708.0349.
;)[3] D. F. Mota and J. D. Barrow, Phys. Lett. B 581, 141 (2004
;)J. Khoury and A. Weltman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 171104 (2004
Kh. Saaidi, A. Mohammadi, and H. Sheikhahmadi, Phys. Rev. D.83
104019 (2011).

-Fig.6 z .

[4] Kh Saaidi. Arxive:1205.3542.

S. W. Hawking, and G. F. R. Ellis, "The Large Scale Structure

][5

;)of Spacetime", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1973

G. W. Gibbons, and , S. W. Hawking. Phys. Rev. D 15, 2752
;)(1997
;[6] Y. Zhang, H. Li, X. Wu, H. Wei, R. G. Cai. Arxive: 0708.1214
;X. Wu, Y. Zhang, H. Li, R. G. Cai, Z. H. Zhu. Arxive: 0708.0349
H. Wei, and R. G. Cai. : Eur.Phys.J.C 59:99 (2009).

-
1
P

1
P

. .
- . .

The effect of bulk chameleon scalar field on quark-hadrons Phase Transition

Saaidi, Khaled1; Golanbari, Tayeb1
P

Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

P

1
P

Abstract
Particle physics results shows that there might be an energy transfer between bulk and brane. In this work, we
propose a model which is able to predict such a term. This term modified the brane conservation equation.
Then, we derived the evolution equations, and apply the model for considering quark-hadron phase transition.
We encounter some interesting and new results about the time of phase transition which is caused by
modification of Friedmann and conservation equations.

- ] [1

. )

WMAP

( ) (

] [3

)-(

) ( .

. ] [2

. .

)(2.1

h = S ( )h

) S ( .

) G = T( ) + T( ) + T(b

)(3.1

)(4.1

) T ( ) =( 5 , 5 , 5 , 5 , 5

= ) T(
) g ( ) 2 + V ( ) (5.1
2

].[4
-

- .

(b )

=
)T ( y )d ag(i b , pb , pb , pb , 0 . ) (6.1

=
m +
b

] [5

= p .
pm
b

) 1 S ( ) (b
)(7.1
)T ( y
2 S
.

V, +
=

FLRW

= ds 2
)n 2 (t , y )dt 2 + a 2 (t , y ) ij dxi dx j + dy 2 (8.1

y = 0

1
1

x g R (5) 5 ( ) 2 V ( )
2
2
) (1.1

A
=

d 4 x h4

)(9.1

) V ( g . -

h .

1/2

3 mT (b ) 2

)
+
(
) + 12V (0 )
2
m
m
8 0

H=
2
) ) 6(6 (0
m
)(10.1
= ) b + 3H ( b + pb
) HT (b
2

= m
4 Lm ( m , h )
Lm .

. = 3 r r

. S ( ) = s0 m ) (9

250Mev < T < 700Mev . ) (14

) (10

1 . .

- 0.2-0.3

. :

QCD
.

QCD
-
.
. 2+1
flavor QCD

].[6

0.2 103 = 0.002

) (HRG

T 180 MeV .

)(11.1

(T ) rT 4

)(12.1

p (T ) rT 4

I (T ) 3 p

)=a1T + a2T 3 + a3T 4 + a4T 10 (15.1

4
4
T
T

)(16.1

=
a (T ) ac ( A0T 4 + A1 ) r / A0

7a
13a4 14
(T ) = 3a0T 4 + 4a1T 5 + 2a2T 7 + 3 T 8 +
T
4
10
a
a
a
)p (T ) = a0T 4 + a1T 5 + 2 T 7 + 3 T 8 + 4 T 14 (17.1
3
4
10

A0 A1 . ) (13


A0T 4 + A1
)(14.1

) 4 rT 3 6(6 ( ) 2
1/2

= m =1
N

)(13.1

= 109 MeV 4

T =

3m
rT 4 (2 + rT 4 ) + 2 T 4 4
8

)(18.1

a (T ) acU112 a0 /(30+ m ) a1

(30 + m )a1T + 12a0

[ exp U 0 tan 1
]
2

m
(30
m
)
a
36
a
1
0

U 0

.
-

U1

)(19.1

]) [6(4a0T 4 + 5a1T 5 + B1 (T )) m B2 (T
)) 2 6(6 ( N a ) 2 )(12a0T 3 + 20a1T 4 + B0 (T

= T

1/2

3m 2
m (2 + m ) + 2 (3 p 4 )2
80

.
: QCD

- .

30 MeV < T < 180 MeV 2 .

. 2 . -

15-30 .

-
.

[1] L. Randall and R. Sundrum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3370, (1999); Phys.
Rev. Lett. 83, 4690, (1999).
;)[2] M. Sasaki, T. Shiromizu and K. Maeda, Phys. Rev. D 62, 024008 (2000
T. Shiromizu, K. Maeda and M. Sasaki, Phys. Rev. D 62, 024012 (2000); K.
Maeda, S. Mizuno and T. Torii, Phys. Rev. D 68, 024033 (2003).
[3] D. N. Spergel et al., Astrophys. J. Supplement Series 170, 377 (2007).

0.2 103 = 0.002

[4] M. I. Gorenstein, W. Greiner and Yang Shin Nan, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part.
Phys. 24, 725 (1998); M. I. Gorenstein, M. Gazdzicki and W. Greiner, Phys.
Rev. C 72, 024909 (1998).

= 109 MeV 4

[5] J. Khoury and A. Weltman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 171104 (2004), Phys.
Rev. D 69, 044026 (2004).

= m =1
N

[6] P. Huovienen and P. Petereczky, Nukl. Phys. A. 837, 26, (2012).

M33 UKIRT
1 2 2 2 3
1
2

) (IPM
3

M33 . M33 WFCAM

UKIRT 2005- 2007 J,H,K . 0,77

15kp15kpc . 341527
14356 . M33

Detecting long period variables in M33 galaxy using UKIRT Telescope data
Maryam, Saberi 1,2 ; Atefeh, Javadi 2 ; Habib, Khosroshahi 2 ; Jacco, Van Loon3 ; Najmeh, Golabatooni 4
1

Department of Physics, Alzahra University, Tehran

School of Astronomy, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran
3
Department of Physics, Keele University, UK
4
Department of physics, Islamic Azad University, central Tehran branch

Abstract
Our main aim is to identify Asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars in the Local Group spiral galaxy M33. As
these stars are in the final stages of their evolution, their luminosity is more directly related to their birth mass,
therefore detecting variable red giants is a powerful tool in reconstructing the star formation history of a
galaxy. A near-infrared monitoring campaign has been conducted at the UK Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) for
M33 with WFCAM camera for a 15 kpc15 kpc region. These data were taken during the period 2005-2007 in
the J, H and K bands. For this region, from 341527 measured stars (photometric data), 14356 stars were found
to be variables. we will use these stars to derive the star formation history across the disk of M33.

