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BAROTROPIC TIDAL AND WIND-DRIVEN LARVAL TRANSPORT ON SALEH BAY,SUMBAWA, INDONESIA*) Widodo S. Pranowo
1)
, Yulia Herdiani
2)
, Ivonne M. Radjawane
3)
 ABSTRACT
Based on their mobility, fish larvae are classified as planktonic organism, which meanstheir mobility, are depend on ocean dynamics.Fish larval transport commonly considered as a product of hydrodynamic as their physicaltransport is strongly influenced by tides, winds, local geometry and bathymetry. Recent studiesshow that fish larval transports are also including their specific behavior. Fish larvae can respondto stimulation actively or passively, and modify their behavior to enhance their net transport. Thismodification shows on their ability to migrate vertically, following the tidal pattern.This paper describes a computer modeling study of tidal and wind-driven circulation andaccompanying
Canthigaster valentini
(puffer) larval transport characteristics in the vicinity of Saleh Bay, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia. To simulate the transport of 
Canhigaster valentini
fishlarvae, we use 3DD Suite Computational and Marine Freshwater Laboratory developed by ASRLtd. The currents are generated by hydrodinamic model 3DD and then coupled with dispersalmodel POL3DD to simulate the advection/diffusion process.
Keyword: larval transport, barotropic tide, wind-driven current, Canthigaster valentini, 3DDSuite Software Model.
*) Presented on WOM-12 APEC/MRC/OMISAR in Dalian, China, September 7-11, 2004
1)
 
Center Research for Maritime Territories and Non-living Resources, Agency for Marine& Fisheries Research, Ministry of Marine Affairs & Fisheries The Republic of Indonesia.(email:w_setiyopranowo@dkp.go.id )2)
 
Study Program of Oceanography, Faculty of Earth science & Mining Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia. (email: yulia_herdiani@yahoo.com)3)
 
 Laboratory of Oceanography, Department of Geophysics & Meteorology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia. (email:ivonnemr@geoph.itb.ac.id )
INTRODUCTION
The transport of fish larvae related to its mechanism and behavior. The body length of fishlarvae generally has a small size (~ < 10 mm) with limited swim ability (1-2 time bodylength/sec) (Jackson et al., 2000 -
in
 www.Larvalbase.org). Due to the small swim speed cause
 
the larvae transport dominantly influenced by the advection and turbulent. Even though, manyresearchers also found that the behavior of larvae is one of the reason in recruitment process. Thelarvae must migrate in vertical direction, not in horizontal, because of the small swim speed andthis vertical migration is strongly affected by the ocean tide pattern (Baganti, 1997;Romimohtarto, et al., 2004).So, fish larval transport commonly considered as a product of hydrodynamic as theirphysical transport is strongly influenced by tides, winds, local geometry and bathymetry. Recentstudies show that fish larval transports are also including their specific behavior. Fish larvae canrespond to stimulation actively or passively, and modify their behavior to enhance their nettransport. This modification shows on their ability to migrate vertically, following the tidalpattern.In the last several years, ocean parameters that influence the transport of fish egg and fishlarvae make an important role to determine the successful recruitment of fish stock (Nybakken,1992; Fortier and Legget, 1985 –
in
Hinrichsen et al., 1997). In order to investigate the influenceof ocean dynamic or current circulation against the distribution of fish larvae and young fish, thenthe advection and flux diffusion parts must be estimated before by the empirical relation (Sinclairet al., 1985 –
in
Hinrichsen et al., 1997) as well as the numerical one by using the physicalcirculation model (Bartsch, 1988; –
in
Hinrichsen et al., 1997).The purpose of this research is to describe a computer modeling study of tidal and wind-driven circulation and accompanying
Canthigaster valentini
(puffer) larval transportcharacteristics in the vicinity of Saleh Bay, Sumbawa Indonesia (see
Figure 1
).
MODEL SETTING
Saleh Bay is a semi-enclosed bay located at the head of Sumbawa Island, part of LesserSunda Islands in Indonesian Archipelago (see
Figure 2
). The maximum depth, bay length andwidth of the bay are 338 m, 85 km and 43 km, respectively (Tim Proyek Carrying CapacityBRKP, 2004).The Saleh Bay model area was limited between 117
o
33’ – 118
o
17’ E and 8
o
12’ – 8
o
44’S as shown in
Figure 3
. Based on Landsat image processing results in 2000, it has been knownthe bay, corral waters and mainland areas were about 3575 km, 0,244 Km² and 12119 Km²,respectively.To simulate the transport of 
Canhigaster valentini
fish larvae in Saleh Bay, we use 3DDSuite Software Model developed by Computational and Marine Freshwater Laboratory - ASR Ltd(Black, 2001a). The currents are generated by barotropic hydrodynamic model 3DD and then
 
coupled with dispersal model POL3DD (Black, 2001b) to simulate the advection/diffusionprocess. The hydrodynamic model uses a bottom-following, sigma-coordinate system (Black,2001c). In this study, the model has 10 vertical sigma levels. The horizontal grid is in theCartesian coordinate system and contains 129 x 111 grid points in
 x
- and
 y
- axis directions. Thehorizontal grid resolution is 50 m x 50 m. For initial conditions, the water was assumed at restcondition. Time series of tidal elevation was given along open boundary in north and west partscalculated by ORITIDE tidal model. Along the lateral boundary, a normal zero flow was appliedto solid boundary, while the semi-implicit Orlanski’s radiation condition was applied to the openboundaries. The model was also simulated for Southeast (SE) and Northwest (NW) Monsoonscases (represented by July and January 2001) with adding the dominant wind during SE and NWMonsoons to accommodate the effect of seasonal monsoon.The dispersal model of larvae was running with the advection-diffusion velocity dataobtained from hydrodynamic model. The larvae source release started from south part of themodel according to the observation data. The model was simulated for 20 days including springand neap tide phases. List of dispersal model parameters and coefficients using in the model canbe shown in
Table 1
.Table 1. Design of Larvae Dispersal Model
No. Parameter/Coefficient Value Unit
1 Model type Larvae2 Vertical mixing options Layered3 Layer orientation top down4 Constant layer thickness 35 meter5 Initial seed 1006 Include horizontal advection yes7 Vertical velocity included yes8 Ambient background (magnitude) 339 Density inversion Positive10 Model time step 60 Second11 Model duration 479 Hour12 Settlement period start hour 240 hour13 Settlement period end hour 360 hour14 Split steps 0 steps
of 00

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