Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The English Grammar Alphabet A, a(ei:)N, n(en)B, b(bi:)O, o(o:)C, c(si:)P, p(pi:)D, d(di:)Q, q(kju:)E, e(i:)R, r(a:)F, f(ef)S, s(es:)G, g(di:)T, t(ti:)H, h(eie)U, u(ju:)I, i(ai)V, v(vi:)J, j(dei)W, w(dabl ju)K, k(kei)X, x(eks)L, l(el)Y, y(uai)M, m(em)Z, z(zi, zed)
Brojevi
Brojevi izmeu 13 i 20 obrazuju se kada se broju prve desetine doda sufiks"teen", izuzev nekih manjih izuzetaka (thirteen umesto threeteen i fifteen umesto fiveteen). Brojevi desetica obrazuju se na slian nain, dodavanjem sufiksa "ty". Brojevi koji imaju desetice i jedinice prave se kao i u srpskom: 25 - twenty five, 71 - seventy one . Rei hundred i thousand posle kojih dolazi broj manji od sto, vezuju se veznikom "and": 328 - three hundred and twenty eight 3.020 - three thousand and twenty . "One" ima mnoinu koja glasi "ones" i upotrebljava se kao imenica, najee da bi se izbeglo ponavljanje imenice u reenici: Black gloves are stronger than white ones . (crne rukavice su jae od bijelih) Redni brojevi Prva tri redna broja se tvore nepravilno: first (prvi), second (drugi) i third (trei). Svi ostali redni brojevi prave se dodavanjem nastavka "th" na glavne brojeve: seventh (sedmi), tenth (deseti), sixteenth (esnaesti), ninetieth (devedeseti), thousandth(hiljaditi) etc. Slova "ve" kod five postaju slovo "f" kod fifth (peti), fifteenth (petnaesti) i fiftieth (pedeseti). Isto tako kod twelve se menja u twelfth . Nine u rednom broju gubi krajnje "-e": nine ninth. Kod desetica krajnje "y" mijenja se u "ie" pred nastavkom "th": thirtieth (trideseti). Kod sastavljenih rijei nastavak dobijaju samo jedinice: twenty-fourth (dvadeset etvrti). Razlomci u imeniocu imaju redni broj: 4/5 - four fifths 3/10 - three tenths Razlika je jedino kod 1/2 - one half i 1/4 - one quarter ili a quarter , 3/4 - three quarters .
*Redni brojevi dobijaju odreeni lan the. Brojevi za ponavljanje prave se pomou rijei "times": four times (etiri puta),
twenty times (dvadeset puta). Izuzetak: once (jedanput), twice (dva puta), thrice (tri puta) zadrali su se jo u poeziji, inae su zastareli.
lanovi
Odreeni lan: THE korisi se u jednini i u mnozini govorimo o neem odreenom, zna se tano o emu kada smo vec nesto pomenuli, pa opet pricamo o tome kada onaj kome govorimo zna o kome/emu govorimo kada nesto pominjemo 1. put ali je to odredjeno frazom koja sledi: the boy riding a bike( (taj) decak koji vozi bicikl) ispred imenica koje oznaavaju neto ega ima samo jedno: the Earth, the Sun ako imenica u jednini odreuje celu vrstu, a ne samo pojedinu stvar koja pripada toj vrsti: the Earth satellite is faster then the aeroplane (Zemljin satelit je bri od aviona); pred superlativima: this is the best thing you can do (to je najbolja stvar koju moe uiniti); ispred rednih brojeva: it is the second day of my arrival here (drugi je dan otkako sam stigao ovamo); ispred "same": the same to you (isto i vama); ispred imena zgrada, ustanova, brodova i sl: The Houses of Parliament (parlament), The Ministry of Defence (ministarstvo odbrane), The Majestic (hotel) itd OSIM
Buckingham palace Windsor Castle Westminster abbey imena institucija koja pocinju vlastitim imenom;
ispred imena listova, asopisa, magazina, alo je u nazivu zajednicka imenica: the Times ; ispred licnih imena koja se sastoje od prideva i imenice: The Black Sea (Crno more), The Pacific Ocean (Tihi okean); ispred imena naroda u mnoini: the English (Englezi); ispred prideva koji oznacavaju skup osoba: The young are hyperactive (mladi su hiperaktivni)
ispred imena poslije kojih dolazi "of": we signed the treaty of Locarno (potpisali smo sporazum u Lokarnu); ispred imena reka, plananskih lanaca, jezera i mora: we climbed the Alps (popeli smo se na Alpe); ispred prideva koji su upotrebljeni kao imenice: the poor of London (sirotinja Londona);
Neodredjeni clan: a/an an se koristi za imenice koje pocinju samoglasnikom (a man, an open window, an hour-ne samo kako se pise nego I ako se cita kao samoglasnik! ) , a za sve ostalo; oba se koriste samo u jednini, u mnozini se koristi some , neodredjeni pridev ili nista. Misaone i gradivne imenice koje nemaju mnoinu i koje se ne mogu brojati, nemaju neodreeni lan. za zajednicke imenice kad imenicu pomijnemo prvi put kao deo imenskog predikata ako imenicu pominjemo u sklopu o nacionalnosti: He is an Australian o zanimanja: I am an artist o veroispovesti: You are an orthodox o hobija: She is a dancer uvek sa to be : He is an footballer to be kad odredjuje vrstu (genericki clan): A rose is a flower ispred vlastitiog imena u znacenju jedan ili neki posle fraza: o what a/an o such a/an o half a/an o many a/an o quite a/an o rather a/an o a day: 10 hours a day( 10 sati dnevno) o a hundred dozen (tuce, 10-12 komada) score (20 komada necega) thousand u kombinaciji sa many znai mnoinu: many a ship (mnogi brodovi) uz imenicu koja je izdvojena iz celine ili mnotva ali koja nije posebno odreena: the boy saw a bird in the tree (deak je video pticu na drvetu) uz razlomke: a half (polovina), a third (treina) iza "not" pojaava negaciju: I have not a single penny(nemam ni jedan jedini peni).
Izostavljenje lana:
pojedinana imena drava (osim the Sudan) ulice, parkovi, trgovi (osim The High street) jezera, osim ako se upotrebi OF: Pali lake=the lake of Pali sportovi (osim ako mislis na odredjenu utakmicu: the football I watched last night) obroci objekti, ako mislimo na svrhu kojoj slue ( I hate school) osim ako prias o odredjenoj zgradi/predmetu. school church preason/jail
GLAGOLI
Glagol "to be" biti
be-was/were-been Be kao glagol punog znaenja znai postojati, ivjeti, stii itd. Be se vrlo esto upotrebljava kao deo imenskog predikata (His brother was a sailor. (njegov brat je bio mornar)). Present Simple - Prezent I am - I'm (ja sam) you are - you're he is - he's, she's, it's we are - we're you are - you're they are - they're I'm not (ja nisam) you're not he's, she's, it's not we're not you're not they're not am I? (je sam li) are you? is he, she, it? are we? are you? are they?
Past Simple - Preterit (Prosto prolo vrijeme) I was (ja sam bio) you were he was I wasn't (ja nisam bio) you weren't he wasn't was I? were you? was he?
Present Perfect - Perfekt I have been (ja sam bio) you have been he has been I haven't been you haven't been he hasn't been have I been? have you been? has he been?
Past Perfect - Pluskvamperfekt (Pluperfekt) I had been (ja bijah bio) you had been he had been I had not been you had not been he had not been had I been? had you been? had he been?
Futur Simple - Futur I shall be (ja u biti) you will be he will be I shall not be you will not be he will not be shall I be? will you be? will he be?
Futur Perfect - Svreni futur I shall have been (ja u biti) you will have been he will have been I shall not have been you will not have been he will not have been shall I have been? will you have been? will he have been?