AGB 0.8 M -8 M

. ) (~4000K

M33
M33 950
.
) 56(
.

UKIRT
UKIRT 3,8
.

: 1 15kpc15kpc M33

356 116 K J 96

H . 1 K
356
.
Pk i j

.Pk =(i j)k Wk

Wk=1 .

1996

Pk Pk =(i) -1 :

Wk=0.5 .

K
.
k=0.900
mi,k

i k

K=0.798

K0 .

n k .


. 50 .
J :

L :

. 3
0,5 16- 19 .
L=0.8

L 242369
K .
2 L K .

:2 L K
: 3 L

16- 18
.

. L>0.8

AGB M33 .

. 242369 14356
. 4 - .

. 5 K

L .

..

:5 . K

: 4 -

2 0,701

:

.
:6

H-K
J-K .

0,77
M33 UKIRT
J,H,K . 341527

14356 ..

Javadi A, Van Loon J.Th, Mirtorabi M.T, 2011, MNRAS,411,263

Stetson P. B., 1996, PASA, 108, 851

][1
][2

[3 ] Marigo P., Girardi L., Bressan A., Groenewegen M.

A. T., Silva L.,Granato G. L., 2008, A&A, 482, 883

1
2

[ ]1 --
. .

Hubbles law and Lorentzian boost

Arabshahi, Hamid1; Shojai Baghini, Fatimah2
Department of Physics, University of Tehran, Tehran
Department of Physics, University of Tehran, Tehran

1
2

Abstract
Recently [1] it is shown that in a FRW space-time the parallel transport of the four velocity vector of a
comoving object in comoving coordinate for flat space is equivalent to a Lorentzian boost in which the rapidity
parameter is equal to Hubble velocity. In this work, we extend this result to non-flat space comoving
coordinate.

PACS No.

FRW

D a(t ) Dc

.
:

v D

v H .D

. ] [1 FRW

( )K=0 .

vt :

()5

aa
2kxaa x
xv x
v 0
1 kx2
(1 kx2 ) 2

xx v t

] [1

()6

kx
a 2
xvt
vt 0
2
1 kx
1 kx2

.
.

A B x A x B

K= -1 :

()1

xx v t

()7

) L2 ( x A xB )( xA xB

1 x2
vx
)sinh(a sinh 1 x
a
)v t cosh(a sinh 1 x

. (
)

K=+1

K= -1 K=+1

()8

1 x2
v
)sinh(a sin 1 x
a
)v t cosh(a sin 1 x
x

. .

] [1 FRW K=0 .

()9

K=1 .

FRW ] [2 .

K=1 :

()2

aa
t
v
vx 0
x
1 kx2

v x a v t kx v x 0
x
a
1 kx2

: K=0
()11

:
()3

()4

()11

a
kx
k (1 kx2 ) x
x
xx v x x v t

v 0
x
a
1 kx2
(1 kx2 ) 2
kx
) k (1 kx2
a 2
x

)v x 0
x
1 kx2
(1 kx2 ) 2 1 kx2

) cosh(ax
) 1/ a sinh(ax

()12

xx v x

()13

ax

dx
2

1 kx

a
0

dr
2

1 kr

a
ax ax
a

) vrel c tanh(v / c

D a
0

v H .D

) cosh(v / c

: K= +1

) cosh(a sin x
1

()14

1 2
)sinh(a sin 1 x
a

()15

a sin 1 x

dx
1 x2

American journal of physics, vol.79; (2011); p.115

[2] S. Weinberg; Cosmology; Oxford University press; (2008).

D a
0

()16

a
v H .D a sin 1 x a sin 1 x
a

()13

) cosh(v / c

) vrel c tanh(v / c

;]1[ A. Kaya; Hubbles law and faster than light expansion speeds

: K=-1
) cosh(a sinh 1 x

()17

1 x
)sinh(a sinh 1 x
a
2

()18

a sinh 1 x

dx
1 x2

D a
0

()19

a
v H .D a sinh 1 x a sinh 1 x
a

()13

) cosh(v / c

) vrel c tanh(v / c

( )13
vrel c .
( ) v c

.

FRW -


.

! "
#$ %& ' (

% 1
7' /
'

2 '

2 0 . # / 3+ 0' (

< 2 0 9=

8.

'

A '

/" ( +

( + BC8

/
' 1

".

*+ "

- ' ' / 0"

.#/*: ;"

;( 1

6+

2 7

%'

, -

78 4

7 "

'

91 ..

! >? " 4 ( + 2 @+ '

/' ' 4

.0

&

..

3/

.: D

Cosmological dynamics of modified gravity with a non-minimal curvature-matter

coupling
Azizi, Tahereh; Yaraie, Emad
Department of Physics, Mazandaran University, Babolsar

Abstract
We consider modified theories of gravity with an arbitrary coupling between geometry and matter and
investigate the cosmological dynamics of the model within a phase space approach. Assuming a power law form
for the modified gravity, we apply the dynamical system analysis to achieve the stable solutions of the scenario.
We show that in the phase space of the model, there exist two critical points which one of them leads to a de
Sitter phase corresponding to accelerating phase of the universe expansion.
PACS No.04

2 E .. '";

3/

3E+ 0' (

E/ E 4 E

0 ) / V#= '

'7

E &
,Q O V#=

E + E + . E O8 4" : O
1

'7-

. # / 9 1 8 2 UW/ "

Y E? & E

E < E ..

2( E ' 4 E
&E ".E
/" ( +

E/'

.#/

EJ ' : 1E/ & 7E8 FE$ H

.: D

7 '

.0

( + BC8

&; '

: 1E/ (

7 O &" 91

E0 4 E (

I E8

7 '

E: ?

E 7E

'

: 1/

*)

J'

Q : E)R
E

E ' . [4] 3/

7E8 4

( + F 78

E .[3] [1] 3E/

E " 2 E 2PE

' E &; ( U< "

2 E

.: D

0 7H: I 8 , C$ 0-

2 : E/ '
E

E1 f(R)

%( <

f(R) 4 E ( . E O8

2 0' +' % 1
! >? (

E>

..
-

A ( + 2 @+ '
.

