You are on page 1of 43

qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh jklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvb The English nmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer Grammar tyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas osnove dfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuio pasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghj klzxcvbnmdijanagomiracjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuio

pasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghj klzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuio pasdfghjklzxcvbnmqdijanagomiracwer tyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas dfghjklzxdijanagomiraccvbnmqwertyu iopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg


http://engleski-jezik.com/index.htm zato je sve prepuno ijekavice-valjda vam nece smetati +beleske iz srednje

The English Grammar Alphabet A, a(ei:)N, n(en)B, b(bi:)O, o(o:)C, c(si:)P, p(pi:)D, d(di:)Q, q(kju:)E, e(i:)R, r(a:)F, f(ef)S, s(es:)G, g(di:)T, t(ti:)H, h(eie)U, u(ju:)I, i(ai)V, v(vi:)J, j(dei)W, w(dabl ju)K, k(kei)X, x(eks)L, l(el)Y, y(uai)M, m(em)Z, z(zi, zed)

Brojevi

Brojevi izmeu 13 i 20 obrazuju se kada se broju prve desetine doda sufiks"teen", izuzev nekih manjih izuzetaka (thirteen umesto threeteen i fifteen umesto fiveteen). Brojevi desetica obrazuju se na slian nain, dodavanjem sufiksa "ty". Brojevi koji imaju desetice i jedinice prave se kao i u srpskom: 25 - twenty five, 71 - seventy one . Rei hundred i thousand posle kojih dolazi broj manji od sto, vezuju se veznikom "and": 328 - three hundred and twenty eight 3.020 - three thousand and twenty . "One" ima mnoinu koja glasi "ones" i upotrebljava se kao imenica, najee da bi se izbeglo ponavljanje imenice u reenici: Black gloves are stronger than white ones . (crne rukavice su jae od bijelih) Redni brojevi Prva tri redna broja se tvore nepravilno: first (prvi), second (drugi) i third (trei). Svi ostali redni brojevi prave se dodavanjem nastavka "th" na glavne brojeve: seventh (sedmi), tenth (deseti), sixteenth (esnaesti), ninetieth (devedeseti), thousandth(hiljaditi) etc. Slova "ve" kod five postaju slovo "f" kod fifth (peti), fifteenth (petnaesti) i fiftieth (pedeseti). Isto tako kod twelve se menja u twelfth . Nine u rednom broju gubi krajnje "-e": nine ninth. Kod desetica krajnje "y" mijenja se u "ie" pred nastavkom "th": thirtieth (trideseti). Kod sastavljenih rijei nastavak dobijaju samo jedinice: twenty-fourth (dvadeset etvrti). Razlomci u imeniocu imaju redni broj: 4/5 - four fifths 3/10 - three tenths Razlika je jedino kod 1/2 - one half i 1/4 - one quarter ili a quarter , 3/4 - three quarters .

*Redni brojevi dobijaju odreeni lan the. Brojevi za ponavljanje prave se pomou rijei "times": four times (etiri puta),
twenty times (dvadeset puta). Izuzetak: once (jedanput), twice (dva puta), thrice (tri puta) zadrali su se jo u poeziji, inae su zastareli.

lanovi
Odreeni lan: THE korisi se u jednini i u mnozini govorimo o neem odreenom, zna se tano o emu kada smo vec nesto pomenuli, pa opet pricamo o tome kada onaj kome govorimo zna o kome/emu govorimo kada nesto pominjemo 1. put ali je to odredjeno frazom koja sledi: the boy riding a bike( (taj) decak koji vozi bicikl) ispred imenica koje oznaavaju neto ega ima samo jedno: the Earth, the Sun ako imenica u jednini odreuje celu vrstu, a ne samo pojedinu stvar koja pripada toj vrsti: the Earth satellite is faster then the aeroplane (Zemljin satelit je bri od aviona); pred superlativima: this is the best thing you can do (to je najbolja stvar koju moe uiniti); ispred rednih brojeva: it is the second day of my arrival here (drugi je dan otkako sam stigao ovamo); ispred "same": the same to you (isto i vama); ispred imena zgrada, ustanova, brodova i sl: The Houses of Parliament (parlament), The Ministry of Defence (ministarstvo odbrane), The Majestic (hotel) itd OSIM
Buckingham palace Windsor Castle Westminster abbey imena institucija koja pocinju vlastitim imenom;

ispred imena listova, asopisa, magazina, alo je u nazivu zajednicka imenica: the Times ; ispred licnih imena koja se sastoje od prideva i imenice: The Black Sea (Crno more), The Pacific Ocean (Tihi okean); ispred imena naroda u mnoini: the English (Englezi); ispred prideva koji oznacavaju skup osoba: The young are hyperactive (mladi su hiperaktivni)

ispred imena poslije kojih dolazi "of": we signed the treaty of Locarno (potpisali smo sporazum u Lokarnu); ispred imena reka, plananskih lanaca, jezera i mora: we climbed the Alps (popeli smo se na Alpe); ispred prideva koji su upotrebljeni kao imenice: the poor of London (sirotinja Londona);

The English Grammar


u nekim stalnim izrazima i frazama: he made a joke at the expense of this old woman (naalio se na raun ove starice); I don't want to run the risk (ne elim da rizikujem). ispred strana sveta imenicki upotrebljenih: The South Of Serbia has mountains (jug srbije je brdovit) reke, mora, planinski venci, pustinje, grupe ostrva: The Danube, The Adriatic sea, The Hymalai, the Sahara, The Hawai zvanaicni nazivi drzava U MNOZINI: The United Kingdom, The United States of America nazivi jezika ako pored stoji language: the English language, ako je samo, onda ide: I speak English ispred imena brodova, aviona, vozova: The Titanic ispred vlastitog imena ako se misli na bas tog: The Dijana is smart (bas ta Dijana je pametna) ispred prezimena porodice: The Simpsons ispred komparativa u idiomima (ustaljen izraz) The sooner the better (sto pre to bolje) ispred muzickih instrumenata u opstem smislu: I play the piano, ali ako govorimo o odredjenom instrumentu onda ne ide odredjeni clan: I bought a new piano (kupila sam novi klavir) da pokaze mere: aples are sold by kilo (jabuke se prodaju na kilo) ispred duzih delova dana: In the afternoon , in the morning (popdne, ujutro)

Neodredjeni clan: a/an an se koristi za imenice koje pocinju samoglasnikom (a man, an open window, an hour-ne samo kako se pise nego I ako se cita kao samoglasnik! ) , a za sve ostalo; oba se koriste samo u jednini, u mnozini se koristi some , neodredjeni pridev ili nista. Misaone i gradivne imenice koje nemaju mnoinu i koje se ne mogu brojati, nemaju neodreeni lan. za zajednicke imenice kad imenicu pomijnemo prvi put kao deo imenskog predikata ako imenicu pominjemo u sklopu o nacionalnosti: He is an Australian o zanimanja: I am an artist o veroispovesti: You are an orthodox o hobija: She is a dancer uvek sa to be : He is an footballer to be kad odredjuje vrstu (genericki clan): A rose is a flower ispred vlastitiog imena u znacenju jedan ili neki posle fraza: o what a/an o such a/an o half a/an o many a/an o quite a/an o rather a/an o a day: 10 hours a day( 10 sati dnevno) o a hundred dozen (tuce, 10-12 komada) score (20 komada necega) thousand u kombinaciji sa many znai mnoinu: many a ship (mnogi brodovi) uz imenicu koja je izdvojena iz celine ili mnotva ali koja nije posebno odreena: the boy saw a bird in the tree (deak je video pticu na drvetu) uz razlomke: a half (polovina), a third (treina) iza "not" pojaava negaciju: I have not a single penny(nemam ni jedan jedini peni).

Izostavljenje lana:
pojedinana imena drava (osim the Sudan) ulice, parkovi, trgovi (osim The High street) jezera, osim ako se upotrebi OF: Pali lake=the lake of Pali sportovi (osim ako mislis na odredjenu utakmicu: the football I watched last night) obroci objekti, ako mislimo na svrhu kojoj slue ( I hate school) osim ako prias o odredjenoj zgradi/predmetu. school church preason/jail

The English Grammar


bed hospital konkretni delovi dana dani u nedelji meseci godinja doba nain na koji obavljamo nesto( I go by bus) kad se neto nabraja: my brother is a runner, swimmer and jumper (moj brat je trka, pliva i skaka uz misaone i gradivne imenice koje se ne mogu brojati: he put wood on fire (stavio je drva na vatru), we have confidence in you (imamo povjerenja u vas) u sluaju kada neku titulu moe imati samo jedno lice u isto vreme: he is President of the Republic (on je predsednik republike) ispred linih imenica: Jack gave me an apple (Jack mi je dao jabuku) imenice koje oznaavaju porodine odnose, a lanovi su porodice: mother called me back (majka me je pozvala da se vratim) imena vrhova planina: Magli is the highest mountain in Bosnia (Magli je najvea planina u Bosni) ali planinski venci imaju clan!

GLAGOLI
Glagol "to be" biti
be-was/were-been Be kao glagol punog znaenja znai postojati, ivjeti, stii itd. Be se vrlo esto upotrebljava kao deo imenskog predikata (His brother was a sailor. (njegov brat je bio mornar)). Present Simple - Prezent I am - I'm (ja sam) you are - you're he is - he's, she's, it's we are - we're you are - you're they are - they're I'm not (ja nisam) you're not he's, she's, it's not we're not you're not they're not am I? (je sam li) are you? is he, she, it? are we? are you? are they?

Past Simple - Preterit (Prosto prolo vrijeme) I was (ja sam bio) you were he was I wasn't (ja nisam bio) you weren't he wasn't was I? were you? was he?

Present Perfect - Perfekt I have been (ja sam bio) you have been he has been I haven't been you haven't been he hasn't been have I been? have you been? has he been?

Past Perfect - Pluskvamperfekt (Pluperfekt) I had been (ja bijah bio) you had been he had been I had not been you had not been he had not been had I been? had you been? had he been?

Futur Simple - Futur I shall be (ja u biti) you will be he will be I shall not be you will not be he will not be shall I be? will you be? will he be?

The English Grammar

Futur Perfect - Svreni futur I shall have been (ja u biti) you will have been he will have been I shall not have been you will not have been he will not have been shall I have been? will you have been? will he have been?

Present Conditional - Pogodbeni nain sadanji I should be (ja bih bio) you would be he would be I should not be you would not be he would not be should I be? would you be? would he be)

Past Conditional - Pogodbeni nain proli I should have been (bio bih bio) you would have been he would have been I should not have been you would not have been he would not have been should I have been? would you have been? would he have been?