Present Conditional - Pogodbeni nain sadanji I should be (ja bih bio) you would be he would be I should not be you would not be he would not be should I be? would you be? would he be)
Past Conditional - Pogodbeni nain proli I should have been (bio bih bio) you would have been he would have been I should not have been you would not have been he would not have been should I have been? would you have been? would he have been?
Imperativ Infinitiv prezenta Infinitiv perfekta Particip prezenta Particip perfekta Gerund prezenta Gerund perfekta
Glagol "to have" - imati Have kao glagol punog znaenja:- Have iza kojeg slijedi infinitiv izraava obavezu. Npr: They had to leave. (morali su otii) I have to buy some chocolate for her girl. (moram kupiti okolade za njenu devojicu) - U toj se konstrukciji moe upitni oblik tvoriti s pomou do ili inverzijom, a odrini pomou do ili dodavanjem not, npr: Did they have to leave? Had they have to leave? They did not have to leave. They had not to leave.
{ {
Imperativ Infinitiv prezenta Infinitiv perfekta Particip prezenta Particip perfekta Gerund prezenta Gerund perfekta
Neki glagoli u treem licu jednine mogu imati bezlino znaenje: to seem (izgledati): it seems to be true (izgleda da je istina) to appear (izgledati): it appears as if it would be a change in weather (izgleda kao da e se vreme promijeniti) to look (izgledati): it looks like rain (izgleda kao da e kia) to feel (osjeati): it feels cold (osjea se hladnoa) to make (initi): it makes me afraid (to me plai).
Nepotpuni glagoli su: can (moi), may (moi, smjeti), ought (trebati) i must (morati).
nemaju sve oblike i vremena, u sadanjem vremenu u treem licu nemaju nastavak "s"; upitni im se oblik pravi inverzijom, odrini oblik obrazuju sa rjeicom "not"; trae infinitiv bez "to" (izuzev glagola "ought"). Nepotpuni glagol "can" (moi, umjeti, znati) oznaava fiziku ili umnu sposobnost. Ima oblik"could" za prolo vrijeme (Past Tense) i za pogodbeni nain sadanji (Present Conditional): I can swim (umijem, znam da plivam), I could swim (umio sam da plivam), Could you show me the way, please? (da li biste mogli da mi pokaete put, molim?) *Umesto glagola "can" u vremenima koje on nema upotrebljava se izraz "to be able" (moi, biti u stanju):I shall be able to this for you. (moi u to da uinim za vas). Nepotpuni glagol "may" (moi, smeti) oznaava odobravanje, doputanje, verovatnost, mogunost i elju:he may come tomorrow (moda e on sutra doi) may I go in? (smijem li ui?) may he join us? (smije li da nam se pridrui?) may he rest in peace! (neka poiva u miru!). U prolom vremenu "may" ima svoj drugi oblik "might":He might have arrived earlier. (mogao je ranije da stigne) He might be present. (mogao bi biti prisutan). Nepotpuni glagol must (morati) ima samo taj jedan oblik. Izraava moranje, dunost, nunost. I must take leave now. (sada se moram pozdraviti, moram otii), The soldiers knew that they must die. (vojnici su znali da moraju umrijeti)
Nepravilni glagoli
Pravilni glagoli tvore past simple i particip perfekta tako da se infinitivu doda nastavak "-ed". Npr: play - played , open - opened itd. Ako se glagol u infinitivu zavrava na "-e" dodaje se samo "-d". Npr: smile - smiled , hope - hoped itd. Kod nepravilnih uptrebljavas tabelu, koju treba da znas napamet. Prelazni glagoli su oni uz koje moe stajati objekat u akuzativu tj. direktni objekat (subject +verb + object): He speaks English. (on govori engleski) We are watching TV. (mi gledamo TV) I saw an elephant. (vidio sam slona) Neprelazni glagoli su oni uz koje ne moe stajati direktni objekat (subject + verb [+indirect object]). He has arrived. (on je stigao) She speaks fast. (ona govori brzo) John goes to school. (John ide u kolu) Povratni glagoli su oni kod kojih se radnja vraa na subjekat. Uz takve glagole stoje povratne zamenice. Povratnih glagola u engleskom jeziku nema mnogo. Najei su: to to to to to to to to to to dress oneself help oneself hurt oneself improve oneself tire oneself excuse oneself flatter oneself amuse oneself warm oneself take care of oneself (obui se) (pomoi se) (povriediti se) (popraviti se) (umoriti se) (izviniti se) (hvaliti se) (zabaviti se) (utopliti se) (obui se)
Povratni glagoli se menjaju ovako: infinitiv glasi: "to dress oneself" Present Simple Tense glasi: I dress myself (ja oblaim sebe) you dress yourself (ti oblai sebe) he, she, it dresses himself, herself, itself we dress ourselves you dress yourselves thes dress themselves Upitni oblik: Do I dress myself? Odrini oblik: I do not dress myself Upitno-odrini oblik: Do I not dress myself?
Rank
srpski biti raditi, initi imati rei (na)praviti ii, otii uzeti doi vidjeti znati dobiti dati (pro)nai misliti rei postati pokazati otii, napustiti osjeati
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
say make go take come see know get give find think tell become show leave feel put bring begin keep hold write stand hear let mean set meet run pay sit speak lie lead read
said made went took came saw knew got gave found thought told became showed left felt put brought began kept held wrote stood heard let meant set met ran paid sat spoke lay led read
taken -
known got/gotten (US) given found told shown left felt put begun kept held stood heard let set met run paid sat lain led read -
thought become -
staviti donijeti (za)poeti drati drati pisati stajati uti (do)pustiti znaiti; misliti (po)staviti sresti; upoznati trati; rukovoditi platiti sjediti govoriti leati voditi itati
brought -
written -
meant -
spoken -
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
grow lose fall send build understand draw break spend cut rise drive buy wear choose beat catch cost eat fight fly forget hide hit lay lend ride sell shine shoot shut sing sink sleep split steal strike swim teach throw wake win
grew lost fell sent built understood drew broke spent cut rose drove bought wore chose beat caught cost ate fought flew forgot hid hit laid lent rode sold shone shot shut sang sank slept split stole struck swam taught threw woke won
grown lost fallen sent built drawn broken spent cut risen driven bought worn beaten caught cost eaten fought flown hidden hit laid lent sold shone shot shut sung sunk slept split stolen struck swum taught woken won -
rasti izgubiti pasti (po)slati graditi razumjeti vui; crtati (s)lomiti (po)troiti rezati podignuti se voziti; pokrenuti kupiti nositi (odjeu) birati, izabrati pobijediti uhvatiti kotati (po)jesti boriti se letjeti zaboraviti sakriti udariti polei; namjestiti posuditi jahati, voziti (se) prodati sjati, blistati pucati; fotografirati zatvoriti pjevati (po)tonuti spavati razdvojiti, odvojiti ukrasti udariti, pogoditi plivati poduavati baciti bdjeti, biti budan pobijediti; osvojiti
understood -
chosen -
forgotten
ridden -
thrown -
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Prezent particip veine glagola ima oblik osnova+ing , i koristi se u sledeim sluajevima: kao deo trajnog oblika glagola: I am working (ja radim) he was singing (on je pjevao) they have been walking (oni su etali); nakon glagola pokreta/pozicije po principu: glagol+particip prezenta: She was shopping. (ona je bila u kupovini) He came running towards me. (doao je trei prema meni) She lay looking up at the clouds. (leala je gledajui u oblake) *Ova tvorba je naroito korisna sa glagolom "to go", kao u sljedeim primjerima: to go shopping to go walking to go ski-ing to go swimming to go fishing to go running to go surfing to go dancing nakon glagola percepcije (ula) po principu glagol + objekat + particip prezenta: I heard someone singing. (uo sam nekoga kako pjeva) I can smell something burning! (osjetim da neto gori); kao pridev: It was an amazing film. (bio je to nevjerovatan film) He was trapped inside the burning house. (bio je zatoen unutar kue u plamenu); sa glagolima catch (uhvatiti) i find (nai) po principu: glagol+izraz za vreme+prezent particip. Glagol "catch" sa participom prezenta izraava neku ljutnju ili prijetnju: Don't let him catch you reading his letters. (ne dozvoli da te uhvati kako ita njegova pisma) If I catch you stealing my apples again, there'll be trouble! (uhvatim li te jo jednom kako krade moje jabuke, bie problema) Ovo nije sluaj sa glagolom find koji ne izraava emocije: We found some money lying on the ground. (nali smo novca na zemlji) They found their mother sitting in the garden. (nali su majku kako sjedi u bati); da zameni reenicu ili deo reenice. Kada se dve radnje deavaju u isto vreme, od strane iste osobe ili stvari, koristimo particip prezenta da ih opiemo: They went out into the snow. They laughed as they went. They went laughing into the snow. He whistled to himself. He walked down on the r oad. Whistling to himself, he walked down on the road. Kada jedna radnja sledi odmah iza druge, od strane iste osobe, moemo prvu radnju izraziti participom prezenta: He put on his coat and left the house. Putting on his coat, he left the house. She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air. Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air. Particip prezenta se moe koristiti umjsto poetnih as, since, because, i izraava razlog radnje: Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge. (= because he felt hungry...) Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes. Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.