E E 3E/

9? #

F O8 ' O &" 2 0 X

E
E

O: >

+ ,Q O % ( + 2 @+ 9 $!8 " *A8

F 78 % #0 4" C8 9 #
E '

+ ,Q O f 2 ( R )

' + . O8

9
'

J ' : 1/ ( 7H:

' S2 (

+ O '4
" f1 (R) 2

&
>

78 '7
,Q O "

>'

3H 2 =
6H

1
2 2 nR

(n (n

n 1

1) R n 2 R

1
2 2 R

+ nR n

nR n 1R

n 1

, Z '7@= '

)+

Rn

m}

EE

91EEE

' E E< EE . E E

EEE (6) EEE: O ,'7EEE

E E 6 E E+ &7EEE
1) EEE

EEE ' .(
: ;

3H 2 = R n

2n + 2 ) +12 H 2 n D '+ 2

+ 2 nR n

1 2
m

'

(7)

EEEEE ' (7) EEEEE: O

#7(

: ;
R
3

P=

:7
2 2 nR

+2n ( n 1) R
m

G = T(eff )

n
m R + 6n ( n 1) HR

+ 6nHR n

+ 4n(n 1)R n 2 R

m}

T(m) =

: ;
R
3

3/
2

T(c) =

= +4nHH'D'+4nH D + 12nH D'-2nR m .

BEE/78 EE 4 EE

EE & EE

EEE 9EEE =
& E E 9? E E#

#& '

( )
EE

4" E E + . E E O8 E E: O
:.

#7(

O &" ,'7

'

18
(4)

F O8 ( 91

" ,'7EEEE

EE/' 2 EE

E E .. E E

EEE 2'7EEEa EEE

& 78

EE
' &;

f 2' RL m g +

) ( f1' + 2

f 2' Lm + f 2 T } .

#" $
EEEE ' 2 EEEE 2PEEEE

%!
Q

(5)

"
EEEEH

EEEE '

EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE- ' f 2 (R) = R n " f1 (R) = 2R " L m = m

3EEEE/ E EE '

E E ' E E0 &; %[5] 7EEE

E E '7EEE-

+ T(c)

F O8 ( ,'7

* +

EEE + EEE + . EEE O8 h" " 4" ,Q EEEO

E E# / ,'7EEE

T(m)

1
1
{ f1 f1' R g
f1' + 2 f 2' L m 2

(11)

+ 2 f 2' L m

1
f1'

0 d ( ,'7

3EE/ EE ! EE 18 2b EE '7EE# 8 T(c) .3EE/

EEE/ EEE

( ,'7

EEE & E E ,Q E EO

EEE e 3EEE: = ' EEE 18-2b EEE '7EEE# 8 T &; ' EEE

(10)

h" EEE + . EEE O8 EEE: O %`7EEE+ BEEE "' (

T(eff )

:7

n
m R nR

EEE

(3)

-2b EEE '7EEE# 8 .

n 2

f 2 ( R )]Tm .

E E & 7EEE8 E E ' `7EEE+ & E E ,Q E EO

:7

(' +) P &; '

{2n ( n 1)( n 2 ) R n 3 R 2

n 1

) ( f1' ( R ) + 2 f 2' ( R ) Lm ) + [1 +

1
g f1 ( R )
2

EEE ZcEEE EEE 18-2b E E '7EEE# 8

(9)

F O8 ( 91

\ '"

3EEE/ ' 3 EEE/ ' EEE 2'7EEEa EEE . EEE# 7

3/

H2

,Q E EO 91EEE

(8)
E E1 2 E E0 E E :c

E E E E ( E E> ' ( & E E ,Q E EO

" J ' : 1/ (

(2)

2
3H 2 = R n m ( 2 2n ) + 12H 2 n D' + 2 m + 2nR n 1m
.

+2nR n

'<

3C# (1)

(f1' ( R ) + 2 f 2' (R) L m )R

1
1 d
=
dN H dt

:.

P=

Q : )R L m

:[2] 0

E EE/ E EE .3EEEE/ D = R m &; ' E EE

d
% '=
dlna

(1)

2P

n 1

FEEEE O8 (
,'7EEEEEE

,Q O g

( &

! : 1/

gd 4 x

I 78 f 2 (R) " f1 (R) " 2

2'

'

( 91

1
{ f1 ( R ) + 1 + f 2 ( R ) L m }
2

(6)

E ER7

%FRW 91EE

EE

EE: O

E EE + E EE + . E EE O8 ,Q E EEO " E EE +
EE EE (

EE:" %(3)

EE

EE

+ EE

EE- ' EE ..EE '"; EE

EE + . EE O8 EE: O
:7

EE ( EE :c
A %

A:

2
1, ,0
5

1=

n
2
2 m
2 nR n 1 m
2 (1 n ) R m
'
4nD
+
+
+
3 H2
3
3
H2
H2

(12)

B :{

6n 2
4n 2
1 + 4n 3n 2
,
,
}
3n 2 1 18n 4 3n 3 12n 2 + n + 2
3n 2 1

1
3
9 EEE n
, 0, 1,
2
3

A EEE ! EEE>? .

EEE?

'

2
3

V: e

8(+

EE A EE>? '

EE ; EE EE

.7

EE (" EE 7EE (

8" EE

H' 1 n z
=
H 41 n y

. E EEE# / -1 (

n ' EE?
'

EE/" ( EE+ EE EEA

<(+'

EE

EEE J 0 . 7EEEE

EE

EEE w eff

0 EE

y' =

z' =

0 EEE EEE EEEA

'

xz 2
y

zx

(17)

EEEE &7EEEE

( ,Q O N ln a(t)
z2
y

(18)

x 1,

z + zx + zy + z 2 + y +

1 n xz
4n 1 y

,'7EE

1
(x x 2
4

xy xz),

z3
y

x z
y

xz

3 n xz
+
4n 1 y

1 4n
+
z .
1 n

z2

EE ' ZcEE 9EE 3EE: = EE: O

(20)

' EE< & 7EE8 EE

F O8 (

w eff = 1

p EE!: ( EE % 7EEE . 0 7EEE w eff > 1

4" EE ' . EE F EE 78 ' .: EED EE

1 n
21 n

1 n z2
2n 1 y

EEEE ' 8 2b EEEE ( EEEE+ ' . EEEE# / 1 < n < 1

EE & EE

'

(19)

2
' EEE< n =
2 ( EEE 4 EEEo 2 EEE . EEE EEE ' EEES
3
5
' EEE? 2 ' ZcEEE 3EEE: = EEE: O
. EEE
EEE w eff =
6
0 EEEE 1 ( EEEE '* 2 EEEE0 n 2 ( EEEE EEEE)
7EEEE/ (

EE

z2
y

( ,'7

EE

" 3EE/ h7 EE+ ( EE+ '

EEE?

zx 2
y

1 n
41 n

1R7EEEEE 2 E EEE0 n 2 ( EEEE . (w eff = 1)

0 EE EE 7EE

U EEEE# n7

EE

EEEEEEE/ EEEEEEE

3 n zx 5 n
1 n z
z+
+
41 n y 21 n
21 n y

x' =

2
(3, , 4) EEEE ! EEEE>? ' . EEEE# / n = 1 2 ( EEEE
5

EE0 7 ' EE <

zx
y

:7

EE?