Imperativ Infinitiv prezenta Infinitiv perfekta Particip prezenta Particip perfekta Gerund prezenta Gerund perfekta

be to be to have been being been - having been being having been

Glagol "to have" - imati Have kao glagol punog znaenja:- Have iza kojeg slijedi infinitiv izraava obavezu. Npr: They had to leave. (morali su otii) I have to buy some chocolate for her girl. (moram kupiti okolade za njenu devojicu) - U toj se konstrukciji moe upitni oblik tvoriti s pomou do ili inverzijom, a odrini pomou do ili dodavanjem not, npr: Did they have to leave? Had they have to leave? They did not have to leave. They had not to leave.

{ {

Jesu li morali otii Nisu morali otii.

Kada have znai posedovati, ne upotrebljava se u nesvrenim vremenima!


Have se to have to have to have upotrebljava u nekim stalnim izrazima: breakfast (dorukovati) tea (popiti aj) a good time (dobro se zabavljati) have to have to have had having had - having had having having had

Imperativ Infinitiv prezenta Infinitiv perfekta Particip prezenta Particip perfekta Gerund prezenta Gerund perfekta

The English Grammar

Glagol "to do" - raditi


do did done S pomonim glagolom do tvori se upitni i odrini oblik prezenta i preterita glagola punog znaenja.Does he drive a car? (vozi li on auto) You do not understand me. (vi me ne razumete) They did not arrive in time. (nisu stigli na vreme) U imperativu, prezentu i preteritu upotrebljava se pomoni glagol do i u potvrdnim reenicama ako elimo istaknuti glagol. Takvo do se zove emfatino do (Emphatic do).Do sit down! (ta sedi!) I do like this cakes. (zaista volim ove kolae) -Do se kao glagol punog znaenja upotrebljava u znaenju initi, raditi. Npr:They did their job very well. (oni su vrlo dobro obavili svoj posao) He did not do what he had promised. (nije uinio to je obeao) When does she do the room? (kada ona sprema sobu) Bezlini glagoli su glagoli koji se upotrebljavaju samo u 3. licu jednine sa it. Oni obino oznaavaju vremenske uslove. Npr.: Infinitiv to rain (pada kia) to hail (pada grad) to freeze (mrznuti se) to snow (pada snijeg) to thunder (grmjeti) Present Simple it rains it hails it freezes it snows it thunders

Neki glagoli u treem licu jednine mogu imati bezlino znaenje: to seem (izgledati): it seems to be true (izgleda da je istina) to appear (izgledati): it appears as if it would be a change in weather (izgleda kao da e se vreme promijeniti) to look (izgledati): it looks like rain (izgleda kao da e kia) to feel (osjeati): it feels cold (osjea se hladnoa) to make (initi): it makes me afraid (to me plai).

Nepotpuni glagoli su: can (moi), may (moi, smjeti), ought (trebati) i must (morati).
nemaju sve oblike i vremena, u sadanjem vremenu u treem licu nemaju nastavak "s"; upitni im se oblik pravi inverzijom, odrini oblik obrazuju sa rjeicom "not"; trae infinitiv bez "to" (izuzev glagola "ought"). Nepotpuni glagol "can" (moi, umjeti, znati) oznaava fiziku ili umnu sposobnost. Ima oblik"could" za prolo vrijeme (Past Tense) i za pogodbeni nain sadanji (Present Conditional): I can swim (umijem, znam da plivam), I could swim (umio sam da plivam), Could you show me the way, please? (da li biste mogli da mi pokaete put, molim?) *Umesto glagola "can" u vremenima koje on nema upotrebljava se izraz "to be able" (moi, biti u stanju):I shall be able to this for you. (moi u to da uinim za vas). Nepotpuni glagol "may" (moi, smeti) oznaava odobravanje, doputanje, verovatnost, mogunost i elju:he may come tomorrow (moda e on sutra doi) may I go in? (smijem li ui?) may he join us? (smije li da nam se pridrui?) may he rest in peace! (neka poiva u miru!). U prolom vremenu "may" ima svoj drugi oblik "might":He might have arrived earlier. (mogao je ranije da stigne) He might be present. (mogao bi biti prisutan). Nepotpuni glagol must (morati) ima samo taj jedan oblik. Izraava moranje, dunost, nunost. I must take leave now. (sada se moram pozdraviti, moram otii), The soldiers knew that they must die. (vojnici su znali da moraju umrijeti)

The English Grammar


U vremenima koje glagol must nema upotrebljava se glagol to have sa infinitivom bilo kog glagola sa obaveznim "to":I had to go at once. (morao sam smjesta otii) We shall have to work hard. (moraemo mnogo raditi) U odreenom obliku "must not" ne prevodimo sa "ne morati" ve "ne smeti":You must not to do this. (ne smijete to uiniti). "Ne morati" kaemo pomou glagola "need not". Skraeni oblik od "must not" je "mustn't". Nepotpuni glagol "ought" (trebati) je jedini koji se upotrebljava u infinitivu sa "to": You ought to learn more seriously. (treba da ui ozbiljnije), You ought to know this. (treba to da zna) Glagol "ought" izraava obavezu, dunost (prevodi se sa "treba", "mora" i sl.). Odrini oblik glasi "ought not", skraeno "oughtn't". Kako ovaj glagol nema prolog vremena, misao o onome to je trebalo da se dogodi izraavamo sa "ought" i infinitivom prolim (infinitiv proli glasi: "to have said", "to have left" itd.): You ought to have gone. (trebalo je da ode)

Nepravilni glagoli
Pravilni glagoli tvore past simple i particip perfekta tako da se infinitivu doda nastavak "-ed". Npr: play - played , open - opened itd. Ako se glagol u infinitivu zavrava na "-e" dodaje se samo "-d". Npr: smile - smiled , hope - hoped itd. Kod nepravilnih uptrebljavas tabelu, koju treba da znas napamet. Prelazni glagoli su oni uz koje moe stajati objekat u akuzativu tj. direktni objekat (subject +verb + object): He speaks English. (on govori engleski) We are watching TV. (mi gledamo TV) I saw an elephant. (vidio sam slona) Neprelazni glagoli su oni uz koje ne moe stajati direktni objekat (subject + verb [+indirect object]). He has arrived. (on je stigao) She speaks fast. (ona govori brzo) John goes to school. (John ide u kolu) Povratni glagoli su oni kod kojih se radnja vraa na subjekat. Uz takve glagole stoje povratne zamenice. Povratnih glagola u engleskom jeziku nema mnogo. Najei su: to to to to to to to to to to dress oneself help oneself hurt oneself improve oneself tire oneself excuse oneself flatter oneself amuse oneself warm oneself take care of oneself (obui se) (pomoi se) (povriediti se) (popraviti se) (umoriti se) (izviniti se) (hvaliti se) (zabaviti se) (utopliti se) (obui se)

Povratni glagoli se menjaju ovako: infinitiv glasi: "to dress oneself" Present Simple Tense glasi: I dress myself (ja oblaim sebe) you dress yourself (ti oblai sebe) he, she, it dresses himself, herself, itself we dress ourselves you dress yourselves thes dress themselves Upitni oblik: Do I dress myself? Odrini oblik: I do not dress myself Upitno-odrini oblik: Do I not dress myself?

The English Grammar


Lista najeih nepravilnih glagola:

Rank

Base Form be do have

Past Tense Form was/were did had

Past Participle + been done had -

srpski biti raditi, initi imati rei (na)praviti ii, otii uzeti doi vidjeti znati dobiti dati (pro)nai misliti rei postati pokazati otii, napustiti osjeati

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

say make go take come see know get give find think tell become show leave feel put bring begin keep hold write stand hear let mean set meet run pay sit speak lie lead read

said made went took came saw knew got gave found thought told became showed left felt put brought began kept held wrote stood heard let meant set met ran paid sat spoke lay led read

said made gone come seen

taken -

known got/gotten (US) given found told shown left felt put begun kept held stood heard let set met run paid sat lain led read -

thought become -

staviti donijeti (za)poeti drati drati pisati stajati uti (do)pustiti znaiti; misliti (po)staviti sresti; upoznati trati; rukovoditi platiti sjediti govoriti leati voditi itati

brought -

written -

meant -

spoken -

The English Grammar

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

grow lose fall send build understand draw break spend cut rise drive buy wear choose beat catch cost eat fight fly forget hide hit lay lend ride sell shine shoot shut sing sink sleep split steal strike swim teach throw wake win

grew lost fell sent built understood drew broke spent cut rose drove bought wore chose beat caught cost ate fought flew forgot hid hit laid lent rode sold shone shot shut sang sank slept split stole struck swam taught threw woke won

grown lost fallen sent built drawn broken spent cut risen driven bought worn beaten caught cost eaten fought flown hidden hit laid lent sold shone shot shut sung sunk slept split stolen struck swum taught woken won -

rasti izgubiti pasti (po)slati graditi razumjeti vui; crtati (s)lomiti (po)troiti rezati podignuti se voziti; pokrenuti kupiti nositi (odjeu) birati, izabrati pobijediti uhvatiti kotati (po)jesti boriti se letjeti zaboraviti sakriti udariti polei; namjestiti posuditi jahati, voziti (se) prodati sjati, blistati pucati; fotografirati zatvoriti pjevati (po)tonuti spavati razdvojiti, odvojiti ukrasti udariti, pogoditi plivati poduavati baciti bdjeti, biti budan pobijediti; osvojiti