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Indirektan govor se uvodi reima kao to su: he said (on ree) he asked (un upita) we enquired (zapitali smo) she ordered (ona zapovijedi) we believed (vjerovasmo) I replied (odgovorih) I answered (odgovorih) i sl. Pri pretvaranju direktnog u indirektan govor treba potivati pravila o slaganju vremena: sva vremena u indirektnom obliku se moraju zamijeniti odgovarajuim prolim oblicima prema pravilima o slaganju vremena:
Direktni govor Prosto sadanje Prosto prolo Prezent perfekt Davno prolo Prosto budue Imperativ
sve rei koje oznaavaju blizinu moraju se zameniti reima koje oznaavaju udaljenost; Prema ovim pravilima: am was postaje do did " shall should " will would " have, has had " can could " may might " must had to " this that " these those " here there " now then " today that day " tomorrow the next day " yesterday the day before " last night the night before "
D: He said: "I do not understand this letter." (On ree: "Ja ne razumijem ovo pismo") I: He said that he didn't understand this letter. (on ree da ne razumije to pismo) D: She said: "I am going to come soon again." (Ona ree: "Doi u uskoro ponovo".) I: She said that she was going to come soon again. (ona ree da e uskoro ponovo doi) ako se u indirektnom govoru saoptava tue pitanje, onda je potrebno pored pomenutih pravila obratiti panju jo i na sledee: umjesto glagola "say" upotrebiemo glagol "ask"; ako pitanje ne sadri nikakvu upitnu re (kao to su what, how, when itd.), onda pitanje u indirektnom govoru mora poeti sa "if" ili "whether". Primeri: D: She said to her brother: "What are you doing?" (ona ree svom bratu: "ta radi?") I: She asked her brother what he was doing. (ona upita svog brata ta radi) D: They asked me: "Do you speak Spanish." (zapitali su me: "Da li govorite panski?") I: They asked me whether I speak Spanish. (zapitali su me da li govorim panski) kad prebacujes pitanje u indirektni govor, red reci u recenici je u potvrdnom obliku! Vremena obicno idu za jedno unazad. da bi se u indirektnom govoru izrazila zapovest, upotrebljava se infinitiv i uvodi glagol "tell": D: Father said to his son: "Be careful of yourself." (otac ree sinu: "Pazi se"). I: Father told his son to be careful of himself. (otac ree svom sinu da se pazi).
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Kondicional
se tvori od pomonog glagola "should" i "would", i infinitiva bez "to" glagola kojeg menjamo. Sadanji kondicional se tvori sa should i would i infinitivom prezenta, a proli kondicional se tvori sa should i would i infinitivom perfekta glagola kojeg mijenjamo.
{ {
I should take - uzeo bih you should take - ti bi uzeo itd. I should have taken - bio bih uzeo you should have taken - ti bio uzeo itd.
Odrini oblik se tvori tako to se iza should i would stavi "not": I should not take. (ne bih uzeo) I should not have taken. (ne bih bio uzeo). Upitni oblik se tvori inverzijom: should I take? (da li bih uzeo?) should I have taken? (da li bih bio uzeo?) Sadanji i proli kondicional se koriste pri tvorbi pogodbenih reenica. Prvi kondicional - realna mogunost (First conditional: real possibility) Govorimo o budunosti. Razmiljamo o nekom uslovu ili situaciji u budunosti, i njenoj posledici. Postoji stvarna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti. Na primer, jutro je, kod kue ste i planirate igrati tenis popodne. Meutim na nebu se javljaju oblaci, zamislite da pone padati kia. If it rains, I will stay at home. (ako bude padala kia, ostau kod kue) gradis slicno ko u srpskom-ako pada kisa, ostacu kod kuce If If uslov it rains prosto sadanje vrieme posledica I will stay at home. budue vrieme
Treba primetiti da kia jo nije pala, meutim nebo je oblano i postoji realna mogunost (real possibility) da e kia pasti. Da bi izrazili mogui uslov koristili smo sadanje prosto vrijeme (Present Simple Tense). Za izraavanje mogue posljedice koristili smo prosto buduce vrijeme. Vano je zapamtiti da kod prvog kondicionala postoji realna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti. posledica budue vrijeme I will tell Mary W hat will you do Their teacher will be sad if if if if if uslov prosto sadanje vrijeme I see her. it rains tomorrow. they do not pass the exam.
Ponekad moemo koristiti: shall, can ili may umjesto will, na primjer: If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight. (ako bude danas dobar, moe gledati TV veeras) Drugi kondicional neverovatna mogunost Kad bi (nesto bilo) onda bi (bilo nesto drugo), za raziliku od prvog kondicionala, ovde ne postoji realna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti. If If If If uslov prosto prolo vrijeme I married Mary it snowed next July posledica kondicional sadanji I would be happy. would you be suprised?
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Kod drugog kondicionala koristimo prosto prolo vrieme za izraavanje uslova, a sadanji kondicional za izraavanje eventualne posledice. *Ponekad, umesto glagola would koristimo should, could or might: If I won a million dollars, I could stop working. (da dobijem milion dolara, mogao bih prestati raditi) Trei kondicional - bez mogunosti (Third conditional - no possibility) Ne postoji mogunost da se uslov ispuni. Da je (nesto bilo) onda bi (bilo nesto drugo)- da nisam upisala medicinu onda bih sve ovo lepo ispisala. If If If If If If uslov sloeno prolo vrijeme (past perfect) I had won the lottery I had seen Mary it had rained yesterday Tara had been free yesterday posledica kondicional proli I would have bought a car. I would have told her. what would you have done? I would have invited her.
If they had not passed their exam, their teacher would have been sad. (da nisu poloili ispit, njihov uitelj bi bio tuan) Da bi smo izrazili uslov u prolosti koji se nije ostvario koristili smo sloeno prolo vrijeme (past perfect), dok za izraavanje posledice koja se nee dogoditi smo koristili kondicional proli. *Ponekad umjesto would have koristimo should have, could have, might have: If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won. (da si kupio listi lota, mogao si dobiti) Nulti kondicional - sigurno ispunjenje uslova (Zero conditional - certainty) Tzv. nulti kondicional koristimo kada je uslov uvek taan, poput neke injenice. Na primer, ako zagrevamo led iznad 0 stepeni on e se poeti otapati. If If If uslov prosto sadanje vrijeme you heat ice posledica prosto sadanje vrijeme it melts.