'

EEEE 3CEEEE# z " y " x ( 2 EEEE j EEEE

' EEE<

EE

EE

z (1 n) R
=
y
n
m

' EE +' FEE$ H 2 EE0

. EE# / '7EE@= EE 3EE:Q EE 7EE EE0 7

FEEE O8 EEE

(16)

:. # 7

1R7EEEE 2 EEEE0 n 2 (

PEEEE " 2 ' . EEEE# / EEEE (

2 m
3 H2

EEE (12) EEE: O m

EEE ( 91EEE

R = 6(2H 2 + H) %

2 O "

n 2 ( EEE B EEE>? 2 EEE ZcEEE 3EEE: = EEE: O

EE . EE0

(15)

EE .EE/' A EE>? 2 EE

91EE ( EE '7> EE 0 .3EE/

EE ( ' EE +'

2 m
=1 x y z
3 H2

z = 0 2 ( E EE xy 2 E EEO " ( EEE+ 2 E EE@+ 1 91EEEE '

( EE+ 2 EE@+ '

(14)

: ;

EE 3EEE/ ZcEE 3EEE: = EE: O

.

(13)

nR n 1 2m
2

H
n
1
2 ( n)R
z=
3
H2

EEE#0 47EEECS 9EEE S EEE e EEE) 18

EE 0 & EE

F O8

x = 4 nD '

1
' EEEE? 2 ' " 7EEEE n ( 9? EEEE#
' EEEE< 2 EEEE
3

' '7EEE@=

EEO &" EE 2 EE0 X &7EE

:.

y=

EEEA 3EEE$D EEE

EE ' z% y% x

EE ( ,'7EE

2 H'
.
3 H

(21)

EEEEEE>? " 2 ' (19) " (18) %(17) ,Q EEEEEEO . EEEEEE# /

:

EE ' EE +' EE 78

(,mH

B"A

" FEEE$ H 2 EEE0 n 2 ( EEE . EEE# / 2' EEE < 1 ' EEE

- . #/
E

, EZ '7E@=

E qH
3/

" +

91E

E E + . O8

3E/

E ' 1 E

+ 4" : O
. E# /

2 ' " 7E n ( 9? #
'7@=

0 &

91E

('

E 4 E

< 4 O8 >?

E 4 Eo '7a

ZcEEE 3EEE: = E E: O

E E?
B >?

.3/

78 4

UW/ .. '";

! Y? (

1 .. '";

Zc 3: = : O 2
"

V: e

2 0' +' )
2'7a

' E E<

! Y ? % O &" 2 0 X

9 =

3/ 9

' EE ; EE d EE

'

- ' ' J ' : 1/ "

+ + . O8 ,Q O f 2 ( R ) 2

'

E 7E

:?

3/ ,"

E EA ' E < Zc

8(+'

! >? 2

.'

n F$ H

? 2(

n = 1 2(

/" ( +

.3/ .: D

1
' ?
3

7 Y #C ( + BC8
0* 1*

s<

2'r7 \"'7

2 S; (
..

.
1 8

h(Q 7
&

A '
(' 2 0 7 0'
./' A >? 2

'7> 0 ..
. 0

23

&

7 ( '& 7

'4

(3

2 O " ( + 2 @+ : 1 91
A >? 0

&

91

[ ] S. Capozziello, V.F. Cardone, S. Carloni, A. Troisi, Int. J. Mod. Phys.

D 12 1969 (2003) ; L. Amendola , D. Polarski and S. Tsujikawa Phys
Rev. Lett. 98 131302 (2007)
[2] S. Nojiri and S. D. Odinstov, Phys. Lett. B 627, 238 (2007)

F$ H 2 0 n 2 (

[3] L Amendola and S. Tsujikawa, Phys. Lett. B 660, 125 (2008)

[4] O. Bertolami , P. Frazao and J. Paramos, Phys. Rev. D 81, 104046

n>

theories mimic a CDM cosmology?. Phys. Rev. D 76, 063504 (2007)

1
3

0<n!

! >? 2 . # / 2'

w eff

(2010); O. Bertolami, F. S. N. Lobo and J. Pramos, Phys. Rev. D 78,

064036 (2008).
[5] S. Fay, S. Nesseris and L. Perivolaropoulos. Can f(R) modified gravity

w eff >
1
3

< /' : 14"

? P"

(+

1
3

3Co "

'

<

1
3
<0

3Co "

'

<

0 < w eff !

1! n < 0

1 ! w eff

n< 1

w eff < 1

'

<

'

<

CORSIKA eV

-
.

Study of anisotropy in the inclined air showers

Azimi, Zahra
Department of Physics, Semnan University

Abstract
Using CORSIKA code and simulation data for 1016eV proton primary in different inclined zenith angles (0,
30,60, 70) the intensity of cosmic rays that lead to the anisotropy of C-G and amplitude probability distribution
of anisotropy are studied.We have shown that the anisotropy of inclined air showers are more than the vertical
air showers.
PACS No.

. 1986

- -

Tev .
- ) (C-G

1935 ] .[1

)

].[2

( V

60 90 60 90

-
.

300 10 eV
16

0 30 70

60

1600

].[3

4 0 30 60 70

1/5 Km

( .
.

85 .

) (1

- -

.
4.5
4.0
proton
1016 ev

3.5

3.0
2.5

2.0
1.5

N .

80

60

40

e
e
r
g
e
D

1.0

20

) : (1 -

30

ev
16

10 0 30 60 70 .

) (3

1 -

1016 ev

10 ev 0 30 60 70.
16

>I/<I

0 30 70 .

)(Degree

1.00
proton
10^16ev

) (2

0.95
0.90

0.85

1016 ev 0 30 70 .

0.80

0.75

0.70

0.65

60

80

20

40

) (Degree

) (3

ev

16

10 0 30

70 .

0.7
0.6

proton
10^16ev

: 2

0.5

10 ev 0 30
16

0.3

Counts

0.4

70.
Probability

0.2
0.1
0.0
80

60

P robability distribution of am plitude anisotropy

1.05

40

20

) (Degree

0.69

0.6

0.77

0.5

30

0.99

)(

ev

.

) (degree

0.1

70

[1] A. H. Compton and I. A. Getting. Phys. Rev, 47-81

(1935).
[2] L. J. Gleeson and W. I. Axford. AP. Space sci, 2-431

(1968).
] [3

.

363-35195

. p=/3

P . .