understood -

chosen -

forgotten

ridden -

thrown -

The English Grammar


Frazalni glagoli spadaju u grupu vielanih glagola, tj. glagola koji se prave od glagola i jo neke riei ili vie njih. Frazalni glagoli se tvore od: glagol + prilog Oni mogu biti: neprelazni (bez direktnog objekta) prelazni (sa direktnim objektom) Primeri Frazalni Znaenje Direktni glagol objekat ustati iz kreveta I don't like to get up. neprelazni get up frazalni break prestati sa He was late because his car glagol down radom broke down. the prelazni put off odgoditi We will have to put off meeting. frazalni glagol turn down odbiti They turned down my offer. Kada su frazalni glagoli prelazni (tj. kada imaju direktni objekat), obino ih moemo rastaviti na dva dela. Npr: They turned down my offer. They turned my offer down. (obe reenice su tane) "-ing" oblici se prave od infinitiva i nastavka -ing, i mogu biti: gerund: Hunting lions is dangerous. (lov na lavove je opasan) particip prezenta: I am surfing. (ja surfam) imenica: This building is our school. (ova zgrada je naa kola) Gerund je glagolski oblik koji ima osobine glagola i imenice. Glagolske osobine gerunda su: iza njega moe stajati prilog: He is fond of walking quickly. (on voli brzo hodati); iza njega moe stajati objekt: I don't like reading books. (ne volim itati knjige); moe stajati u raznim vremenima, imamo: gerund sadanji (surfing ), gerund proli (having read ), a kod prelaznih glagola postoje i pasivni oblici gerunda: sadanji (being taught ) i proli (having been taught ). Imenike osobine gerunda su: pred njim moe stajati predlog: She's good at painting. (ona dobro slika); pred njim moe stajati atribut: His being nervous is due to his illness. (njegova nervoza je posljedica njegove bolesti ); pred njim moe stajati genitiv: John's being lazy makes me nervous. (Johnova ljenost me ini nervoznim). Iako izgleda kao glagol, gerund ima istu funkciju kao imenica, i koristi se: kao subjekat reenice: Eating people is wrong. (jedenje ljudi je pogreno); Flying is dangerous. (letenje je opasno); kao atribut glagola "to be": One of his duties is attending meetings. (jedna od njegovih dunosti je prisustvovanje sastancima) ; One of life's pleasures is having breakfast in bed. (jedna od ivotnih ugodnosti je dorukovanje u krevetu); posle predloga. Ako poslije predloga treba doi glagol moramo koristiti gerund: She is good at painting. (ona dobro slika); Can you sneeze without opening your mouth? (moe li kihnuti a da ne otvori usta); iza frazalnih glagola koji su stvoreni po principu "glagol + predlog/prilog": (to look forward, to give up, to be for/against, to take to, to put off, to keep on ): She always puts off going to dentist. (ona uvijek odlae odlazak zubaru); When you are going to give up smoking? (kada e prestati puiti); u sloenim imenicama: a driving lesson, a swimming pool, bird-watching, train-spotting; posle izraza: can't help, can't stand, it's no use/good, do you mind, would you mind i pridjeva"worth" i "busy". It's no use trying to escape. (nema koristi pokuavati pobjei) I can't stand being stuck in traffic jams. (ne mogu podnijeti kad se zaglavim u saobraaju) This site is worth visiting. (ovu stranicu vrijedi posjetiti)

10

The English Grammar

Prezent particip veine glagola ima oblik osnova+ing , i koristi se u sledeim sluajevima: kao deo trajnog oblika glagola: I am working (ja radim) he was singing (on je pjevao) they have been walking (oni su etali); nakon glagola pokreta/pozicije po principu: glagol+particip prezenta: She was shopping. (ona je bila u kupovini) He came running towards me. (doao je trei prema meni) She lay looking up at the clouds. (leala je gledajui u oblake) *Ova tvorba je naroito korisna sa glagolom "to go", kao u sljedeim primjerima: to go shopping to go walking to go ski-ing to go swimming to go fishing to go running to go surfing to go dancing nakon glagola percepcije (ula) po principu glagol + objekat + particip prezenta: I heard someone singing. (uo sam nekoga kako pjeva) I can smell something burning! (osjetim da neto gori); kao pridev: It was an amazing film. (bio je to nevjerovatan film) He was trapped inside the burning house. (bio je zatoen unutar kue u plamenu); sa glagolima catch (uhvatiti) i find (nai) po principu: glagol+izraz za vreme+prezent particip. Glagol "catch" sa participom prezenta izraava neku ljutnju ili prijetnju: Don't let him catch you reading his letters. (ne dozvoli da te uhvati kako ita njegova pisma) If I catch you stealing my apples again, there'll be trouble! (uhvatim li te jo jednom kako krade moje jabuke, bie problema) Ovo nije sluaj sa glagolom find koji ne izraava emocije: We found some money lying on the ground. (nali smo novca na zemlji) They found their mother sitting in the garden. (nali su majku kako sjedi u bati); da zameni reenicu ili deo reenice. Kada se dve radnje deavaju u isto vreme, od strane iste osobe ili stvari, koristimo particip prezenta da ih opiemo: They went out into the snow. They laughed as they went. They went laughing into the snow. He whistled to himself. He walked down on the r oad. Whistling to himself, he walked down on the road. Kada jedna radnja sledi odmah iza druge, od strane iste osobe, moemo prvu radnju izraziti participom prezenta: He put on his coat and left the house. Putting on his coat, he left the house. She dropped the gun and put her hands in the air. Dropping the gun, she put her hands in the air. Particip prezenta se moe koristiti umjsto poetnih as, since, because, i izraava razlog radnje: Feeling hungry, he went into the kitchen and opened the fridge. (= because he felt hungry...) Being poor, he didn't spend much on clothes. Knowing that his mother was coming, he cleaned the flat.

11

The English Grammar

Indirektan govor se uvodi reima kao to su: he said (on ree) he asked (un upita) we enquired (zapitali smo) she ordered (ona zapovijedi) we believed (vjerovasmo) I replied (odgovorih) I answered (odgovorih) i sl. Pri pretvaranju direktnog u indirektan govor treba potivati pravila o slaganju vremena: sva vremena u indirektnom obliku se moraju zamijeniti odgovarajuim prolim oblicima prema pravilima o slaganju vremena:

Direktni i indirektni govor

Direktni govor Prosto sadanje Prosto prolo Prezent perfekt Davno prolo Prosto budue Imperativ

Indirektni govor Prosto prolo Davno prolo Sloeno budue Infinitiv

sve rei koje oznaavaju blizinu moraju se zameniti reima koje oznaavaju udaljenost; Prema ovim pravilima: am was postaje do did " shall should " will would " have, has had " can could " may might " must had to " this that " these those " here there " now then " today that day " tomorrow the next day " yesterday the day before " last night the night before "
D: He said: "I do not understand this letter." (On ree: "Ja ne razumijem ovo pismo") I: He said that he didn't understand this letter. (on ree da ne razumije to pismo) D: She said: "I am going to come soon again." (Ona ree: "Doi u uskoro ponovo".) I: She said that she was going to come soon again. (ona ree da e uskoro ponovo doi) ako se u indirektnom govoru saoptava tue pitanje, onda je potrebno pored pomenutih pravila obratiti panju jo i na sledee: umjesto glagola "say" upotrebiemo glagol "ask"; ako pitanje ne sadri nikakvu upitnu re (kao to su what, how, when itd.), onda pitanje u indirektnom govoru mora poeti sa "if" ili "whether". Primeri: D: She said to her brother: "What are you doing?" (ona ree svom bratu: "ta radi?") I: She asked her brother what he was doing. (ona upita svog brata ta radi) D: They asked me: "Do you speak Spanish." (zapitali su me: "Da li govorite panski?") I: They asked me whether I speak Spanish. (zapitali su me da li govorim panski) kad prebacujes pitanje u indirektni govor, red reci u recenici je u potvrdnom obliku! Vremena obicno idu za jedno unazad. da bi se u indirektnom govoru izrazila zapovest, upotrebljava se infinitiv i uvodi glagol "tell": D: Father said to his son: "Be careful of yourself." (otac ree sinu: "Pazi se"). I: Father told his son to be careful of himself. (otac ree svom sinu da se pazi).

12

The English Grammar

Kondicional

se tvori od pomonog glagola "should" i "would", i infinitiva bez "to" glagola kojeg menjamo. Sadanji kondicional se tvori sa should i would i infinitivom prezenta, a proli kondicional se tvori sa should i would i infinitivom perfekta glagola kojeg mijenjamo.

Sadanji kondicional Proli kondicional

{ {

I should take - uzeo bih you should take - ti bi uzeo itd. I should have taken - bio bih uzeo you should have taken - ti bio uzeo itd.

Odrini oblik se tvori tako to se iza should i would stavi "not": I should not take. (ne bih uzeo) I should not have taken. (ne bih bio uzeo). Upitni oblik se tvori inverzijom: should I take? (da li bih uzeo?) should I have taken? (da li bih bio uzeo?) Sadanji i proli kondicional se koriste pri tvorbi pogodbenih reenica. Prvi kondicional - realna mogunost (First conditional: real possibility) Govorimo o budunosti. Razmiljamo o nekom uslovu ili situaciji u budunosti, i njenoj posledici. Postoji stvarna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti. Na primer, jutro je, kod kue ste i planirate igrati tenis popodne. Meutim na nebu se javljaju oblaci, zamislite da pone padati kia. If it rains, I will stay at home. (ako bude padala kia, ostau kod kue) gradis slicno ko u srpskom-ako pada kisa, ostacu kod kuce If If uslov it rains prosto sadanje vrieme posledica I will stay at home. budue vrieme

Treba primetiti da kia jo nije pala, meutim nebo je oblano i postoji realna mogunost (real possibility) da e kia pasti. Da bi izrazili mogui uslov koristili smo sadanje prosto vrijeme (Present Simple Tense). Za izraavanje mogue posljedice koristili smo prosto buduce vrijeme. Vano je zapamtiti da kod prvog kondicionala postoji realna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti. posledica budue vrijeme I will tell Mary W hat will you do Their teacher will be sad if if if if if uslov prosto sadanje vrijeme I see her. it rains tomorrow. they do not pass the exam.

Ponekad moemo koristiti: shall, can ili may umjesto will, na primjer: If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight. (ako bude danas dobar, moe gledati TV veeras) Drugi kondicional neverovatna mogunost Kad bi (nesto bilo) onda bi (bilo nesto drugo), za raziliku od prvog kondicionala, ovde ne postoji realna mogunost da e se uslov ispuniti. If If If If uslov prosto prolo vrijeme I married Mary it snowed next July posledica kondicional sadanji I would be happy. would you be suprised?

13

The English Grammar


If If Ram became rich I won the lottery she would marry him. I would by a car.

Kod drugog kondicionala koristimo prosto prolo vrieme za izraavanje uslova, a sadanji kondicional za izraavanje eventualne posledice. *Ponekad, umesto glagola would koristimo should, could or might: If I won a million dollars, I could stop working. (da dobijem milion dolara, mogao bih prestati raditi) Trei kondicional - bez mogunosti (Third conditional - no possibility) Ne postoji mogunost da se uslov ispuni. Da je (nesto bilo) onda bi (bilo nesto drugo)- da nisam upisala medicinu onda bih sve ovo lepo ispisala. If If If If If If uslov sloeno prolo vrijeme (past perfect) I had won the lottery I had seen Mary it had rained yesterday Tara had been free yesterday posledica kondicional proli I would have bought a car. I would have told her. what would you have done? I would have invited her.

If they had not passed their exam, their teacher would have been sad. (da nisu poloili ispit, njihov uitelj bi bio tuan) Da bi smo izrazili uslov u prolosti koji se nije ostvario koristili smo sloeno prolo vrijeme (past perfect), dok za izraavanje posledice koja se nee dogoditi smo koristili kondicional proli. *Ponekad umjesto would have koristimo should have, could have, might have: If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won. (da si kupio listi lota, mogao si dobiti) Nulti kondicional - sigurno ispunjenje uslova (Zero conditional - certainty) Tzv. nulti kondicional koristimo kada je uslov uvek taan, poput neke injenice. Na primer, ako zagrevamo led iznad 0 stepeni on e se poeti otapati. If If If uslov prosto sadanje vrijeme you heat ice posledica prosto sadanje vrijeme it melts.