Da bi izrazili uslov i posljedicu koristimo prosto sadanje vrijeme. Najvanije kod nultog kondicionala je zapamtiti da uvjet ima uvijek istu posledicu. If If If If uvjet prosto sadaenje vrijeme I miss the 8 o'clock bus I am late for work people don't eat posljedica prosto sadanje vrijeme I am late for work. my boss gets angry. they get hungry.
Takoe, umjesto if moemo koristiti when: W hen I get up late I miss by bus. (kada ustanem kasno, zakasnim na autobus) Kondicionali - ukratko Tip kondicionala Prvi kondicional Drugi kondicional Trei kondicional Nulti kondicional glavna reenica budue vrijeme kondicional sadanji kondicional proli prosto sadanje vrijeme "if" reenica sadanje vrijeme prosto prolo vrijeme sloeno prolo vrijeme prosto sadanje vrijeme
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PASIV
Trpno stanje (pasiv) mogu imati samo prelazni glagoli, tj. takvi koji uza se mogu imati objekat. Pasiv pokazuje da subjekat ne vri radnju, ve da se radnja vri na subjektu: The road has been repaired. (put je popravljen) Pasivni oblici se tvore tako to se uzme ono vreme glagola "to be" koje nam je potrebno i doda se particip proli glagola kojeg menjamo. Aktivnu reenicu moemo pretvoriti u pasivnu ako se glagol stavi u trpno stanje, subjekat aktivne reenice postaje objekat pasivne, i ispred njega se stavlja prijedlog "by": A: Everybody drinks water. (svi piju vodu) P: Water is drunk by everybody. (voda se pije od sviju) subjekat glagol objekat Everybody drinks water aktiv pasiv W ater is drunk by everybody.
A: I wrote this letter. (ja sam napisao ovo pismo) P: This letter was written by me . (pismo je napisano od mene) Neprelazni glagoli mogu postati prelazni ako im se doda predlog! Trpno stanje se upotrebljava mnogo ee u engleskom jeziku nego u naem, koristi se: kada subjekat koji vri radnju nije poznat: My car has been stollen. (ukradeno mi je auto) She was given a nice birthday present . (dobila je lijep poklon za roendan) ako se ne eli pomenuti vrilac radnje: I have been told that you are engaged. (reeno mi je da ste se vjerili) She was said to have left her husband. (pria se da je ostavila svog mua) ako nije potrebno pomenuti vrioca radnje jer to proizilazi iz konteksta (smisla) reenice ili nije bitno za smisao da mora biti pomenut: Mistakes are always made . (greke se uvijek prave) ako je subjekat pasivne reenice vaniji od vrioca radnje: The "Tower" was written by Mea Selimovi. (Roman "Tvrava" je napisana od strane Mee Selimovia) (autor nas manje interesuje) The boy was punished by his father. (deko je kanjen od svog oca) Ahmed was attended by his sister during his illness. (Ahmeda je njegova sestra njegovala za vrijeme bolesti) Bezlini oblici u naem jeziku kao to su "kae se", "razume se", "podrazumeva se" u engleskom jeziku se iskazuju u treem licu jednine srednjeg roda: it is understood (razumije se, podrazumijeva se) that is known (to se zna) it is said (pria se) Konjugacija pasiva u veini moguih vremena:
infinitiv present simple past future conditional present continous past future conditional present perfect simple past future conditional present perfect continous past future conditional to be called it is called it was called it will be called it would be called it is being called it was being called it will be being called it would be being called it has been called it has been called it will have been called it would have been called it has been being called it had been being called it will have been being called it would have been being called
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I am eager to go to the concert because I love the Wallflowers. I know that I m ade the right choice.
Da se izrazi radnja koja je poela They believe that they have elected the u trenu u prolosti i traje do right candidate. danas, koristite present perfect. Da izrazite radnju koja e se desiti, koristite prosto budue vrijeme. The President says that he wi ll veto the bill.
Da izrazite drugu zavrenu radnju, koristite prosto prolo vrijeme. Prosto prolo vreme (Simple Past) Da izrazite radnju koja se desila prije druge radnje koristite past perfect.
Da izrazite ope poznatu injenicu The Deists believed that the koristite sadanje vrijeme. universe is like a giant clock.
Prezent perfekt ili past perfekt U svakom sluaju koristite prolo (Present Perfect or vrijeme. Past Perfect)
She has grown a foot since she turned nine. The crowd had turned nasty before the sheriffreturned .
Da izrazite istovremenu radnju koristite sadanje vrijeme. Da izrazite radnju koja se desila ranije, koristite prolo vrijeme. Da se izrazi radnja u budunosti koja e se desiti prije radnje u nezavisnoj reenici, koristite prezent perfekt.
I will be so happy if they fix my car today. You will surely pass this exam if you studied hard. The college will probably close its doors next summer if enrollments have notincreased .
Most students will have taken sixty credits by the time they graduate . Most students will have taken sixty credits by the time they have graduated .
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Slaganje vremena sa infinitivima i participima Infinitiv Vreme infinitiva Uloga infinitiva Primer
Coach Espinoza is eager to try out her new drills. ["eagerness" je sada; "to try out" e se desiti poslije.] She would have liked to see more veterans returning. [Infinitiv prezenta "to see" je u istom trenutku kao i prolo vrijeme "would have liked".] The fans woul d like to have seen some improvement this year. ["Would like" opisuje stanje u sadanjosti; "to have seen" opisuje neto prije tog vremena.] They consider the team to have been coached very well. [Infinitiv perfekta to have been coached ukazuje na radnju prije glagola consider.]
Infnitiv perfekta (Perfect Infinitive, to have seen) Da se izrazi radnja koja se desila prije glagola.
Participi Vreme participa Uloga participa Primeri W orking on the fundamentals, the team slowly began to improve. [Unaprijeujui osnove, tim je poeo polahko napredovati, radnja se deava u paralelno, u isto vrijeme]
Particip proli ili particip prezent perfekta (Past Participle or Present Perfect Participle
Havi ng experim ented with several game plans, the coaching staffdevised a master strategy. [Particip prezent perfekta "having experimented", ukazuje na vrijeme prije glagola u prolom vremenu "devised".] Prepared by last year's experience, the coach knows not to expect too much. [Radnja izraena pomou glagola u prezentu "knows", je posljedica glagola u prolom vremenu "prepared".]
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Present Continuous Tense prezent glagola "to be" + prezent particip glavnog glagola I am speaking (ja govorim) we are speaking you are speaking you are speaking he, she, it is speaking they are speaking *Present participle se pravi dodavanjem glagolu nastavka "-ing".
Izuzetak 1 Ako se glagol zavrava na: suglasnik - naglaeni vokal-suglasnik zadnje slovo se udvostruava: s t o p suglasnik naglaeni vokal suglasnik ru n > > ru n ni ng
s t op
s t op pi n g
be gi n
>
be gi n ni ng
Ovo pravilo ne vai kada naglasak nije na zadnjem slogu glagola: op e n > op e ni ng
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- glagoli osjetila (feel, see, hear, taste,smell) se esto koriste sa glagolom 'can': I can see... (mogu vidjeti) itd. - * Ovi glagoli mogu se koristiti u trajnoj formi ali sa drugim znaenjem, npr: This coat feels nice and warm. (ovaj brod je lijep i udoban, to je naa percepcija, osjeaj kvaliteta broda) John's feeling much better now. (Don se osjea mnogo bolje sada, njegovo zdravlje se poboljava); She has three dogs and a cat. (ona ima tri psa i maku, posjedovanje) She's having supper. (ona veera, ona jede); I can see Anthony in the garden. (vidim Anthony-a u bati, percepcija) I'm seeing Anthony later. (susrest' u Anthony-a kasnije, planiramo se susresti)
to call - zvati I'm calling you're calling he, she, it's calling we're calling you're calling they're calling
I'm not calling you aren't calling he, she, it isn't calling we aren't calling you aren't calling you aren't calling
am I calling? are you calling? is he, she, it calling? are we calling? are you calling? are they calling?