1/2 . .

Solution of Einstein's field equations with a source of electric field

Sara GHani-Hosein Ghafarnejad
Semnan University, Department of Physics, PO Box363-35195

Abstract
This article gravitational Einstein equation for the metric Robertson - Walker Flat springs with
electro-magnetic field are solved to obtain the density of the pressure ratio, the calculations show
that the coefficients in the equation of state of the fluid is full Barvtrvpyk. Ie p = / 3, where P is
the pressure and the density. The electric field of a gravitational source show a perfect fluid.
Faktrv scale can also be a function of 2/1 obtained. The results represent the Big Bang.

]1 [2

].[3

n~ a

-1

m~ a .

~a-4 a

-1

~a

Me ff ~ n m a.

) (

-3

) ( .

-2

-2

~a

~ a

~ a .

ff

.Me

P=1/3

P=1/3

P=0 ] .[4

)(2

- .

)(3

F F
F F 0

)ds 2 dt 2 a(t ) 2 (dx 2 dy 2 dz 2 ) (4

..

) E x (t ) , Ey (t ) , E z (t F

Ez
0

1
1
)[ F F ( g ) F F ] (1
4
4
F

) (4

:
Ez
By

Bx

Ey
0

Ex
0

0
E
x

E y

Ez
F

)(2) (3 :
Ey

Ex

Bz

Bz

Bx

By

0
E
x

Ey

E z

)(5
)(6

E
a (t ) E
0 ( 2 x ) ( 3 x ) 0
) a (t
) a (t
Ey
a (t ) E y
0 ( 2 ) ( 3
)0
) a (t
) a (t

)(7

Ez
a (t ) E
)( 3 z ) 0
2
) a (t
) a (t

( 0

)(5)(7

) (9 ) (16 11

22 33 G 8 GT

)G
( c :

c
)(8
) a (t
c

E x (t ) E y (t ) E z (t )

)(17

(1),)(4) (8

3c 2
) 8 a 4 (t

)(18
)(19

c2
2a (t )a(t ) a 2 (t ) 2
) a (t

2a (t )a(t ) a 2 (t )

T00

)(10

3c 2
) 8 a 2 (t

)(11

3c 2
T22
) 8 a 2 (t

) (18 ) a2(t :

T11

) 2a(t ) a 2 (t
c2
2 4
) a(t ) a (t
) a (t

)(20

) (12

c2
) a 2 (t

"
)(9

) 3a (t
3c
4
2
) a (t
) a (t
2

3c 2
) 8 a 2 (t

)(20)(17 :

a a 2

0
)(21
a a2
)(21

T33

H ) a(t H

)(4

:
)(13

) 3a 2 (t
) a 2 (t

) (14

) G11 2a (t )a(t ) a 2 (t

)(15

) G22 2a (t )a(t ) a 2 (t

)(16

) G33 2a(t )a(t ) a 2 (t

)(22

G00

a (t ) a 1 2 H t

T00= Ti i = p G=1

:
)(23

3c 2
) a 4 (t

G00 8 GT00 8

c2
)(24
) a 4 (t

Gii 8 GTi i 8

:
)(25

[1] K. Nakamura et al. (Particle Data

Group), J. Phys. G 37, 075021 (2010).
[2] A. Riotto, CERN Yellow Report
CERN-2010-01,
315
)(2010
[arXiv:1010.2642
[hep-ph]].
[3] V.E. Kuzmichev and V.V.
Kuzmichev, arXiv:1111.0172v2 [astroph.CO] (2012
[4] V.E. Kuzmichev, V.V. Kuzmichev.:
arXive.1204.5313

1/2.

.
. .

Thermal gravitational waves

Ghayour, Basem1
School of physics, University of Hyderabad

Abstract
The gravitational waves are considered in thermal vacuum state (Tvs). The amplitude of gravitational waves is
found enhanced in Tvs. The enhancement of amplitude of the waves in Tvs is consistent with current accelerating
phase of the universe. The existence of thermal gravitational waves is not ruled out.
)04.30.-w

98.80.cq,

(98.70.Vc,

No.

PACS

)...( ] [1

... B .

...

... ] .[1,2...

... .

)...( ] .[3

B ...

...

[1](WMAP- 5

...

)year .

) (WMAP- 7 year .
= 1

] (WMAP-7 year) [4 .

==

-- :
,

)(1

)
) (

( , ) =0

) (

)(2

) (2

) (

)(6
=) ( ,
1

) (

)(3

) (Zeldovich ]:[5
)(7

+2

.) (

=) (

)(9
)(10

)(4

= 0,

)(5

),

) (

)+

<
<

<
<

<

<

),

) ,

| ,

=) (
=) (

=) (

) (6 ) (10
. :

= :
) (

<

0 < 1 + .

)(8

) ( - :

<

| |

=) (

) (

. :
= 0,

<

= +,

S
+
S

<

=) (

| |

< 0 ,1 + < 0

, =

| |

= .

:
16
) (

= .

( ) 1 (

=) (

)(11

= 0 ( , ) ( , ) 0,

) ( ,

. ) (2) (11

)|( )|. (12

. 2T 1

= ) ( ,

. :

] .[6 ) (12
:
,

)(13

= 8

= 1.33, 20
)(20

= ) ( ,

)(21

]:[7

=)

=)

1) ( ,

2) ( ,
)(22

) = exp

) 00,

( =

1
,
) (1 +

=)

)(24

3) ( ,

=)

)(23

) ( | , 00,

1
,
) (1 +

)(14

]:[6

1+

] .[6

1+

) (

4)( ,

1
,
) (1 +

=)

5)( ,

)(25
)(15

sin

cosh

)(16

sin

cosh

)(17

),

4 5
. ] [6

)(18

|) (|

)(26
=) ( ,

)(19

1
= 0.37 10 ,
) (1 +

] [6

) (12 :

) (23 :

) (2 ) 14 (17 ) (11 :
4

= 0.552
,

= ) ( ,

=)

< 1.78

= 1.5 10

( ,

= 2 10

=2

= 117 10

= 3 10

= 10

.
...
LIGO LISA .
=

[1] = 0.001

0.01

: 2

WMAP- 7 year .
)1 (2 = 1.9

= 0.552

) (1 ) ( ,

1.49 10

) (2

) (

] WMAP-5year [1 WMAP-7year

1.49 10
3 10

] [ 2

= 10

= 0.01

...

) ).((2

[1] W.Zhao, et al, Phys. Lett. B 680, (2009) 411.
[2] M. Gasperini, et.al., Phys. Rev. D 48, (1993) R439.
[3] R. K. Sachs and A. M. Wolfe, Astrophys. J. 147, (1967) 73.
[4] D.Larson, et.al., Astrophys.J.Suppl. 192, (2011) 16.
[5] L. H. Ford, Phys. Rev. D, 35, (1987) 2955.
[6] Y. Zhang, et al, Class. Quantum Grav.22, (2005) 13831394.