Da bi izrazili uslov i posljedicu koristimo prosto sadanje vrijeme. Najvanije kod nultog kondicionala je zapamtiti da uvjet ima uvijek istu posledicu. If If If If uvjet prosto sadaenje vrijeme I miss the 8 o'clock bus I am late for work people don't eat posljedica prosto sadanje vrijeme I am late for work. my boss gets angry. they get hungry.

Takoe, umjesto if moemo koristiti when: W hen I get up late I miss by bus. (kada ustanem kasno, zakasnim na autobus) Kondicionali - ukratko Tip kondicionala Prvi kondicional Drugi kondicional Trei kondicional Nulti kondicional glavna reenica budue vrijeme kondicional sadanji kondicional proli prosto sadanje vrijeme "if" reenica sadanje vrijeme prosto prolo vrijeme sloeno prolo vrijeme prosto sadanje vrijeme

14

The English Grammar

PASIV

subjekat + pomoni glagol "to be" + particip proli glavnog glagola

Trpno stanje (pasiv) mogu imati samo prelazni glagoli, tj. takvi koji uza se mogu imati objekat. Pasiv pokazuje da subjekat ne vri radnju, ve da se radnja vri na subjektu: The road has been repaired. (put je popravljen) Pasivni oblici se tvore tako to se uzme ono vreme glagola "to be" koje nam je potrebno i doda se particip proli glagola kojeg menjamo. Aktivnu reenicu moemo pretvoriti u pasivnu ako se glagol stavi u trpno stanje, subjekat aktivne reenice postaje objekat pasivne, i ispred njega se stavlja prijedlog "by": A: Everybody drinks water. (svi piju vodu) P: Water is drunk by everybody. (voda se pije od sviju) subjekat glagol objekat Everybody drinks water aktiv pasiv W ater is drunk by everybody.

A: I wrote this letter. (ja sam napisao ovo pismo) P: This letter was written by me . (pismo je napisano od mene) Neprelazni glagoli mogu postati prelazni ako im se doda predlog! Trpno stanje se upotrebljava mnogo ee u engleskom jeziku nego u naem, koristi se: kada subjekat koji vri radnju nije poznat: My car has been stollen. (ukradeno mi je auto) She was given a nice birthday present . (dobila je lijep poklon za roendan) ako se ne eli pomenuti vrilac radnje: I have been told that you are engaged. (reeno mi je da ste se vjerili) She was said to have left her husband. (pria se da je ostavila svog mua) ako nije potrebno pomenuti vrioca radnje jer to proizilazi iz konteksta (smisla) reenice ili nije bitno za smisao da mora biti pomenut: Mistakes are always made . (greke se uvijek prave) ako je subjekat pasivne reenice vaniji od vrioca radnje: The "Tower" was written by Mea Selimovi. (Roman "Tvrava" je napisana od strane Mee Selimovia) (autor nas manje interesuje) The boy was punished by his father. (deko je kanjen od svog oca) Ahmed was attended by his sister during his illness. (Ahmeda je njegova sestra njegovala za vrijeme bolesti) Bezlini oblici u naem jeziku kao to su "kae se", "razume se", "podrazumeva se" u engleskom jeziku se iskazuju u treem licu jednine srednjeg roda: it is understood (razumije se, podrazumijeva se) that is known (to se zna) it is said (pria se) Konjugacija pasiva u veini moguih vremena:
infinitiv present simple past future conditional present continous past future conditional present perfect simple past future conditional present perfect continous past future conditional to be called it is called it was called it will be called it would be called it is being called it was being called it will be being called it would be being called it has been called it has been called it will have been called it would have been called it has been being called it had been being called it will have been being called it would have been being called

15

The English Grammar Slaganje glagolskih vremena


Vreme u glavnoj reenici Vreme u zavisnoj reenici Da se izrazi istovremena radnja, koristite sadanje prosto vreme. Da se izrazi prola radnja, koristite prosto prolo vreme. Sadanje prosto (Simple Present) Primer

I am eager to go to the concert because I love the Wallflowers. I know that I m ade the right choice.

Da se izrazi radnja koja je poela They believe that they have elected the u trenu u prolosti i traje do right candidate. danas, koristite present perfect. Da izrazite radnju koja e se desiti, koristite prosto budue vrijeme. The President says that he wi ll veto the bill.

Da izrazite drugu zavrenu radnju, koristite prosto prolo vrijeme. Prosto prolo vreme (Simple Past) Da izrazite radnju koja se desila prije druge radnje koristite past perfect.

I wanted to go home because I m issed my parents.

She knew she had m ade the right choice.

Da izrazite ope poznatu injenicu The Deists believed that the koristite sadanje vrijeme. universe is like a giant clock.

Prezent perfekt ili past perfekt U svakom sluaju koristite prolo (Present Perfect or vrijeme. Past Perfect)

She has grown a foot since she turned nine. The crowd had turned nasty before the sheriffreturned .

Da izrazite istovremenu radnju koristite sadanje vrijeme. Da izrazite radnju koja se desila ranije, koristite prolo vrijeme. Da se izrazi radnja u budunosti koja e se desiti prije radnje u nezavisnoj reenici, koristite prezent perfekt.

I will be so happy if they fix my car today. You will surely pass this exam if you studied hard. The college will probably close its doors next summer if enrollments have notincreased .

Budue vrijeme (Futur)

Predbudue vrijeme, svreni futur (Future Perfect Tense)

U svakom sluaju koristite sadanje vrijeme ili prezent perfekt.

Most students will have taken sixty credits by the time they graduate . Most students will have taken sixty credits by the time they have graduated .

16

The English Grammar

Slaganje vremena sa infinitivima i participima Infinitiv Vreme infinitiva Uloga infinitiva Primer

Infinitiv sadanji (Present Infinitive, to see)

Da se izrazi istovremena radnja ili radnja posle glagola.

Coach Espinoza is eager to try out her new drills. ["eagerness" je sada; "to try out" e se desiti poslije.] She would have liked to see more veterans returning. [Infinitiv prezenta "to see" je u istom trenutku kao i prolo vrijeme "would have liked".] The fans woul d like to have seen some improvement this year. ["Would like" opisuje stanje u sadanjosti; "to have seen" opisuje neto prije tog vremena.] They consider the team to have been coached very well. [Infinitiv perfekta to have been coached ukazuje na radnju prije glagola consider.]

Infnitiv perfekta (Perfect Infinitive, to have seen) Da se izrazi radnja koja se desila prije glagola.

Participi Vreme participa Uloga participa Primeri W orking on the fundamentals, the team slowly began to improve. [Unaprijeujui osnove, tim je poeo polahko napredovati, radnja se deava u paralelno, u isto vrijeme]

Prezent participa (Present of Participle, seeing)

Da se izrazi radnja koja se deava u isto vreme kada i glagol.

Particip proli ili particip prezent perfekta (Past Participle or Present Perfect Participle

Da se izrazi radnja koja se deava pre glagola.

Havi ng experim ented with several game plans, the coaching staffdevised a master strategy. [Particip prezent perfekta "having experimented", ukazuje na vrijeme prije glagola u prolom vremenu "devised".] Prepared by last year's experience, the coach knows not to expect too much. [Radnja izraena pomou glagola u prezentu "knows", je posljedica glagola u prolom vremenu "prepared".]

17

The English Grammar Glagolska vremena


Simple Present Tense Sadanje vrieme svih glagola obrazuje se tako da se uz glagolska vremena uvijek stavljaju line zamjenice. Jedino se tree lice jednine prezenta razlikuje od ostalih lica, jer dobija nastavak "-s" ili "-es", osim glagola: to be - biti, to have - imati, can, may - moi, must morati, ought - trebati. Nastavak "-s" za sadanje vrijeme izgovara se kao "s" ako dolazi iza bezvunog suglasnik ili "z" ako dolazi iza zvunog suglasnika ili samoglasnika:he speaks (hi spi:ks), he reads (hi ri:dz). Glagoli koji se zavravaju na s, x, z, sh i ch obrazuju tree lice nastavkom jednine nastavkom "-es": he dresses, he teaches . Glagoli koji se u infinitivu zavravaju na "-y", kad pred tim "y" stoji suglasnik, mijenjaju "y" u"i", u treem licu jednine: to cry (he cries), to try (to tries). Odrini oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vrijeme pomonog glagola "to do", pa se zatim doda negacija "not" i infinitiv glagola koji se mijenja, bez prijedloga "to": I write (ja piem) - I do not write, I don't write Upitni oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vrijeme pomonog glagola "to do" u inverziji i infinitiv glagola koji se mijenja, bez prijedloga "to". You write (ti pie) - Do you write? (pie li?) Sadanje prosto vrijeme se upotrebljava: da oznai radnju ije trajanje nije odreeno: I write (ja piem), I work (ja radim); da potvrdi jednu poznatu istinu: fish live in water (ribe ive u vodi); da oznai radnju koja se vri po navici: I always rise early (uvijek ustajem rano); da oznai radnju koja se ponavlja: I have an English lesson three times a week (imam as engleskog tri puta sedmino). to call - zvati
I call you call he, she, it calls we call you call they call ja zovem ti zove on, ona , ono zove mi zovemo vi zovete oni, one, ona zovu I do not call you do not call he, she, it does not call we do not call you do not call they do not call do I call? do you call? does, he ,she, it call? do we call? do you call? do they call?