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Present Perfect Simple Tense pomoni glagol "to have" + past particip glavnog glagola Sloenim sadanjim vremenom se izraava povezanost izmeu prolosti i sadanjosti, tano vrijeme deavanja radnje nije naznaeno. Sloeno sadanje vrijeme se koristi: da se opie radnja ili stanje koje je poelo u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti: This website has been in existence for 9 years, 4 months, and 10 days. (ova stranica postoji ve...); I have lived in Sarajevo since 1970. (ivim u Sarajevu od 1970-te, i jo uvijek ivim); da se izrazi radnja koja je zavrena u vremenskom periodu koji jo traje: I have been to Zagreb this week. (ove nedjelje sam putovao u Zagreb, sedmica jo nije zavrena); da se oznai radnja koja je zavrena nekad u prolosti, ali je rezultat radnje vaan: I have buoght a car. (kupio sam auto, vano je da je auto kupljen, nije bitno kada) ; uz priloge koji oznaavaju neprekidan razmak vremena: ever, never, yet, already, since, for: Have you ever been to Bosnia? (jeste li ikada bili u Bosni?); da se izrazi radnja koja se upravo dogodila (uz priloge "just'' ili ''just now''): The guests have just entered the hall. (gosti su upravo uli u dvoranu). Amerikanci ne koriste sloeno sadanje vrieme toliko kao Britanci. Amerikanci ee upotrebljavaju prolo vrieme umjesto sloenog sadanjeg vremena. Amerikanac bi rekao: "Did you have lunch?" , dok bi Britanac rekao: "Have you had lunch?" to call - zvati I haven't called have I called? I have called (ja sam zvao) you have called you haven't called have you called? he, she, it has called he, she, it hasn't called has he, she, it called? we have called we haven't called have we called? you have called you haven't called have you called? they have called they haven't called have they called? Present Perfect Continuous Tense prezent perfekt glagola "to be" + prezent particip glavnog glagola
(have/has been)
I have been playing You have been working *Upitni oblik se pravi konverzijom: Have I been playing? *Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem rijei "not": I have not been playing. Kada piemo present continous, esto se upotrebljavaju skraenice: I have been - I've been itd. Present Perfect Continous Tense koristimo: da izrazimo radnju koja je nedavno ili upravo zavrila. I obino imamo sada imamo neku posljedicu: I'm tired because I've been running. (umoran sam (sada) jer sam trao) Why is the grass wet? Has it been raining? (zato je trava vlana (sada)? je li padala kia?) You don't understand because you haven't been listening. (ne razumijete(sada), jer niste sluali). da izrazimo radnju radnju koja je poela u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti, u ovom sluaju esto se koriste for i since: 've been reading for two hours. (itam ve dva sata, i jo uvijek itam) How long have you been learning English ? (koliko dugo ui engleski? a jo ga ui) We have not been smoking. (nismo puili, a ni sada ne puimo). Kako je ranije napomenuto uz present perfect continuous esto koristimo "for" i "since".
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*Since koristimo kada znamo od koje vremenske take se odvija radnja: u 9 sati, 7. januara,
u petak.
for period vremena 20 minutes three days six months a long time ever itd.
since od vremenske take 6.15 am Monday January I left school the beginning of time itd.
I've been studying for three hours. (uim ve tri sata) I've been watching TV since 7pm. (gledam TV od 7 sati poslije podne) Tara hasn't been visiting us since March. (Tara nas nije posjetila od Marta)
*For se moe koristiti u svim vremenima, since se obino koristi samo sa perfect vremenima!
to call - zvati I have been calling you have been calling he, she, it has been calling we have been calling you have been calling they have been calling I have not been calling you have not been calling he, she, it has not been calling we have not been calling you have not been calling they have not been calling have I been calling? have you been calling? has he, she, it been calling? have we been calling? have you been calling? have they been calling?
nepravilni glagoli
go see sing
Tvorba prolog svrenog vremena: a) potvrdna reenica: subjekat + glavni glagol u prolom obliku (preteritu) I lived in that house when I was young. (ivio sam u toj kui kada sam bio mlad) She played basketball last week. (ona je igrala koarku prole sedmice) b) odrina reenica: subjekat + preterit od "do" + not + infinitiv glavnog glagola He didn't like the movie. (nije mu se dopao film) Mary did not go to work last Monday. (Mary nije otila na posao prolog ponedjeljka) c) upitna reenica: preterit od "do"+ subjekat + infinitiv glavnog glagola * Did you play tennis last week . (je si li igrao tenis prole sedmice) * Did he watch TV last night . (je li gledao TV prole sedmice)
*
obavezno stavi vremensku odrednicu za past simple, mora se znati kada se radnja desila!
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-Glagol did (proslo vreme od "do") u svim licima ima isti oblik. I did not go to London. (nisam bio u Londonu) You did not go to London. He did not go to London. itd. -Glagol be nema u svim licima isti oblik, upitnu reenicu pravimo zamjenom subjekta i glagola(inverzijom). I, he, she, it was here. - W as I, he, she, it here? You were here. - were you here? *Ako glagol zavrava na suglasnik ispred kog stoji kratak naglaen vokal, krajnji samoglasnik se udvostruava: plan - pla nn ed skip - ski pp ed *Krajnje "l" se uvijek udvostruava: level - leve ll ed call - ca ll ed *Ako glagol zavrava na "-y" ispred kog se nalazi suglasnik, taj se "y" mijenja u "i": worr y - worr ied cr y - cr ied Prosto prolo vreme koristimo: a) da se izrazi radnja koja se desila u prolosti i potpuno zavrila pa nema nikakve veze sa sadanjou: I was in Liverpool last year. (bio sam u Liverpulu prole godine); b) da se izrazi radnja koja je trajala neko vrijeme u prolosti bez ikakve veze sa sadanjou: We went to school when we were children . (ili smo u kolu kada smo bili djeca); c) *kada govorimo o stvarima koje elimo da se dogode ili bi trebalo da se dogode , posle izraza wish, its time itd. uvek ide proslo vreme(!!!): It's time they were back. (vrijeme je da se vrate) I wish I had a new computer. (volio bi da imam novi kompjuter) d) u zavisnoj reenici ako je u glavnoj prosto prolo vrijeme (slaganje vremena): The policeman told me I drove to much. (policajac mi je rekao da sam previe vozio) Kada kaemo kada ili gdje se radnja dogodila, moramo koristiti prosto prolo vrijeme, a ne sloeno sadanje vrijeme (present perfect tense). to call - zvati I didn't call did I call? I called (ja sam zvao) you called you didn't call did you call? he, she, it called he, she, it didn't call did he, she, it call? we called we didn't call did we call? you called you didn't call did you call? did they call? they called they didn't call The Past Continuous Tense prolo vrijeme glagola "to be" + particip prezenta glavnog glagola She was reading. (ona je itala) We were playing. (mi smo igrali) Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem rjeice not: She was not reading - She wasn't reading. Upitni oblik se pravi inverzijom: W as she playing? W ere we playing? Nesvreno proslo vreme se upotrebljava: da se opie pozadina, odnosno da se pred itaoce postavi scena prie pisana u prolom vremenu. Obino pria poinje nesvrenim preteritom, a zatim se nastavlja prolim vremenom, npr:"James Bond was driving through town. It was raining . The wind was blowing hard. Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box..."; da se opie radnja koja je trajala do trenutka kada ju je prekinula neka druga prola radnja: I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang. (divno sam sanjao kada se alarm oglasio); I was watching TV when you telephoned. (gledao sam TV kada si nazvao)
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subjekat + simple past od "to have" + past particip od "to be" + present particip gl. glagola
Odrini oblik se pravi ubacivanjem rjeice not, a upitni oblik inverzijom subjekta i glagola "to have". Past Perfect Continuous upotrebljava se da bi se oznaila radnja koja je trajala u prolosti prije neke druge prole radnje: Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours. John was very tired. he had been running . (John je bio veoma umoran, trao je cijele veeri) I could smell cigarettes. somebody had been smoking. (osjetio sam cigarete, neko je puio). Past Perfect Continous se takoe upotrebljava u indirektnom govoru umesto trajnog oblika prolog vremena (past continous tense) u direktnom govoru.