[7] L. Laplae, et al, Phys. Rev. C 10, (1974) 151.

-
1 2
1

4 . -

. - 4

Thermodynamics of Black Branes in Quasi-Topological Gravity

Ghanaatian, Mohammad1; Bazrafshan, Afsaneh2; Dehghani, Mohammad Hossein3
1

Department of Physics, Payame Noor University, Iran

Department of Physics, Jahrom University, Jahrom, Iran
3
Department of Physics, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract
We present the static charged solutions of quartic quasitopological gravity in the presence of a nonlinear
electromagnetic field. One of the branches of these solutions presents a black brane with one or two horizons or
a naked singularity depending on the charge and mass of the solution. The thermodynamics of these black
branes are investigated through the use of the Gibbs free energy. In order to do this, we calculate the finite
action by use of the counterterm method that thermodynamics quantities of these solutions satisfy the first law
of thermodynamics.
PACS No.: 4

) ( + 1

) ( + 1

] .[1 --

]2 . [3

Ads/CFT .

].[6-4

- -

3 ] [7

) ( ) (

] [8

= ) (

)(4

] [11-9
. 3 4

) (A =

5 - 3

]. [12 -

:
[2 + +

)(1

= - -
4

+
) +

+
+

=0

) (

) ( )

)] +
(

:
)

+4

+3

(1 + 2

) ( ( ) = 1:

)(8
7

(2 1) + ( 1) = 0

+
+

)(3

()

.
=

(
+

(
(

) (

- :

]
=

)(7

] [12

(1 +

[) ( [

)(6

]) ( +

()

- 4 ) ( + 1

) 2(

()

)
( )

)(5

= ,

)
)

()

- 8

)(9

ln() = 2
s 2

()

= ) (

) (

12 < < 2.
:

) ( 4 -

=0

( =

)(12

)
)

( )

()

=1

( )

)(21

) (11

)(13

(
()

=1

- -

) (

+I

) (

+I

=) (

( =

) ,

( =

)(20

) ,

)(19

)(11

) (q = 0 <

) (

) (

+I
) (

) (

I = I

) (

I ][13

) ( I .

)(14

+
+

)(15

+
]

+
+
+

)(22

)(16

2
) 3 + 3)( 7)( 2
)4 ( 4 + 3 + 3
) 1)( 3 + 3)( 7)( 2
)12( 1
) 3 + 3)( 7)( 2
)8( + 2
) 2)( 7)( 1
)4( 3)( 3
) 3 + 3)( 7)( 2)( 1

)(17
)(18

=
=

(7
( 7
(7
(7
(7

=
=

=
=
=

) (

)(27

)4(3 9 + 12
)7 ( 3 + 3)( 7)( 2
48
=
(
)7 ( 1
) 3 + 3)( 7)( 2

)(28

I = I + I

)(23

)(24

:
=

)(25

()

( )
()

1+

( )

- - ) (

:
)(26

()

()

)[] V. Balasubramanian and P. Kraus, Commu. Math. Phys. 208 (1999

413.
[] A. Strominger, JHEP 10 (2001) 034; 11 (2001) 049; V.
Balasubramanian, P. Horova and D. Minic, ibid. 05 (2001) 043; D.
Klemm, Nucl. Phys. B625 (2002) 295; S. Nojiri and S. D. Odintsov, Phys.
;Lett. B519 (2001) 145; JHEP 12 (2001) 033; Phys. Lett. B523 (2001) 165
528 (2002) 169; T. Shiromizu, D. Ida, T. Torii, JHEP 11 (2001) 010; R. G.
Cai, Phys. Lett. B525 (2002) 331; A. M. Ghezelbash and R. B. Mann,
JHEP 01 (2002) 005.
[] M. H. Dehghani, Phys. Rev. D65 (2002) 104003.
)[] R. Emparan, C. V. Johnson, and R. C. Myers, Phys. Rev. D60 (1999
104001.
[] R. G. Cai, Phys. Rev. D63 (2001) 124018.
[] A. M. Ghezelbash, D. Ida, R. B. Mann and T. Shiromizu, Phys. Lett.
B535 (2002) 315.
[] M. Banados, C. Teitelboim and J. Zanelli, Phys. Rev. D49 (1994) 975.
[] R. Aros, R. Troncoso and J. Zanelli, Phys. Rev. D63 (2001) 084015.
[] J. P. Muniain and D. Piriz, Phys. Rev. D53 (1996) 816.
)[] J. Crisostomo, R. Troncoso and J. Zanelli, Phys. Rev. D62 (2000
084013.
[] M. H. Dehghani and M. Shamirzaie, Phys.Rev. D72 (2005) 124015.
[] R. C. Myers and B. Robinson, JHEP 08 (2010) 067.
)[] M. H. Dehghani and M. H. Vahidinia, Phys. Rev. D 84 (2011
084044.

.
:

)(27

)
)

= )

(=

- 4

. :

()

( = ) (=

= )( ,

({

)
)

()

(
(

Ia .
%68.3 %95.4

0.74

.
.

.
.

0.742

z .

.
.

.
.

1.05

Cosmological constraints on polytropic gas model

Karami, Kayoomars; Safari, Zahra; Asadzadeh, Somaye
Department of Physics, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

Abstract
In this paper, we study the polytropic gas scenario as the unification of dark matter and dark energy. We fit the
model parameters by using the latest observational data including type Iasupernovea, baryon acoustic
oscillation, cosmic microwave background, and Hubble parameter data. At 68.3% and 95.4% confidence levels,
we
find
the
best
fit
values
of
the
model
parameters
as
.
.
0.742 ..
1.05 .. 1
1
2 and
2 .Also the universe begins to accelerate at redshift
.
.
0.74. Furthermore in contrary to the
model, the cosmic coincidence problem is solvednaturally in
the polytropic gas scenario.

.
f

].[1

f A

- )f(R ].[7

].[2

].[3

(SNeIa)Ia ) (CMB

) [4] f(T ) [5]f(R

) (BAO ) (OHD.

FRW

. -

].[6

)(7

. .

pol dm de ,
p pol p de ,

DM .
) (1 )(4

~
K
~
K (1 K )(1 z) 3 / n

)(8

), p pol Kpol11/ n (1

][2

DMDE

). dm dm 0 1 z (9
3

de pol dm
)(10
~
~
pol (K (1 K )(1 z) 3 / n ) n dm0 (1 z) 3 .