Present Continuous Tense prezent glagola "to be" + prezent particip glavnog glagola I am speaking (ja govorim) we are speaking you are speaking you are speaking he, she, it is speaking they are speaking *Present participle se pravi dodavanjem glagolu nastavka "-ing".
Izuzetak 1 Ako se glagol zavrava na: suglasnik - naglaeni vokal-suglasnik zadnje slovo se udvostruava: s t o p suglasnik naglaeni vokal suglasnik ru n > > ru n ni ng

s t op

s t op pi n g

be gi n

>

be gi n ni ng

Ovo pravilo ne vai kada naglasak nije na zadnjem slogu glagola: op e n > op e ni ng

Ako glagol zavrava na ie, mijenjamo ie u y: Izuzetak 2 lie di e > > l yi ng d yi n g

Ako glagol zavrava na vokal + suglasnik + e, izostavljamo e: Izuzetak 3 c om e m i s t ak e > > c om i n g m i s t ak i n g

18

The English Grammar


Present Continuous Tense (sadanje trajno vrijeme) se upotrebljava: da oznai radnju koja se vri u vremenu kada o njoj govorimo: I am learning English now. (sada uim engleski) Meutim, radnja se ne mora odvijati tano sada, ali se deavala neto ranije i moda e se deavati poslije trenutka kada o njoj govorimo. da oznai radnju ije je trajanje neprekidno, i tada se obino upotrebljavaju prilozi always, constantly, forever itd: The Sun is rising constantly. (Sunce izlazi svaki dan) You are always complaining about your mother -in-law. (uvijek se alite na svoju punicu) da se izrazi radnja koja je ve isplanirana i desit e se u budunosti: I'm meeting my girlfriend tonight. (veeras u se nai sa djevojkom) *Glagoli koji oznaavaju neko stanje, a ne radnju, obino se ne koriste u trajnom obliku. Lista glagola koji se veinom koriste u "simple" formi:
ula (percepcije) feel*, hear, see*, smell, taste miljenje assume, feel, consider, doubt, feel (misliti), find (misliti), suppose, think* mentalna stanja forget, imagine, know, mean, notice, recognise, remember, understand emocije/elje envy, fear, dislike, hate, hope, like, love, mind, prefer, regret, want, wish mjerenja contain, cost, hold, measure, weigh ostali look (biti slian), seem, be (u veini sluajeva), have (kada znai posjedovati)

- glagoli osjetila (feel, see, hear, taste,smell) se esto koriste sa glagolom 'can': I can see... (mogu vidjeti) itd. - * Ovi glagoli mogu se koristiti u trajnoj formi ali sa drugim znaenjem, npr: This coat feels nice and warm. (ovaj brod je lijep i udoban, to je naa percepcija, osjeaj kvaliteta broda) John's feeling much better now. (Don se osjea mnogo bolje sada, njegovo zdravlje se poboljava); She has three dogs and a cat. (ona ima tri psa i maku, posjedovanje) She's having supper. (ona veera, ona jede); I can see Anthony in the garden. (vidim Anthony-a u bati, percepcija) I'm seeing Anthony later. (susrest' u Anthony-a kasnije, planiramo se susresti)

to call - zvati I'm calling you're calling he, she, it's calling we're calling you're calling they're calling

I'm not calling you aren't calling he, she, it isn't calling we aren't calling you aren't calling you aren't calling

am I calling? are you calling? is he, she, it calling? are we calling? are you calling? are they calling?

19

The English Grammar

Present Perfect Simple Tense pomoni glagol "to have" + past particip glavnog glagola Sloenim sadanjim vremenom se izraava povezanost izmeu prolosti i sadanjosti, tano vrijeme deavanja radnje nije naznaeno. Sloeno sadanje vrijeme se koristi: da se opie radnja ili stanje koje je poelo u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti: This website has been in existence for 9 years, 4 months, and 10 days. (ova stranica postoji ve...); I have lived in Sarajevo since 1970. (ivim u Sarajevu od 1970-te, i jo uvijek ivim); da se izrazi radnja koja je zavrena u vremenskom periodu koji jo traje: I have been to Zagreb this week. (ove nedjelje sam putovao u Zagreb, sedmica jo nije zavrena); da se oznai radnja koja je zavrena nekad u prolosti, ali je rezultat radnje vaan: I have buoght a car. (kupio sam auto, vano je da je auto kupljen, nije bitno kada) ; uz priloge koji oznaavaju neprekidan razmak vremena: ever, never, yet, already, since, for: Have you ever been to Bosnia? (jeste li ikada bili u Bosni?); da se izrazi radnja koja se upravo dogodila (uz priloge "just'' ili ''just now''): The guests have just entered the hall. (gosti su upravo uli u dvoranu). Amerikanci ne koriste sloeno sadanje vrieme toliko kao Britanci. Amerikanci ee upotrebljavaju prolo vrieme umjesto sloenog sadanjeg vremena. Amerikanac bi rekao: "Did you have lunch?" , dok bi Britanac rekao: "Have you had lunch?" to call - zvati I haven't called have I called? I have called (ja sam zvao) you have called you haven't called have you called? he, she, it has called he, she, it hasn't called has he, she, it called? we have called we haven't called have we called? you have called you haven't called have you called? they have called they haven't called have they called? Present Perfect Continuous Tense prezent perfekt glagola "to be" + prezent particip glavnog glagola

(have/has been)
I have been playing You have been working *Upitni oblik se pravi konverzijom: Have I been playing? *Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem rijei "not": I have not been playing. Kada piemo present continous, esto se upotrebljavaju skraenice: I have been - I've been itd. Present Perfect Continous Tense koristimo: da izrazimo radnju koja je nedavno ili upravo zavrila. I obino imamo sada imamo neku posljedicu: I'm tired because I've been running. (umoran sam (sada) jer sam trao) Why is the grass wet? Has it been raining? (zato je trava vlana (sada)? je li padala kia?) You don't understand because you haven't been listening. (ne razumijete(sada), jer niste sluali). da izrazimo radnju radnju koja je poela u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti, u ovom sluaju esto se koriste for i since: 've been reading for two hours. (itam ve dva sata, i jo uvijek itam) How long have you been learning English ? (koliko dugo ui engleski? a jo ga ui) We have not been smoking. (nismo puili, a ni sada ne puimo). Kako je ranije napomenuto uz present perfect continuous esto koristimo "for" i "since".

*For koristimo kada priamo o razdoblju vremena: 5 minuta, 7 sedmica, 20 godina.


Ako to razdoblje see do sadanjeg trenutka upotrebljavamo uz for perfekt, a ako je to razdoblje zavreno moramo upotrebiti past simple (preterit). Tara hasn't been feeling well for two weeks. (Tara se ne osjea dobro ve dve sedmice) ali Tara didn't feel well for two weeks, and now she feels well. (Tara se nije dobro oseala ve dve sedmice, a sada se osjea dobro).

20

The English Grammar

*Since koristimo kada znamo od koje vremenske take se odvija radnja: u 9 sati, 7. januara,
u petak.

for period vremena 20 minutes three days six months a long time ever itd.

since od vremenske take 6.15 am Monday January I left school the beginning of time itd.

I've been studying for three hours. (uim ve tri sata) I've been watching TV since 7pm. (gledam TV od 7 sati poslije podne) Tara hasn't been visiting us since March. (Tara nas nije posjetila od Marta)

*For se moe koristiti u svim vremenima, since se obino koristi samo sa perfect vremenima!
to call - zvati I have been calling you have been calling he, she, it has been calling we have been calling you have been calling they have been calling I have not been calling you have not been calling he, she, it has not been calling we have not been calling you have not been calling they have not been calling have I been calling? have you been calling? has he, she, it been calling? have we been calling? have you been calling? have they been calling?

Past Simple Tense infinitiv + proli oblik (preterit) glagola


pravilni glagoli infinitiv work explode like preterit worked exploded liked past particip worked exploded liked Proli oblik svih glagola zavrava na -ed. Proli oblik nepravilnih glagola se ne tvori po nekom pravilu i ui se napamet!

nepravilni glagoli

go see sing

went,saw sang(2. kolona)

gone seen sung(3. kolona)

Tvorba prolog svrenog vremena: a) potvrdna reenica: subjekat + glavni glagol u prolom obliku (preteritu) I lived in that house when I was young. (ivio sam u toj kui kada sam bio mlad) She played basketball last week. (ona je igrala koarku prole sedmice) b) odrina reenica: subjekat + preterit od "do" + not + infinitiv glavnog glagola He didn't like the movie. (nije mu se dopao film) Mary did not go to work last Monday. (Mary nije otila na posao prolog ponedjeljka) c) upitna reenica: preterit od "do"+ subjekat + infinitiv glavnog glagola * Did you play tennis last week . (je si li igrao tenis prole sedmice) * Did he watch TV last night . (je li gledao TV prole sedmice)
*

obavezno stavi vremensku odrednicu za past simple, mora se znati kada se radnja desila!

21

The English Grammar

-Glagol did (proslo vreme od "do") u svim licima ima isti oblik. I did not go to London. (nisam bio u Londonu) You did not go to London. He did not go to London. itd. -Glagol be nema u svim licima isti oblik, upitnu reenicu pravimo zamjenom subjekta i glagola(inverzijom). I, he, she, it was here. - W as I, he, she, it here? You were here. - were you here? *Ako glagol zavrava na suglasnik ispred kog stoji kratak naglaen vokal, krajnji samoglasnik se udvostruava: plan - pla nn ed skip - ski pp ed *Krajnje "l" se uvijek udvostruava: level - leve ll ed call - ca ll ed *Ako glagol zavrava na "-y" ispred kog se nalazi suglasnik, taj se "y" mijenja u "i": worr y - worr ied cr y - cr ied Prosto prolo vreme koristimo: a) da se izrazi radnja koja se desila u prolosti i potpuno zavrila pa nema nikakve veze sa sadanjou: I was in Liverpool last year. (bio sam u Liverpulu prole godine); b) da se izrazi radnja koja je trajala neko vrijeme u prolosti bez ikakve veze sa sadanjou: We went to school when we were children . (ili smo u kolu kada smo bili djeca); c) *kada govorimo o stvarima koje elimo da se dogode ili bi trebalo da se dogode , posle izraza wish, its time itd. uvek ide proslo vreme(!!!): It's time they were back. (vrijeme je da se vrate) I wish I had a new computer. (volio bi da imam novi kompjuter) d) u zavisnoj reenici ako je u glavnoj prosto prolo vrijeme (slaganje vremena): The policeman told me I drove to much. (policajac mi je rekao da sam previe vozio) Kada kaemo kada ili gdje se radnja dogodila, moramo koristiti prosto prolo vrijeme, a ne sloeno sadanje vrijeme (present perfect tense). to call - zvati I didn't call did I call? I called (ja sam zvao) you called you didn't call did you call? he, she, it called he, she, it didn't call did he, she, it call? we called we didn't call did we call? you called you didn't call did you call? did they call? they called they didn't call The Past Continuous Tense prolo vrijeme glagola "to be" + particip prezenta glavnog glagola She was reading. (ona je itala) We were playing. (mi smo igrali) Odrini oblik se pravi dodavanjem rjeice not: She was not reading - She wasn't reading. Upitni oblik se pravi inverzijom: W as she playing? W ere we playing? Nesvreno proslo vreme se upotrebljava: da se opie pozadina, odnosno da se pred itaoce postavi scena prie pisana u prolom vremenu. Obino pria poinje nesvrenim preteritom, a zatim se nastavlja prolim vremenom, npr:"James Bond was driving through town. It was raining . The wind was blowing hard. Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box..."; da se opie radnja koja je trajala do trenutka kada ju je prekinula neka druga prola radnja: I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang. (divno sam sanjao kada se alarm oglasio); I was watching TV when you telephoned. (gledao sam TV kada si nazvao)