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I will not have been calling you will not have been calling he, she, it will not have been calling we will not have been calling you will not have been calling they will not have been calling
will I have been calling? will you have been calling? will he, she, it have been calling? will we have been calling? will you have been calling? will they have been calling?
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Imenice - Nouns
Rod imenica - Gender of Nouns U engleskom jeziku rod imenica nije gramatiki ve se odreuje prema polu, tj. prirodan je. Imena mukih bia mukog su roda (masculine), imena enskih lica enskog su roda (feminine) i imena ivih bia gde rod nije izriito podvuen srednjeg su roda (neuter). - postoje razliiti izrazi za muki i enski rod: boy - girl djeak - djevojica father - mother otac - majka brother - sister brat - sestra son - daughter sin - ki uncle - aunt ujak - tetka nephew - niece neak - neaka king - queen kralj - kraljica monk - nun kaluer - kaluerica horse - mare konj - kobila cock - hen pijetao - kokoka drake - duck patak - patka gander - goose gusak - guska - dodajemo nastavke: abbot - abbess opat - opatica actor - actress glumac - glumica count - countess grof - grofica duke - duchess vojvoda - vojvotkinja emperor - empress car - carica poet - poetess pjesnik - pjesnikinja prince - princess princ - princeza negro - negress crnac - crnkinja heir - heiress nasljednik - nasljednica sorcerer - sorceress arobnjak - arobnica lion - lioness lav - lavica hero - heroine heroj - heroina - obrazuju se sloenice: man-servant - maid-servant sluga - slukinja cock-sparrow - hen-sparrow vrabac - vrabica bull-calf - cow-calf junac - junica male-elephant - female-elephant slon - slonica landlord - landlady gazda - gazdarica Mnoge imenice imaju isti oblik i u enskom i u mukom rodu: pupil (uenik, uenica) friend (prijatelj, prijateljica) teacher (uitelj, uiteljica) cousin (roak, rodica) Od opstog pravila postoje sledei izuzeci: "horse" i "dog" nisu sredneg ve mukog roda; "cat" je enskog roda; "child" moe biti sva tri roda; imenice: boat, ship, streamer, man-of-war, vessel nisu srednjeg ve enskog roda i oznaavaju se sa she; enskog roda su: imena drava i zemalja; neki apstraktni pojmovi (misaone imenice) kao: victory, liberty, mercy grace, virtue; enskog roda su i nature, earth i moon; imenice koje izraavaju jaka osjeanja mukog su roda: love, anger, despair, fear; mukog roda su takoer i: sun, death, time; ptice, ribe, insekti su obino srednjeg roda; U basnama ivotinje su personifikovane pa su uvek enskog ili mukog roda.
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Neke imenice imaju dva oblika u mnoini sa razliitim znaenjem: brother - brothers - brethren - cloths - clothes (braa po krvi) (braa u crkvenoj organizaciji, drutvu) (tof) (odijelo)
cloth
Latinske imenice na "-us" i "-um" te grke na "-on" i "-is" imaju u mnoini obino svoj latinski odnosno grki nastavak: radius - radii (poluprenik, poluprenici) (oaza, oaze) oasis - oases Sloenice obrazuju mnoinu tako da se nastavak za mnoinu doda glavnoj rijei od koje je sloenica sastavljena, tj. od rijei koja nosi smisao. Ako je sloenica sastavljena bez imenica, onda nastavak za mnoiniu dobija posljednja rije: looker-on - lookers-on (gledalac, gledaoci) pick-pocket - pick-pockets (deparo, deparoi) (nezaboravak (cvee), nezaboravci) forget-me-not - forget-me-nots Neke sloenice dobijaju obiljeje mnoine uz oba dijela rijei: (sluga, sluge) manservant - menservants Neke se imenice upotrebljavaju samo u jednini: advice (savjet) furniture (namjetaj) information (obavjetenje) (napredak) progress Ako je potrebno izraziti mnoiniu, onda se upotrijebi neka rije u mnoini: (dva komada namjetaja) two pieces of furniture Neke su imenice po svom obliku u jednini, a imaju znaenje mnoine: people (ljudi) mankind (ovjeanstvo) (stoka) cattle Imenica "news" (vijest) i "means" (sredstvo) imaju oblik mnoini ali su u jednini: what is the news (kakve su vijesti) (na ovaj nain) by the means Mnoge imenice se upotrebljavaju samo u mnoini: cards (karte) contents (sadrina) poltics (politika) (matematika) mathematics Neke imenice imaju u mnoini drugaije znaenje nego u jednini: arm arms (ruka) letter letters (slovo) compass compasses (kompas) drawer drawers (fijoka) (ruke, oruje) (knjievnost) (estar) (donje gae)
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Poreenje koje se dobiva dodavanjem rijei "more" za komparativ i "the most" za superlativ ispred pridjeva naziva se romansko poreenje. Ovim nainom porede se svi viesloni pridjevi koji imaju naglasak na prvom slogu, kao i pridjevi koji se zavavaju na "-ed" i "-ing": famous, more famous, the most famous; learned, more learned, the most learned; beautiful, more beautiful, the most beau tiful . mnogi dvosloni pridjevi mogu se porediti na oba naina. Takvi su pridjevi: common, cruel, pleasant, quiet, cheerful, handsome itd. Nepravilna komparacija pridjeva - Irregular comparasion Nepravilno se porede sljedei pridjevi:
Positive good (dobar) bad (lo) evil (zao) ill (bolestan) much (mnogo) many (mnogo) little (malen) late (kasan) more less worse better
Superlative
the worst
the most the least the latest (najnoviji) the last (posljednji) the nearest (najblii) the next (sljedei, do)
pnear (blizak)
nearer
pold (star)
older elder
far (daleko)
Komparativ i superlativ sloenih pridjeva: kada sloeni pridjevi poinju jednosloni pridjevom onda nastavke za komparativ i superlativ dobija jednosloni pridjev: I never saw a faster sailing ship. (nikad nisam vidio breg jedrenjaka) I never saw a worse looking man. (nikad nisam vidio ovjeka koji loije izgleda)
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best worst most least nearest, next farthest, furthest latest, last
Inae, u poreenju priloga vae sva ostala pravila koja se primjenjuju i na pridjeve.