FRW

), H 2 8G pol bm (2

) (10

H .

p de

de
)(11
~
~
~
K (1 bm0 )(K (1 K )(1 z ) 3 / n ) n 1
.
~
~
(1 bm 0 )(K (1 K )(1 z ) 3 / n ) n dm0 (1 z ) 3

de

pol 3H pol p pol 0,

bm 3H bm 0.

)(1 )(2
1
)(4

) (4 )(6 ) (2

~
~
), pol pol K (1 K )(1 z

) H 2 ( z, p
~
~
(1 bm 0 )( K (1 K )(1 z ) 3 / n ) n
)(12
H 02

dm 0 (1 z ) 3 .

~
/n
,K
1pol
)K (5
0

) (3 ) (4 )(7

FRW

)(3

pol

K n .

~ , pol (z) p pol

1.4 km s Mpc

70.2

0.0458

0.0016

[8] WPAP7.p

). bm bm 1 z 3 (6
0

K n.

~
) (1 bm0 )(1 K ) n (13

m0 bm0

~
~
3
3/ n n
)3 (1 bm0 )(1 pol)(K (1 K)(1 z) ) bm0 (1 z) (14
q 1
~
~
2
(1 bm0 )(K (1 K)(1 z)3/ n )n bm0 (1 z)3

.z )(SDSS

0.35

0.017

Ia

SNeIa, BAO, CMB, OHD

CMB

SNeIa

. CMB

Union2.1 580 Ia

].[9

)dz ' (21

,
) 'E (z

) th (z) 5 log10 D L (z) 0 , (15

5 log

42.38

DL

' dz
), (16
) 'E (z

D L ( z ) (1 z )

1.725

)~ 2 A B , (17

SN
C

2
CMB
) [R th R obs ]2 / 2R . (22

580

A [ obs (z i ) th (z i ; 0 0)]2 / i2 ,

i 1

580

B [ obs (z i ) th (z i ; 0 0)] / i2 ,

)1 dz (23
,
1 z dt
dz/dt

i 1

H(z)

580

C 1 / i2 .
i 1

12

2
OHD
) [H th (z i ; p) H obs (z i )]2 / i2 , (24

.BAO

i 1

OHD

zb

)~ 2 2 2 2 . (25
2

) 2BAO [A th A obs ]2 / 2A , (19

] [11.

1
m 0 E ( z b ; p ) 1 / 3
zb

)H(z .

)(20

0.018

].[8

CMB CMB .

dz '
,
E ( z ' )

R th m

1091.3

CMB

)(18

z rec

] .[8

zi

0.469 n /0.98

n WMAP7 .[8] 0.968

[10] A

A th

CMB

BAO

SN

total

%68.3 %95.4

.
.

2
.
.

.
.

1
.
.

0.742

1.05

573.089

CDM
.

K
.

594 .

0.965 .

CDM

573.552

CDM

: 1 .

1 .
SNeIa

. 2
.

: 2 %68.3 %95.4 n .

3 .
1

0.98

].[8

: 3

. ) 4(

CDM .
CDM
.
0.74

0.72 CDM

z .

CDM

0.56

: 4 )( )(.

[1] U. Mukhopadhyay, S. Ray, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 23, 3198 (2008).

[2] J. Christensen-Dalsgard, Lecture Notes on Stellar Structure and
Evolution, 6th edn.(AarhusUniversity Press, Aarhus (2004).
[3] K. Karami, S. Ghaffari, J. Fehri, Eur. Phys. J. C, 64, 85 (2009).
[4] K. Karami, A. Abdolmaleki, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 375, 032009(2012).
[5] K. Karami, M.S. Khaledian, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 21, 1250083 (2012).
[6] M. Malekjani, et al., Int. J. Theor. Phys.50, 312 (2011).
[7] S. Nojiri, S.D. Odintsov, Phys. Lett. B 676, 94 (2009).
[8] E. Komatsu, et al., Astrophys. J. Suppl. 192, 18 (2011).
[9] N. Suzuki, et al., Astrophys. J. 746, 85 (2012).
[10] D.J. Eisenstein, et al., Astrophys. J. 633, 560 (2005).
[11] J. Simon, L. Verde, R. Jimenez, Phys. Rev. D 71, 123001 (2005).
E. Gaztanaga, et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 399, 1663 (2009).

.
) 4(

.

3.166

) f(T

) f(T .

FRW

Ia

. .
. ) f(T

Ghost f(T)-gravity model

Karami, Kayoomars; Abdolmaleki, Asrin; Asadzadeh, Somaye; Safari, Zahra
Department of Physics, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

Abstract
In this paper, within the framework of modified teleparallel gravity we reconstruct a f(T) model corresponding
to the ghost dark energy scenario. For a spatially flat FRW universe containing only the pressureless matter, we
obtain the effective torsion equation of state parameter of the ghost f(T)-gravity model as well as the
deceleration parameter of the universe. Furthermore, we fit the model parameters by using the latest
observational data including SNeIa, CMB and BAO data. We also check the viability of our model using a
cosmographic analysis approach. Finally, we investigate the validity of the generalized second law (GSL) of
gravitational thermodynamics for our model. We conclude that in ghost f(T)-gravity model, the universe begins
a matter dominated phase and approaches a de Sitter regime at late times, as expected. Also this model is
consistent with current data, passes the cosmographic test and satisfies the GSL.

QCD .

] .[1 QCD

) (GDE

] .[2 GDE

) (QCD

] .[1

] .[3

3QCD H H QCD 100 Mev

) f(T .

2k 2

6
) f(T

) f(T

. )(9

FRW
) f(T ]:[5 4

)(10

3 2
H T ,
k2

1
(2 H 3H 2 ) ( P PT ),
2
k
1
T 2 (2Tf T f T ),
2k

)(1
)(2

)(3

1
(8 H Tf TT (2T 4 H ) f T f 4 H T ),
2
2k

f T (T0 ) 1

1
)) (1 ln(T0 .
2
) (1

PT

1 .

)4 H (2Tf TT f T 1
,
T
1
2TfT f T
T

) f(T

PT

)(7

f(T)/T=1 . 2

3f

f T Tf TT
4T
q 2
fT 2Tf TT

.

.

H a T
a

T . p
.

T pT T .

m0 ) f(T

q .