22

The English Grammar


da se izrazi promjena miljenja: I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to go on an excursion instead . (mislio sam provesti dan na plai ali sam odluio otii na ekskurziju) za dve radnje koje se deavaju istovremeno: The children were playing while their mothers were chatting. (djeca su se igrala dok njihove majke avrljale) u zavisnoj reenici umesto nesvrenog prezenta ako je u glavnoj reenici proslo v.: I knew that he was talking to her about her daughter. (znao sam da sa njom razgovara o njenoj keri-moras da pazis da se vremena lepo sloze!). to call - zvati I was calling. I was not calling was I calling? you were calling. you were not calling were you calling? he, she, it was calling he, she, it wasn't calling was he, she, it calling? we were calling we weren't calling were we calling? you were calling you weren't calling were you calling? they were calling they weren't calling were they calling? Pluskvamperfekat (davno prolo vrijeme) - The Past Perfect Tense

subjekat + simple past od "to have" + past particip glavnog glagola


U odrinim reenicama ubacujemo recu not izmeu pomonog i glavnog glagola, a upitnu reenicu pravimo inverzijom. On se upotrebljava: a) da bi se izrazila radnja u prolosti koja se desila pre neke druge radnje u prolosti, takoe izraava radnju za koje se pretpostavljalo da je trebalo da se dogodi u prolosti - pre neke druge radnje: We had left home before he came. (bili smo otili prije nego to je on doao) The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. The train had left when we arrived. (voz je krenuo u 9 sati. Mi smo stigli u 9 i 15. Voz je bio otiao kada smo mi stigli.) I was not hungry. I had just eaten. (nisam bio gladan, upravo sam bio jeo) I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before. (nisam znao ko je on, nisam ga nikad bio vidio) He said that he had seen him at the the atre. (rekao je da ga je bio vidio kod pozorita). U ovom primjeru past perfect je upotrebljen u indirektnom govoru umjesto past simple u direktnom. b) u zavisnim reenicama uz after: He got a headache after he had washed his hair. (dobio je glavobolju nakon to je oprao kosu); c) iza izraza: as if (kao da), if only (kad bi barem), I wish (kamo sree da), past perfectom se izraava neto to nije ostvareno u prolosti: I wish I had met you before. (kamo sree da sam te ranije sreo) If only you had sent me the SMS. (da si mi barem poslala SMS) He played the basketball as if he had played in NBA. (igrao je koarku kao da je igrao u NBA) to call - zvati I had called I had not called had I called? you had called you had not called had you called? he, she, it had called he, she, it had called had he, she, it called? we had called we had called had we called? you had called you had called had you called? they had called they had called had they called? The Past Perfect Continuous Tense

subjekat + simple past od "to have" + past particip od "to be" + present particip gl. glagola
Odrini oblik se pravi ubacivanjem rjeice not, a upitni oblik inverzijom subjekta i glagola "to have". Past Perfect Continuous upotrebljava se da bi se oznaila radnja koja je trajala u prolosti prije neke druge prole radnje: Ram started waiting at 9am. I arrived at 11am. When I arrived, Ram had been waiting for two hours. John was very tired. he had been running . (John je bio veoma umoran, trao je cijele veeri) I could smell cigarettes. somebody had been smoking. (osjetio sam cigarete, neko je puio). Past Perfect Continous se takoe upotrebljava u indirektnom govoru umesto trajnog oblika prolog vremena (past continous tense) u direktnom govoru.

23

The English Grammar


D: Peter said: "Some of my friends have playing cards all night." (Peter ree: "Neki moji prijatelji su igrali karte cijele veeri".) I: Peter said that some of his friends had been playing cards all night. to call - zvati I had been calling I had not been calling had I been calling? you had been calling you had not been calling had you been calling? had he, she, it had been he, she, it had been calling he, she, it had not been calling calling? we had been calling we had not been calling had we been calling? you had been calling you had not been calling had you been calling? they had been calling they had not been calling had they been calling? Futur Simple Tense subjekat + pomoni glagol will + infinitiv glavnog glagola Odrine reenice se prave umetanjem rece not izmeu pomonog i glavnog glagola, a upitne reenice inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola. U prvom licu jednine i mnoine umjesto glagola will, moe se koristiti glagol shall, meutim u modernom engleskom will se vie koristi od shall: I shall call - we shall call (ja u zvati - mi emo zvati). Prosto budue vreme se upotrebljava da bi oznaila radnja koja e se desiti u budunosti. Prosto budue vreme se naroito esto upotrebljava posle glagola koji oznaavaju oekivanje, nadu itd.Takoe se koristi da bi se izrazila odluka, pretnja ili obeanje. Donosimo odluku o radnji koju bi trebalo da obavimo u buducnosti! Ako imamo nameru da obavimo neku radnju onda upotrebljavamo going to. Shall se upotrebljava da oznaci nameru, ali za koju se ceka odobrenje: Shall I open the window? Shall se upotrebljava u 2. I 3. licu ali onda znaci pretnju, naredjenje, obecanje (colored future ): You shall not pass!

Futur Continuous Tense

subjekat + will + be + present participle


Odrini oblik se pravi ubacivanjem rece not izmeu glagola will i be, a upitni oblik inverzijom subjekta i glagola will. Trajno budue vreme oznaava radnju koja e trajati izvesno vreme u budunosti , ali moramo da znamo koliko ce tacno to trajati ili kada tacno. moze trajati u trenutku kad se desi neka druga radnja , koja ne mora da se prekine, I tu uvek ide sa prezentom: I will be sleeping when you come home. moze da oznacava ucestalu radnju koja se ponavlja tokom duzeg perioda u buducnosti. Kada koristimo budue trajno vrijeme, na slualac obino zna ili razumije u koje vrijeme se radnja odvija. I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow. W e'll be having dinner when film starts. (veerat emo kada film pone) Take your umbrella, it will be raining when you return. (uzmi kiobran, padat e kia kada se bude vraao) I won't be calling will I be calling? I will be calling (ja u zvati) you will be calling you won't be calling will you be calling? he, she, it will be calling he, she, it won't be calling will he, she, it be calling? we will be calling we won't be calling will we be calling? you will be calling you won't be calling will you be calling? they will be calling they won't be calling will they be calling?

24

The English Grammar


Futur Perfect Tense

will + have + past particip


Predbudue vrijeme izraava radnju koja e se desiti pre neke druge radnje u budunosti: The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive the rain will have left. (Voz dolazi u stanicu u 9 sati. Vi stiete u stanicu u 9 i 15. Voz e otii kada vi stignete.) Ovo vreme takoe izraava i radnju koja e se desiti i zavriti do odreenog vremena u budunosti: They will have left the Parlament by 12 o'clock. (Oni e napustiti parlament do 12 sati.) radnja koja ce se dogoditi u buducnosti pre neke druge radnje, ne mora da se prekida obicno ide uz when I by to call - zvati I will have called (budem bio I will not have called will I have called? zvao) you will have called you will not have called will you have called? will he, she, it have he, she, it will have called he, she, it will not have called called? we will have called we will not have called will we have called? you will have called you will not have called will you have called? they will have called they will not have called will they have called? Futur Perfect Continuous

will + "have" + past particip od "be"(been) + present particip glavnog glagola


obicno ide uz before, by I at trajace neko vreme pre neke druge radnje ili do pocetka te radnje Odrine reenice se prave umetanjem reice not izmeu will i have, a upitne reenice inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola will. Kada koristimo predbudue trajno vrijeme obino saimamo (contract) subjekat i pomoni glagol will: I will - I'll you will - you'll itd. Kod odrinih reenica saimamo glagol will i reicu not: I will not - I won't you will not - you won't itd. Predbudue trajno vrijeme izraava radnju koja traje odreeni period vremena do jedne druge budue radnje ili oznake budueg vremena kada ova prva radnja jo traje. Drugim reima izraava radnju koja e trajati do odreenog budueg vremena ili trenutka u budunosti, a ne u nekom odreenom trenutku u budunosti: At 20 o'clock in the evening, I will have been working ten hours. (do 8 sati uvee ja u imati za sobom ve 10 sati rada). Znai radnja poinje u 10 sati pre podne, traje deset sati, sve do 8 sati uvee kada jo traje. He will be tired when he arriv es. He will have been travelling for 24 hours. (Bie umoran kada stigne. Putovae ve 24 sata.) to call - zvati I will have been calling you will have been calling he, she, it will have been calling we will have been calling you will have been calling they will have been calling

I will not have been calling you will not have been calling he, she, it will not have been calling we will not have been calling you will not have been calling they will not have been calling

will I have been calling? will you have been calling? will he, she, it have been calling? will we have been calling? will you have been calling? will they have been calling?

25

The English Grammar

Imenice - Nouns
Rod imenica - Gender of Nouns U engleskom jeziku rod imenica nije gramatiki ve se odreuje prema polu, tj. prirodan je. Imena mukih bia mukog su roda (masculine), imena enskih lica enskog su roda (feminine) i imena ivih bia gde rod nije izriito podvuen srednjeg su roda (neuter). - postoje razliiti izrazi za muki i enski rod: boy - girl djeak - djevojica father - mother otac - majka brother - sister brat - sestra son - daughter sin - ki uncle - aunt ujak - tetka nephew - niece neak - neaka king - queen kralj - kraljica monk - nun kaluer - kaluerica horse - mare konj - kobila cock - hen pijetao - kokoka drake - duck patak - patka gander - goose gusak - guska - dodajemo nastavke: abbot - abbess opat - opatica actor - actress glumac - glumica count - countess grof - grofica duke - duchess vojvoda - vojvotkinja emperor - empress car - carica poet - poetess pjesnik - pjesnikinja prince - princess princ - princeza negro - negress crnac - crnkinja heir - heiress nasljednik - nasljednica sorcerer - sorceress arobnjak - arobnica lion - lioness lav - lavica hero - heroine heroj - heroina - obrazuju se sloenice: man-servant - maid-servant sluga - slukinja cock-sparrow - hen-sparrow vrabac - vrabica bull-calf - cow-calf junac - junica male-elephant - female-elephant slon - slonica landlord - landlady gazda - gazdarica Mnoge imenice imaju isti oblik i u enskom i u mukom rodu: pupil (uenik, uenica) friend (prijatelj, prijateljica) teacher (uitelj, uiteljica) cousin (roak, rodica) Od opstog pravila postoje sledei izuzeci: "horse" i "dog" nisu sredneg ve mukog roda; "cat" je enskog roda; "child" moe biti sva tri roda; imenice: boat, ship, streamer, man-of-war, vessel nisu srednjeg ve enskog roda i oznaavaju se sa she; enskog roda su: imena drava i zemalja; neki apstraktni pojmovi (misaone imenice) kao: victory, liberty, mercy grace, virtue; enskog roda su i nature, earth i moon; imenice koje izraavaju jaka osjeanja mukog su roda: love, anger, despair, fear; mukog roda su takoer i: sun, death, time; ptice, ribe, insekti su obino srednjeg roda; U basnama ivotinje su personifikovane pa su uvek enskog ili mukog roda.