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U engleskom jeziku ima vie pridjeva koji se upotrebljavaju i kao prilozi: - to sell cheap cheap (jeftin) (prodavati jeftino) - to buy dear dear (drag, skup) (kupiti skupo) - to copy fair fair (lijep, pravilan) (prepisati isto) - to play false false (laan) (varati u igri) - to work hard hard (teak) (naporno raditi) - to charge high high (visok) (propisati visoke cijene) - to speak loud loud (glasan) (govoriti glasno) - to speak loud low (nizak) (govoriti tiho) - to draw near near (blizak) (pribliiti se) - to sing right right (prav) (raditi kako treba) - to stop short short (kratak) (iznenada stati) - wide open wide (irok) (iroko otvoren) Napomena: kada ovi prilozi dobiju priloki nastavak "ly", oni esto mijenjaju smisao: hard (teak, naporan) - hardly (jedva), near (blizak) - nearly (skoro). Prilog moe imati tri poloaja u reenici: na poetku (prije subjekta): Now we will study adverbs. (sada emo uiti priloge) u sredini (izmeu subjekta i glavnog glagola): W e often study adverbs. (mi esto uimo priloge) na kraju (iza glavnog glagola ili objekta): W e study adverbs carefully. (mi paljivo uimo priloge)
Uzvici Interjections
Uzvici mogu izraavati: uenje: ah! eh! what! strange! impossible! heavens! indeed! (zaista) bol: ah! oh! o! alas! alack! ah me! woe to me! (jao meni) mercy to me! (nek mi se nebo smiluje) radost: ah! o joy! ha,ha! hurra! huzza! odobravanje: right! bravo! cheer up! (hrabro) well done! obraanje panje: behold! lo! see! holla! help! hark! (uj) hold! I say! attention! wait! come on! hear, hear! what's the matter! prijetnju: go away! get away! (gubite se) beware! (pazite) off! off! (gubite se) pozdrav: good-morning! (dobro jutro), good-afternoon! (dobar dan) good-evening! goodnight! welcome! farewell! (zbogom) hail! (zdravo)
Veznici - Conjunctions
Prema funkciji u reenici veznici se dijele na: dopunske (coordinative): and (i), but (ali), or (ili), yet (ipak) i dr. zavisne (subordinative): that (da), if (ako), when (kada), though (iako) i dr. Glavni veznici i njihova upotreba: before - W e saw him before he left his office. (vidjeli smo ga prije nego to je napustio ured) since - It was a long time since we met. (odavno se nismo vidjeli) until, till - W e all waited until the rain stopped. (svi smo ekali dok kia nije prestala) as soon as - As soon as he came we called his father. (im je doao pozvali smo njegovog oca) as well as - He did it as well as he could. (on je to uinio onako kako je on mogao) as long as - You may keep this book as long as you want. (moete zadrati ovu knjigu koliko god elite) either...or - Either you or your brother must go. (ili vi ili va brat morate ii) neither...nor - Neither he or his sister knew this lesson. (ni on ni njegova sestra nisu znali ovu lekciju) both...and - Both you and I think so. (oboje mislimo tako) unless - I am not going to do this unless it is necessary. (neu to da uradim ako nije potrebno) in order to - He came in order to hear news. (doao je da bi uo vijest) as much as - I have read as much I had time. (itao sam onoliko koliko sam imao vremena) though (although) - He knows that I was right, although he wouldn't admit it. (on zna da sam bio u pravu iako on to ne bi priznao) whether - I don't know whether to go or not. (ne znam da li da idem ili ne) because - I don't like it because it's too tiresome. (ne volim to jer je isuvie zamorno)
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Zamjenice Pronouns
Line zamjenice - Personal Pronouns Line zamjenice imaju dva oblika: a) u prvom padeu: I (ja), you (ti), he- she- it (on-ona-ono) u jednini, we (mi), you (vi) i they (oni-one-ona) u mnoini; b) u etvrtom padeu: me (mene), you (tebe), him- her- it (njega-nju-njega) u jednini, i us(nas), you (vas), them (njih) u mnoini. Drugi pade kod linih imenica pravi se pomou prijedloga "of", trei pomou "to" i esti pomou with s oblikom etvrtog padea: of me , to me , with me , of you , to you , with you . Poslije glagola: to tell (kazati), to give (dati), to bring (donijeti), to throw (baciti), to send(poslati), to sell (prodati), to write (pisati), to read (itati) i jo nekih, prijedlog "to" se izostavlja ako dolazi prije objekta, ali ako dolazi poslije objekta prijedlog "to" se ne izostavlja: I gave him the book (dao sam mu knjigu) I gave the book to him ( dao sam mu knjigu). Kod glagola "to say" (rei) prijedlog "to" se mora pisati, bilo da stoji ispred ili iza objekta: I said nothing to him. (nisam mu nita rekao) I said to him nothing. (nisam mu nita rekao) etvrti pade line zamjenice za prvo lice upotrebljava se umjesto prvog padea u obinom svakodnevnom engleskom: W ho is there? -Me. (ko je tamo? -Ja) W ho is speaking? - Me (ko govori?) etvrti pade line zamjenice se takoer upotrebljava umjesto prvog padea u poreenju iza rijei "than": He is taller than me. (vii je od mene) Zamjenica "it" moe se upotrijebiti i kao bezlina zamjenica, koja se ne odnosi ni na lice ni na stvar: It is a cold day, isn't it? (hladan je dan, zar ne) It seems to me that we shall have rain. (izgleda mi da emo imati kiu) Zamjenica "it" se takoer moe upotrijebiti da se uvede subjekat reenice: It was not difficult to understand him. (nije bilo teko razumjeti ga) It is only my brother who is here in time. (samo je moj brat doao na vrijeme) Zamjenice "we" i "they" se esto upotrebljavaju kao neodreene zamjenice i imaju znaenje neodreene zamjenice "one". U tom sluaju prevode se sa ljudi (uope). Kad upotrijebimo zamjenicu "we", ukljuujemo lice koje govori, a kad upotrijebimo zamjenicu"they", onda ne ukljuujemo: W e are not going to ask you to go. (neemo traiti od vas da idete) They say that the accident was inevitable. (kau da je nesretan sluaj bio neizbjean) U obinom govoru se u ovakvim sluajevima moe upotrijebiti i zamjenica "you": You are not supposed to know everything. (ne moe se pretpostaviti da sve znate) Prisvojne zamjenice - Possessive Pronouns Prisvojne zamjenice su: mine (moj,a,e), yours (tvoj,a,e), his (njegov), hers (njen), its (njegov) u jednini; ours (na,a,e), yours (va,a,e), theirs (njihov,a,e) u mnoini. Prisvojne zamjenice slue za odgovor na pitanje iji, ija, ije: W hose hat is this? It is mine. (iji je ovo eir? moj je) Prisvojne zamjenice upotrebljavaju se takoer u naroitim izrazima koji prave dvostruki pade: a friend of mine (moj prijatelj) Kad se zamjenica eli naglasiti, moe se umjesto prisvojne zamjenice "mine", upotrijebiti "my own": This book is my own . (ovo je moja vlastita knjiga) Dok se prisvojni pridjevi upotrebljavaju samo uz imenice, prisvojne zamjenice upotrebljavaju se samostalno: this book is my own (ovo je moja knjiga) - pris. pridjev; and where is yours (a gdje je vaa) - prisv. zamjenica. Povratne zamjenice - Reflexive Pronouns Povratne zamjenice su: myself (ja sam, lino ja), yourself (ti sam, ti lino), himself (on sam), herself (ona sama), itself (ono samo) za jedninu, ourselves (mi sami), yourselves (vi sami), themselves (oni sami) za mnoinu. "One's self" ili "oneself" je neodreeni oblik i upotrebljava se kad je objekat u reenici "one" ili kad je glagol u reenici bezlian: to wash one's face (oprati neije lice), to dress one's self (obui se)
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"What" se upotrebljava samo za stvari : what do you want (ta hoete), what is this made of (od ega je ovo napravljeno). "Who" se upotrebljava samo za lica: who lives in your house (ko ivi u vaoj kui), whom do you see (koga vidite). "Which" se upotrebljava i za lica i stvari kada je u pitanju izbor: which of these two books is yours (koja od ove dvije knjige je vaa), which of these girls is your sister (koja od ovih djevojaka je vaa sestra). Ako se iza "which" i "what" nalazi imenica, onda su to pridjevi (which - koji; what - kakav): which man is your brother (koji od ovih ljudi je va brat), what colour is your bag (koje je boje vaa torba). Upitne se zamjenice mogu kombinovati sa "ever" ili "soever" radi isticanja: whoever, whatever, whichever; whosoever, whatsoever, whichsoever . Ako su "who" i "what" predmeti u reenici, onda glagol nije u upitnom obliku: who speaks here (ko ovdje govori) what comes after spring (ta dolazi poslije proljea). Relativne zamjenice - Relative pronouns Relativne zamjenice su: who, what, which, that, as, but . "Who" se upotrebljava za lica: she lives with her daughter who is a teacher (ona ivi sa svojom kerkom koja je uiteljica), I saw the man to whom you were talking (vidjeo sam ovjeka sa kojim ste razgovarali); "Whom" se moe izostaviti: the journalist I met at the conference left for Italy (novinar koga sam sreo na konferenciji otputovao je za Italiju).