SNeIa, BAO, CMB

. SNeIa

) f(T

Union2.1 580 Ia

) f(T

] .[7 SNeIa

GDE ][6 1

~2 A B ,

SN
C

H ,

)(8

580

A [ obs ( z i ) th ( z i ; 0 0)]2 / i2 ,

) (5 ) (3 ) (8
)(9

m0

3H 02
. f(T)/T T/T0

T 6 H ,

k 2 m0

)(4

)(6

6 H 0 (1 m ).

)(11

)(5

f (T ) T T ( / 2 ln(T )),

i 1

580

B [ obs ( z i ) th ( z i ; 0 0)] / ,
2
i

2TfT f T T 0,

i 1

580

C 1 / i2 .
)(12

i 1

th

) (h, q0 , j0 , s0 , l0
] [9 . ] [9

th ( z) 5 log10 D L (z) 0 ,

)(13

0 42.38 5 log10 h ) DL ( z

) f i f (i ) (T0 ) /(6 H 0 ) (i 1 ) (i 2,3,4,5

m0 0.1329 / h 2

:
' dz
,
)'E (z

)(14

CMB

f (i ) (T ) d i f / dT i .

zi

D L ( z ) (1 z )

] [9 f2 ( ) f 2

) ( f 3 , f 4 , f 5

. %68 %95

[R th R obs ] / ,
2
R

)(15

2
CMB

Robs

0.197
f 3 0.29800..150
3360.789

. Robs 1.725 0.018 CMB

0.433 0.567
0.9660.2.269

' dz
,
)'E (z

)(16

z rec

II ] [9

%68 .

z rec 1091.3 ].[8

) f(T .

BAO

2BAO [A th A obs ]2 / 2A ,

)(17

) (GSL

)(18

dz '
,
E ( z ' )

zb

1
m 0 E ( z b ; p ) 1 / 3
zb

~
] .[10 )( r H 1

A th

)(24

zb 0.35 ].[8

] [11

) (SDSS

Aobs 0.469(ns / 0.98) 0.35 0.017 ns

)) 9 T (8 T 3 ) ) (T ) ln(T / T0
2

WMAP7 0.968 .

Lik e ( tot min ) / 2

)(21

)(19

2
2
2
~SN
BAO
CMB
.

2
total

T ( 2 T ) 2

3/ 2

) 9 2(4(T
[
16

GT A S tot

S tot S m S A

2.172
f 5 3.28113..658
6968682

)(20
th

f 4 0.857

TA .

Af
~ A 4
S A T r 2
4G
f TT . 4 f TT T / T0

. 5

t
(21) GSL
t0
.

) f(T
.
:

:3

f
- ) (| T | 1
T
.

) f (T

t
t0

fTT :4 T /T0
) f (T

-
.

T0 0.79.

- q

) (q 0.5

:5 GSL

) (q 1 .

t
0.75
t0
q 0.4

t
t0

0.027
m 0 0.262 00..013.
) 013 (1 ) 0.025 ( 2

6
.
- ) f (T

.

:1
. T / T0

: 2

) f (T

%68 %95.

;)[1] F.R. Urban, A.R. Zhitnitsky, Phys. Rev. D 80, 063001 (2009
;)F.R. Urban, A.R. Zhitnitsky, Phys. Lett. B 688, 9 (2010
N. Ohta, Phys. Lett. B 695, 41 (2011).
[2] M.M. Forbes, A.R. Zhitnitsky, Phys. Rev. D 78, 083505
(2008).
;)[3] A.R. Zhitnitsky, Phys. Rev. D 82, 103520 (2010
;)A.R. Zhitnitsky, Phys. Rev. D 84, 124008 (2011
B. Holdom, Phys. Lett. B 697, 351 (2011).
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) f (T

:6 -1

. t
t0

1 2 4
1

34

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3

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.

Local features in the CMB power spectrum

Moshafi, Hossein1; Zarei, Moslem2,4 ; Movahed, Seyed Mohammad Sadegh3,4
Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan
2
Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan
3
Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran
4
Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran

Abstract
In this work we study two stage models of inflation and the generation of features in power spectrum. We first
consider inflationary models with two stages. Here we consider chaotic potential and symmetry breaking
inflation. Then we compare a general class of two stages models that separated with an intermediate phase with
equation of state with CMB data and we show that these models are more consistent with data rather than
CDM model.
PACS No. 98

=22, 40

) .((6

CMB

[3].

CDM

WMAP )

Local features

.

CMB [3].




.

-1

99
WMAP [5].

M2

V
4

.
2

CDM .

ns 1 ns

) 4 ( p pc
pc

1 2 2
m
2
.
V

) 4 ( p pc
pc

P As k ns 1 ns
4

WMAP .

1
n s
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1]. [2

k
1 1 e 4 N ( k0 )

k 0
3
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.

.

k0 = 0.05Mpc -1 a .
) (1 .
2
3

2 pc
3

n s

n s 1 n s( 0 ) 1 n s
) 4 N ( k0

k
k0

P As k

k
1 pp c
k0
p c p . )(2

k0

Chaotic potential
Pivot scale

Symmetry breaking

CDM WMAP ) (5) (4 )(6

.

-2

1 2

-4
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2 2 2
2
Pk P( 0 )
( k c ) ns 3 1 sin( k c )
2 2
n s 4 2 .
. ) (3
.

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.

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WMAP7 .

) (2 ) (3 ) (4

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7
WMAP .
) (1 .

:4 CMB

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37
4.62 11..71

k p c

0.00137 00..00107
00026

ki

0.00164 00..00094
00028

kf

0.960 00..016
016

ns

0.107 00..005
005

ch2

0.022300..0053
0053

bh2

3.05500..016
016

ln 1010 2R

-6
WMAP7

:1 prior

prior

][0.005,0.1

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][0.01,0.99

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][0.5,10

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l 3000

. 3

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52
36.52 18..47

0.968 00..020
024

ns

0.11100..012
018

c h2

0.0226 00..0010
0009

b h 2

3.083 00..044
049

ln 1010 2R

CMB CDM

.


. CosmoMC .

:3 CMB

WMAP7

52
36.52 18..47

[1] A. A. Starobinsky; Multicomponent de Sitter (Inflationary) Stages

and the Generation of Perturbations; JETP. Lett. 42, 152 (1985).
[2] J. Silk and M. S. Turner; Double inflation;Phys. Rev. D 35, 419
(1987).
[3] M. Aich, D. K. Hazra, L. Sriramkumar and T. Souradeep; Oscillations

0.96800..020
024

ns

0.11100..012
013

c h2

in the inflation potential: Complete numerical treatment and

;comparison with the recent and forthcoming CMB dataset
arXiv:1106.2798/astro-ph.Co.

0.022600..0010
0009

b h 2

[4] H. Moshafi, M. Zarei and S. M. S. Movahed, Features in power

3.08300..044
049

ln 1010 2R

spectrum due to round strip of models; in preparation.

[5] Z.Guo, and Y. Zhang, Primordial power spectrum versus extension
parameters beyond the standard model; arXiv:201.1538/astro-ph.Co.