26

The English Grammar

Mnoina imenica - Plural of Nouns


Opa pravila: mnoina imenica obrazuje se dodavanjem nastavka "-s". Ovo se "s" izgovarakao nae "z"izuzev kada dolazi poslije tvrdih suglasnika. Primjeri: book - books (knjiga - knjige) face - faces (lice - lica) Imenice koje se zavavaju na: -s, -ss, -x, -sh, -tch dobijaju nastavak "-es", koji se izgovara iz: class - classes razred - razredi bush - bushes grm - grmlje bench - benches klupa - klupe Imenice na "-o" dobijaju nastavak "-es" ako se "o" nalazi poslije suglasnika: hero - heroes heroj - heroji potato - potatoes krompiri - krompiri negro - negroes crnac - crnci Izuzeci od ovog pravila su: piano - pianos klavir - klaviri canto - cantos spjev - spjevovi octavo - octavos oktava - oktave Imenice na "o" poslije samoglasnika dobijaju u mnoini samo nastavak "-e": cuckoo - cuckoos kukavica - kukavice Imenice na "y" poslije suglasnika mijenjaju "y" u "i" i dobijaju nastavak "-es": country - countries zemlja - zemlje lady - ladies dama - dame story - stories pria - prie ali: day - days dan - dani boy - boys djeak - djeaci toy - toys igraka - igrake Imenice na "f" i "fe" mijenjaju "f" u "v" i dobijaju u mnoini nastavak "-es": half - halves polovina - polovine calf - calves tele - telad knife - knives no - noevi wife - wives supruga - supruge Izuzeci od ovog pravila su: strife - strifes borba - borbe fife - fifes svirala - svirale staff - staffs tab - tabovi gulf - gulfs struja - struje Imenice koje zavavaju na "-oof", "-ief", "-ff" ne mijenjaju u "f" i dobijaju nastavak "-s": roof - roofs krov - krovovi dwarf - dwarfs patuljak - patuljci chief - chiefs poglavica - poglavice cliff - cliffs greben - grebeni Neke imenice imaju u mnoini nastavak "-en": ox - oxen vo - volovi child - children dijete - dijeca Neke imenice obrazuju mnoinu promjenom osnovnog samoglasnika: man - men ovjek - ljudi woman - women ena - ene tooth - teeth zub - zubi Englishman - Englishmen Englez - Englezi sportsman - sportsmen sportista - sportisti ali: Roman Norman - Romans - Normans Rimljanin Norman - Rimljani - Normani

27

The English Grammar


German - Germans Njemac - Njemci

Neke imenice imaju dva oblika u mnoini sa razliitim znaenjem: brother - brothers - brethren - cloths - clothes (braa po krvi) (braa u crkvenoj organizaciji, drutvu) (tof) (odijelo)

cloth

Latinske imenice na "-us" i "-um" te grke na "-on" i "-is" imaju u mnoini obino svoj latinski odnosno grki nastavak: radius - radii (poluprenik, poluprenici) (oaza, oaze) oasis - oases Sloenice obrazuju mnoinu tako da se nastavak za mnoinu doda glavnoj rijei od koje je sloenica sastavljena, tj. od rijei koja nosi smisao. Ako je sloenica sastavljena bez imenica, onda nastavak za mnoiniu dobija posljednja rije: looker-on - lookers-on (gledalac, gledaoci) pick-pocket - pick-pockets (deparo, deparoi) (nezaboravak (cvee), nezaboravci) forget-me-not - forget-me-nots Neke sloenice dobijaju obiljeje mnoine uz oba dijela rijei: (sluga, sluge) manservant - menservants Neke se imenice upotrebljavaju samo u jednini: advice (savjet) furniture (namjetaj) information (obavjetenje) (napredak) progress Ako je potrebno izraziti mnoiniu, onda se upotrijebi neka rije u mnoini: (dva komada namjetaja) two pieces of furniture Neke su imenice po svom obliku u jednini, a imaju znaenje mnoine: people (ljudi) mankind (ovjeanstvo) (stoka) cattle Imenica "news" (vijest) i "means" (sredstvo) imaju oblik mnoini ali su u jednini: what is the news (kakve su vijesti) (na ovaj nain) by the means Mnoge imenice se upotrebljavaju samo u mnoini: cards (karte) contents (sadrina) poltics (politika) (matematika) mathematics Neke imenice imaju u mnoini drugaije znaenje nego u jednini: arm arms (ruka) letter letters (slovo) compass compasses (kompas) drawer drawers (fijoka) (ruke, oruje) (knjievnost) (estar) (donje gae)

28

The English Grammar Padei imenica - Cases of Nouns


U engleskom jeziku mogu se izraziti svih sedam padea kao i u naem jeziku: Jednina: 1. pad. A teacher had a book. (neki uitelj je imao knjigu) 2. pad. The book of the teacher was big. (knjiga tog uitelja bila je velika) 3. pad. W e went to the teacher. (otili smo uitelju) 4. pad. And we asked the teacher. (i zapitali smo uitelja) 5. pad. Teacher, is your book big? (uitelju, je li vaa knjiga velika?) 6. pad. After our conversation with the teacher. (poslije naeg razgovora sa uiteljem) 7. pad. W e know more about the teacher. (znamo vie o uitelju) mnoina: 1. pad. Some teachers had books. (neki uitelji imali su knjige) 2. pad. The books of the techers were big. (knjige tih uitelja su bile velike) The teacher's books are always big . (knjige uitelja su uvijek velike) 3. pad. W e went to the teachers. (otili smo uiteljima) 4. pad. And we asked the teachers. (i zapitali smo uitelje) 5. pad. Teachers, are your books big. (uitelji, jesu li vae knjige velike) 6. pad. After the conversation with the teachers. (poslije razgovora sa uiteljima) 7. pad. W e know more about the teachers. (znamo vie o uiteljima) Prema tome, padei se odreuju prema mjestu u reenici (prvi i etvrti), pomou prijedloga (drugi pade pomou prijedloga "of" ili nastavkom kad imamo prisvojni genitiv, trei pade pomou prijedloga "to", esti pomou prijedloga "with", sedmi pade pomoi prijedloga"about"). Peti pade izraava se imenicom bez lana. Drugi pade - Genitive U engleskom jeziku drugi pade se moe izraziti na vie naina: Normanskim genitivom (Norman genitive) koji se obrazuje pomou prijedloga "of": the book of the teacher (uiteljeva knjiga). Saksonskim genitivom (Saxon genitive), koji se jo zove "prisvojni genitiv" (Possessive case). Ovaj pade se obrazuje tako da se imenici doda nastavak -'s. teacher's book (uiteljeva knjiga). Saksonski genitiv se obrazuje nastavkom -'s na imenicu koji se izgovara "z" iza zvunih suglasnika i samoglasnika, a "s" iza bezvunih suglasnika. U jednini se dodaje -'s teacher's book (uiteljeva knjiga) Peter's toy (Peterova igraka) boy's eyes (djeakove oi) Ako se osobna imenica zavrava na -s, onda dodajemo samo apostrof, a nastavak se izgovara kao "z": Burn's works (Burnsova djela) Ako se imenica zavrava na -s ili -ce kao i ispred rijei "sake", dodaje se samo apostrof: for goodness' sake (za Boju volju) for conscience' sake (radi smirenja savjesti). Licne imenice mogu se zavravati na -s, pa da ipak dobijaju nastavak -'s: St. James's Square (trg Sv. Dejmsa) for Doris's sake (radi Doris) my boss's sister (sestra mog gazde). Sloenice dobijaju nastavak -'s na kraju: after my mother-in-law's leaving (poslije odlaska moje punice). U mnoini koja se zavrava na -s dodaje se samo apostrof: my brothers' wives (ene moje brae). Ako se imenica ne zavrava na -s u mnoini, onda ona ima nastavak -'s: the children's toys (djeije igrake) the mice's legs (miije noge) woman's right (enska prava).

29

The English Grammar Pridjevi - Adjectives


Pridjev je u engleskom jeziku nepromjenljiva rije, pa se prema tome pridjevom ne moe izraziti ni rod, ni broj ni pade. Pridjev obino stoji ispred imenice. Poreenje pridjeva - Comparasion Pridjevi imaju tri stupnja poreenja: prvi stupanj - jednakost - positive drugi stupanj - nejednakost - comparative trei stupanj - nadmonost - superlative . Jednakost se izraava pomou rijei "as...as" i pozitiva pridjeva. He is as rich as his friend. (on je isto toliko bogat kao njegov prijatelj). He is as strong as a horse. (jak je kao konj) Komparativ, kojim se izraava umanjenost, obrazuje se pomou rijei "less...then": He is less rich than his brother. (on je manje bogat od svog brata) Komparativom se izraava uveanost, i obrazuje se: - kod jednoslonih i nekih dvoslonih pridjeva dodavanjem nastavka "er": He is richer than his friend. (on je bogatiji od svog brata); - kod vieslonih pridjeva dodavanjem nastavka "more" ispred pridjeva: He is more independent than his brother. (on je samostalniji od svog brata); - "sve vie i vie" se prevodi svezom "and" koja prethodi i dolazi poslije komparativa za uveanje: stronger and stronger (sve jai i jai). Ako je pridjev viesloan, ponavlja se samo prilog "more": more and more contemptible (sve vie omrznutiji). Trei stupanj superlativ moe biti: relativni, kada je poreenje izraeno pridjevom na najviem ili najniem stepenu. On se pravi kod: -jednoslonih i nekih dvoslonih pridjeva kojima prethodi lan the i dodaje im se nastavak "est": he is the richest (on je najbogatiji); -vieslonih pridjeva kojima prethode rijei "the most": he is the most intelligent (on je najpametniji); apsolutni superlativ se pravi kada se ispred pridjeva stavi prilog most ili very: It is most true. (to je veoma tano, to je ponajvie tano). Ako umjesto pridjeva stoji prilog vremena sadanjeg koji ima ulogu pridjeva, umjestovery upotrebljava se much ili very much: I am much obliged to you. (veoma sam vam zahvalan). Pravopisna pravila pri poreenju Ako se pridjev zavrava kratkim samoglasnikom iza kojeg dolazi suglasnik, taj se suglasnik udvostruuje: fat- fatter- the fattest (debeo), big- bigger- the biggest (velik). Ako se pridjev zavrava muklim "e", na komparativ i superlativ dodaju se nastavci "-r", odnosno "st": fine- finer- the finest (lijep). Ako se pridjev zavrava sa slovom "y" ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik ono se mijenja u "i": pretty- prettier- the prettiest (drag), ali gray- grayer- the grayest (jer "y" dolazi poslije samoglasnika, a ne suglasnika). Poreenje pridjeva pomou nastavka "-er" za komparativ i "-est" za superlativ naziva se germansko poreenje. Na ovaj nain porede se svi jednosloni predjevi - sa izuzetkom sljedeih: just, more just, the more just right, more right, the most right . Germanskim nainom poreenja porede se jo i dvosloni pridjevi koji se zavravaju na "-y","-ow", "er" ili na silabino "l", kao i pridjev koji imaju naglasak na drugom slogu: pretty, prettier, the prettiest; narrow, narrower, the narrowest; clever, cleverer, the cleverest simple, simplier, th e simpliest; polite, politer, the politest .