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Samo pridjevski upotrebljavaju se: ever y no man y a svaki (ako znai cjelinu) niko mnogi
Samo samostalno se upotrebljavaju: others drugi something, an ything neto somebod y neko someone neko an ybod y neko, bilo ko an yone neko, bilo ko ever ybod y svako ever yone svako ever ything sve nobod y niko no one niko none niko nothing nita Neodreena zamjenica "all" upotrebljava se: a) samostalno: all will come (sve e doi), all is lost (sve je izgubljeno); b) pridjevski: all hope was lost (sva je nada bila izgubljena). "All" znai cjelinu. Glagol stoji u jednini ili mnoini: all is correct (sve je tano), the house is empty, all have gone (kua je prazna, svi su otili). "Some" i "any" upotrebljavaju se za lica, ivotinje i stvari. Mogu se upotrijebiti u jednini ili mnoini. "Some" oznaava dio koji je uzet iz cjeline, izvjestan broj, koliinu ili stepen. "Any" ima neodreeno znaenje, dok je "some" ipak ogranien: I am short of money but I think I can spare some (nemam novaca ali mislim da mogu neto odvojiti); there are many interesting books here, I am going to take some (ovdje ima mnogo zanimljivih knjiga, uzet u neke); many people are said to have arrived but I still cannot see any (kau da je mnogo svijeta stiglo, ali ja jo uvijek nikog ne vidim). "Both" se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari. Glagol je uvijek u mnoini: both came to see me (oboje su doli da me vide); two artists have exhibited their paintings; works of both are of great value (dva slikara su izlagali svoje slike, radovi obojice su od velike vrijednosti). "Much" se upotrebljava kada je u pitanju velika koliina. Upotrebljava se samo u jednini (kolektivno): much has been said, but in vain (mnogo je bilo reeno, ali uzalud). "Many" se upotrebljava za neodreeni broj lica, ivotinja i stvari. Glagol je samo u mnoini: many will come, and still more will leave (mnogi e doi, ali jo vie njih e otii). Sve to je reeno za "much" i "many" vai za njihove komparative i superlative (more i most). "Nobody" i "no one" znae isto i upotrebljavaju se samo u jednini u smislu: niko, nijedna osoba, nijedno lice: nobody has come at all (niko nije dolazio uope), in this work I had nobody's assistance (u ovom poslu niko mi nije pomogao). "Nothing" se upotrebljava samo u jednini u smislu "no thing" (nita): nothing has been said about this (nita nije reeno o tome). "One" se upotrebljava za lica u jednini. Znai neko neodreeno lice: one never knows what will happen to one (nikad se ne zna, ta e se ovjeku dogoditi). "Others" je zamjenica koja se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari i javlja se samo u mnoini: I suggested to go, others said I should stay (predloio sam da odem, drugi su rekli da ostanem). "Another" se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari i javlja se samo u jednini: one came at once, another after some minutes (jedan je stigao odmah, drugi poslije nekoliko minuta).
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DODATAK
Glavne razlike u britanskom i amerikom pisanju engleskog navedeni su u sljedeoj tabeli. britanski U britanskom pisanju, krajnje -l u prolom vremenu se uvijek udvostruava ako dolazi poslije vokala, bilo da se nalazi u rebel > rebelled naglaenom ili nenaglaenom slogu, dok se tra vel > travelled u amerikom udvostruava samo u naglaenom slogu. ameriki
centre theatre
center theater
analogue catalogue
analog catalog
Neke rijei zavravaju na -our u britanskom, a na -or u amerikom: Neki glagoli zavravaju na -ize i -ise u britanskom, a u amerikom samo na -ize :
Pisanje velikih slova - Writing of capital letters Prvo slovo reenica se pie velikim slovom. We saw the accident from the distance. The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog. Lina zamjenica I (ja) se uvijek pie velikom slovom, na bilo kojem mjestu u reenici. I like horror films. Mary and I went to the beach together. Pored ovih sluajeva, velikim slovom piemo: - nacije i regioni, jezici, religije i etnike - imena ljudi i mjesta: skupine: Peter a German car Susan the Scandinavian countries Bosnia She speaks Russian and Chinese Jupiter a Muslim cleric - titule: the Aboriginal people Mr Finnegan - nazivi knjiga, magazina, filmova, pjesama itd. Mrs Edgeware War and Peace Ms Johnson Rolling Stone Dr Jacobs the New Statesman Major Fingleton Citizen Kane the Director General Stairway to Heaven - dani, mjeseci, praznici: Monday the Mouse Trap - prvo slovo indirektnog (neupravnog) govora Friday mora poeti velikim slovom: July The president said: "Ask not what your December country can do for you." Ramadan "Who's been sleeping in my bed?" Christmas Pappa Bear cried.
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Znaci interpunkcije the full stop, period (.) - taka the comma (,) - zarez the semi-colon (;) - taka zarez the colon (:) - dvotaka the mark of interrogation, question mark (?) upitnik the mark of exclamation (!) - uzvinik inverted commas, quotation marks (" ") navodnici brackets () ili [] - zagrade the hyphen (-) - crtica the dash () - dua crtica; the apostrophe (') - apostrof asterisks (***) - zvjezdice diaeresis (..) - dvije taeke
hoof hooves index indexes iris irises kiss kisses knife knives lady ladies leaf leaves life lives loaf loaves man men mango mangoes memorandum memoranda mess messes moose moose motto mottoes mouse mice nanny nannies neurosis neuroses nucleus nuclei oasis oases octopus octopi party parties pass passes penny pennies person people plateau plateaux poppy poppies potato potatoes quiz quizzes reflex reflexes runner-up runners-up scarf scarves scratch scratches series series sheaf sheaves sheep sheep shelf shelves son-in-law sons-in-law species species splash splashes spy spies stitch stitches
story stories syllabus syllabi tax taxes thesis theses thief thieves tomato tomatoes tooth teeth tornado tornadoes try tries volcano volcanoes waltz waltzes wash washes watch watches wharf wharves wife wives woman women
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Sitnice, vi dopisujte: Glagol can je jedini glagol u engleskom jeziku koji se pie sastavljeno sa negacijom not (cannot)!
ing ne trazi prelazak y u i enter nema predlog study->studied stay->stayed(jer je samoglasnik ispred y) uz as soon uvek se koristi present perfect, ako koristimo present simple, onda ne zavisi od nas! nikad ne Idu 2 futura u istoj recenici many-uvek je u jednini a znaci mnozinu: Many a ship(mnogi brodovi) infinitiv perfekta: have+past partisiple present conditional: would + infinitiv ako koristim modalne gl. can I could u negativnom obliku znaci da je radnja izvrsena ali se ja sa tim ne slazem: You can`t have skipped! (niste valjda pobegli) police are report on ever new-sve vise little-jako malo
few-jako malo
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