ME 218: SOLID MECHANICS LABORATORY

T E NS IO N T E S T
EXPERIMENT NO.7

BATCH: A8
07010042-07010046
 TENSION TEST
EXPERIME NT NO. 7

AIM

To determine the following in axially loaded Mild steel and Aluminium

Specimens.
(a) The maximum tensile stress
(b) The modulus of elasticity.
(c) The percentage reduction in cross section.
(d) The percentage elongation in gauge length.

A PPA R A TU S

1. The Universal Testing Machine

2. Vernier Callipers
3. Mechanical Extensometer
4. Scale

WORKI NG FORM UL AE

σ = F/A
Y = σ/ε

Where,
F  Load applied on specimen (N)
A  Area of cross-section (m2)
σ  Stress (Pa)
ε Strain
Y Young’s Modulus of Elasticity (ratio of stress and strain in the linear region)

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 SPECIMEN DIAGRAMS

OBSERVATI ON

Aluminium Specimen :-
Gauge length (average) = 101 mm
Total length (average) = 200 mm

Table 7.1:- ( Diameter )

Sl.No 1 2 3

Reading 7.00 7.01 7.00 dave = 7.00 mm

(mm)

Area of specimen = (π × d2)/4 = (3.14×72)/4×10-6 = 38.465 × 10-6 m2.

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Table 7.2:- ( Stress and Strain values of Aluminium specimen)

Sl No Reading of F (N) Stress (MPa) Strain (μm)

Extensometer (μm)
1 2 950 24.69778 2
2 4 1293 33.61497 4
3 6 1406 36.55271 6
4 8 1516 39.41245 8
5 10 1915 49.78552 10
6 12 2096 54.4911 12
7 14 2350 61.0945 14
8 16 2659 69.12778 16
9 18 2893 75.21123 18
10 20 3145 81.76264 20
11 22 3426 89.06798 22
12 24 3635 94.50149 24
13 26 3895 101.2609 26
14 28 4053 105.3685 28
15 30 4188 108.8782 30
16 32 4324 112.4139 32
17 34 4772 124.0608 34
18 36 5043 131.1062 36
19 38 5362 139.3995 38
20 40 5548 144.235 40

Mild Steel Specimen :-

Gauge length (average) = 100.67 mm
Total length (average) = 200 mm

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Table 7.3:- ( Diameter )
Sl.No 1 2 3

Reading 7.00 6.98 7.00 dave = 6.993 mm

(mm)

Area of specimen = (π × d2)/4 = (3.14×6.992)/4×10-6 = 38.355 × 10-6 m2.

Table 7.4:- ( Stress and Strain values of Mild Steel specimen)

Sl No Reading of F (N) Stress (Pa) Strain (μm)

Extensometer (μm)
1 2 2899 75.58337 2
2 4 3816 99.49159 4
3 6 4416 115.1349 6
4 8 5142 134.0634 8
5 10 6067 158.1802 10
6 12 6611 172.3634 12
7 14 7448 194.1859 14
8 16 8406 219.1631 16
9 18 9041 235.7189 18
10 20 9933 258.9754 20
11 22 10546 274.9576 22
12 24 11259 293.5471 24
13 26 12214 318.4461 26
14 28 12877 335.732 28
15 30 13489 351.6882 30
16 32 14162 369.2348 32
17 34 14700 383.2616 34
18 36 15538 405.1102 36
19 38 16079 419.2152 38
20 40 16523 430.7913 40

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 G R A PH S

Stress(MPa) Vs Strain (μm)

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20
Stress
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Graph for Aluminium

Stress(MPa) Vs Strain (μm)

500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
Strain (μm)
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Graph for Mild Steel

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 C A L C U LA TI O N S

Aluminium:-
For yield stress :-

F = 8910 N
A = 38.465 10-6 m2
Y=F/A=231.64 106 Pa

For ultimate tensile stress:-

F = 9710 N
A = 38.465 10-6 m2
Y=F/A=252.43 106 Pa

For percentage elongation:-

Gauge length after breaking =115 mm

Elongation = 14.3 mm
Percentage elongation = (14.3÷ 101) ×100 = 14.15 %

For reduction in area:-

Final diameter of the specimen = 5.64mm

Afinal = (3.14 × 5.642)/4 = 24.97 × 10-6 m2
Ainitial = 38.465 ×10-6 m2
Reduction in area=38.465 ×10-6 m2 - 24.97 × 10-6 m2 = 13.49 ×10-6 m2
Percentage reduction= 35.07 %

From graph :-
Value of Young’s Modulus of Elasticity = slope of the graph = 79.32 GPa

Mild Steel :-

For yield stress :-

F = 23,300 N
A = 38.355 10-6 m2
Y=F/A=607.48 106 Pa

For ultimate tensile stress:-

F = 26,400 N
A = 38.355 10-6 m2
Y=F/A=688.31 106 Pa

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For percentage elongation:-

Gauge length after breaking = 105 mm

Elongation = 4.33 mm
Percentage elongation = (4.33÷100.67) ×100 = 4.3 %

For reduction in area:-

Final diameter of the specimen = 5.32mm

Afinal = (3.14 × 5.322)/4 = 22.22 × 10-6 m2
Ainitial = 38.355 ×10-6 m2
Reduction in area=38.355 ×10-6 m2 - 22.22 × 10-6 m2 = 13.165 ×10-6 m2
Percentage reduction= 34.32 %

From graph :-
Value of Young’s Modulus of Elasticity = slope of the graph = 196.19 GPa

I N FE R E NC E

The following inferences can be drawn :

Specimen Tensile Stress Max Modulus of Elasticity % Reduction in area of % Elongation in

cross-section gauge length
Aluminium 252.43 MPa 79.32 GPa 35.07% 14.15%

Mild Steel 688.31 MPa 196.19 GPa 34.32% 4.3%

The obtained values of Moduli of Elasticity of Aluminium and Mild Steel are found to be in close
agreement with standard values.

SO U RC E S O F ER ROR

1. There is slight difference while taking down the readings from the Universal Testing Machine
and the actual reading, hence the graph is not truly linear.

2. There is experimental error due to the rapidly increasing values of load (F).

3. The material might have internal defects or imperfections that could lead to botched results.

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 D E TA I L S O F STU D EN TS

Table 7.5

ROLL NUMBER NAME

07010042 Repaka Jyoti Swaroop

07010043 Sharath Chandra Pawar

07010044 Puvvada N V Prudhvi Teja

07010045 J G M V Pramod

07010046 Vishnu Narayanan Suresh