30

The English Grammar

Poreenje koje se dobiva dodavanjem rijei "more" za komparativ i "the most" za superlativ ispred pridjeva naziva se romansko poreenje. Ovim nainom porede se svi viesloni pridjevi koji imaju naglasak na prvom slogu, kao i pridjevi koji se zavavaju na "-ed" i "-ing": famous, more famous, the most famous; learned, more learned, the most learned; beautiful, more beautiful, the most beau tiful . mnogi dvosloni pridjevi mogu se porediti na oba naina. Takvi su pridjevi: common, cruel, pleasant, quiet, cheerful, handsome itd. Nepravilna komparacija pridjeva - Irregular comparasion Nepravilno se porede sljedei pridjevi:

Positive good (dobar) bad (lo) evil (zao) ill (bolestan) much (mnogo) many (mnogo) little (malen) late (kasan) more less worse better

Comparative the best

Superlative

the worst

the most the least the latest (najnoviji) the last (posljednji) the nearest (najblii) the next (sljedei, do)

later (kasniji) latter (dalji po redu)

pnear (blizak)

nearer

pold (star)

older elder

the oldest the eldest the farthest the furthest

far (daleko)

farther (prostorno dalji) further (dalji po redu)

Komparativ i superlativ sloenih pridjeva: kada sloeni pridjevi poinju jednosloni pridjevom onda nastavke za komparativ i superlativ dobija jednosloni pridjev: I never saw a faster sailing ship. (nikad nisam vidio breg jedrenjaka) I never saw a worse looking man. (nikad nisam vidio ovjeka koji loije izgleda)

31

The English Grammar Prijedlozi Prepositions


Poslije predloga uvijek sledi "imenica", a nikad glagol. subjekat + glagol The food is She lives prijedlog on in "imenica" the table. Japan. Upotreba nekih glavnih prijedloga: of - he is a friend of mine (on je moj prijatelj) Mary is looking for you. what are you thinking of? (o emu The letter is under your blue book. mislite?) from - where did you come Pascal is used to English people. from? (odakle ste?) She isn't used to working. whom did you get this book I ate before coming. from? (od koga ste dobili ovu knjigu) to - I get into my office every morning (svako jutro idem u kancelariju) we went to see him (poli smo da ga posjetimo) I want to tell you the truth (elim da vam kaem istinu) at - the family is at dinner (porodica rua) she is at the dressmaker's (ona je kod krojaice) he is standing at the door (on stoji kod vrata) in - I live in Sremcica (ivim u Sremcici) my money is in my pocket (moj novac je u depu) I'll be back in a minute (vraam se za minut) into - he came into the room (uao je u sobu) I put the money into my pocket (stavio sam novac u dep) about - what are you talking about? (o emu priate) she walked about the house (hodala je po kui) it's about seven o'clock (oko sedam je sati) I was about to go home when she came (upravo sam htio da odem kad je ona dola) since - I haven't seen you since last Friday (nisam vas vidio od prolog petka) for - I haven't seen you for ages (nisam vas vidjeo od odavno) I waited for an hour (ekao sam jedan sat) I did it for you (to sam za vas uinio) except - there was no one at the conference except the president (niko sem predsjednika nije bio na konferenciji) between - what is between you and her (ta je izmeu tebe i nje) there is great difference between words and deeds (velika je razlika izmeu rijei i djela) among - you will find some interesting girls among this students (nai ete interesantne djevojke meu ovim studenticama) before - she stood before the door waiting (stajala je pred vratima i ekala) came before eight o'clock (doi prije osam) beyond - this is beyond my understanding (to ne mogu da shvatim) his house stands beyond that road (njegova kua se nalazi iznad ovog puta) without - I shall be lonely without you (bit u usamljen bez vas) she left without saying good -bye (otila je bez zbogom) towards - they came to the house (prili su kui) until - I shall wait until day come (ekat u dok oni dou) till - I have been waiting for you till now (sve do sada sam vas ekao) with - will you take me with you (hoete li me povesti sa sobom) the proposal was approved with great majority (prijedlog je prihvaen velikom veinom) I cannot remain with him any longer (ne mogu vie ostati s njim) he cut himself with a knife (posjekao se noem) regarding - what have you done regarding this report? (ta ste uinili u vezi sa ovim izvjetajem) Pored ovih prijedloga u engleskom jeziku imamo i tzv. prijedlone fraze (prepositional frases): in spite of (uprkos) in front of (ispred) according to (prema) because of (zbog) on account of (radi) by means of (pomou) There was a pool in front of his house. (pred njegovom kuom se nalazio bazen) This is not truth in spite of what he has sai d. (to nije istina uprkos tome to je on rekao)

32

The English Grammar


Prilozi Adverbs
Prilozi su rijei koje poblie oznauju glagole, pridjeve ili druge priloge : uz glagol: John speaks loudly. (John pria glasno) She never smokes. (ona nikad ne pui) uz pridjev: He is really handsome. (on je stvarno zgodan) She is less beautifull than her sister. (ona je manje lijepa nego njena sestra) uz prilog: She drives incredibly slowly. (ona vozi nevjerovatno sporo) There is truly quietly. (tamo je zaista tiho) Meutim, pred ovih funkcija prilozi imaju i druge funkcije, oni mogu: izmjeniti smisao reenice: Obviously, I can't know everything. (oito, ne mogu sve znati) izmjeniti prijedlonu frazu: It's immediately inside the door. (to je odmah iza vrata) Po svom sastavu prilozi se u engleskom jeziku dijele na: proste, izvedene i sloene. Prosti prilozi su: now (sada), then (tada), fast (brzo), loud (glasno), right (pravo) i dr. Izvedeni prilozi su oni koji se obrazuju od pridjeva nastavkom "ly": beautiful - beautifully (lijep - lijepo) bad - badly (lo - loe) itd. Sloeni prilozi su: a great deal (mnogo), at least (bar), at present (sada), at last (najzad)itd. Po svom znaenju prilozi se dijele na: priloge za vrijeme: always (uvijek), ever (ikad), never (nikad), seldom (rijetko), often (esto),soon (uskoro), so metimes (ponekad), early (rano), late (kasno) i dr. priloge za mjesto: here (ovdje), there (tamo), in (u), out (iz), near (blizu), far (daleko), down(dole), up (gore) i dr. priloge za koliinu: more (vie), no more (ne vie), most (najvie), little (malo), many(mnogi), less (manje) i dr. priloge za nain: how (kako), as (kao), so (tako), quickly (brzo), why (zato), truly (zaista),quietly (mirno), har dly (jedva), usefully (korisno), happily (sretno) i dr. Prilozi za nain se obino tvore dodavanjem nastavka "-ly" na pridjev. prilozi stupnja: very (vrlo), too (previe), enough (dovoljno), quite (sasvim) i dr. Poreenje priloga Prilozi obrazuju prvi i drugi stupanj poreenja na sljedee naine: dvosloni i viesloni prilozi, kao i prilozi sa nastavkom "ly" porede se na taj nain to se za komparativ ispred priloga dodaje rije "more", a za superlativ rije "most". beautifully - more beautifully - most beautifully (lijepo - ljepe...); jednosloni prilozi (kao i prilozi often i early) obrazuju komparativ nastavkom "er", a superlativ nastavkom "est": long - longer - longest (dugo - due...); Nepravilno se porede sljedei prilozi: well (dobro) badly (loe) much (mnogo) little (malo) near (blizu) far (daleko) late (kasno)

better worse more less nearer farther, further later

best worst most least nearest, next farthest, furthest latest, last

Inae, u poreenju priloga vae sva ostala pravila koja se primjenjuju i na pridjeve.

33

The English Grammar

U engleskom jeziku ima vie pridjeva koji se upotrebljavaju i kao prilozi: - to sell cheap cheap (jeftin) (prodavati jeftino) - to buy dear dear (drag, skup) (kupiti skupo) - to copy fair fair (lijep, pravilan) (prepisati isto) - to play false false (laan) (varati u igri) - to work hard hard (teak) (naporno raditi) - to charge high high (visok) (propisati visoke cijene) - to speak loud loud (glasan) (govoriti glasno) - to speak loud low (nizak) (govoriti tiho) - to draw near near (blizak) (pribliiti se) - to sing right right (prav) (raditi kako treba) - to stop short short (kratak) (iznenada stati) - wide open wide (irok) (iroko otvoren) Napomena: kada ovi prilozi dobiju priloki nastavak "ly", oni esto mijenjaju smisao: hard (teak, naporan) - hardly (jedva), near (blizak) - nearly (skoro). Prilog moe imati tri poloaja u reenici: na poetku (prije subjekta): Now we will study adverbs. (sada emo uiti priloge) u sredini (izmeu subjekta i glavnog glagola): W e often study adverbs. (mi esto uimo priloge) na kraju (iza glavnog glagola ili objekta): W e study adverbs carefully. (mi paljivo uimo priloge)

Uzvici Interjections
Uzvici mogu izraavati: uenje: ah! eh! what! strange! impossible! heavens! indeed! (zaista) bol: ah! oh! o! alas! alack! ah me! woe to me! (jao meni) mercy to me! (nek mi se nebo smiluje) radost: ah! o joy! ha,ha! hurra! huzza! odobravanje: right! bravo! cheer up! (hrabro) well done! obraanje panje: behold! lo! see! holla! help! hark! (uj) hold! I say! attention! wait! come on! hear, hear! what's the matter! prijetnju: go away! get away! (gubite se) beware! (pazite) off! off! (gubite se) pozdrav: good-morning! (dobro jutro), good-afternoon! (dobar dan) good-evening! goodnight! welcome! farewell! (zbogom) hail! (zdravo)

Veznici - Conjunctions
Prema funkciji u reenici veznici se dijele na: dopunske (coordinative): and (i), but (ali), or (ili), yet (ipak) i dr. zavisne (subordinative): that (da), if (ako), when (kada), though (iako) i dr. Glavni veznici i njihova upotreba: before - W e saw him before he left his office. (vidjeli smo ga prije nego to je napustio ured) since - It was a long time since we met. (odavno se nismo vidjeli) until, till - W e all waited until the rain stopped. (svi smo ekali dok kia nije prestala) as soon as - As soon as he came we called his father. (im je doao pozvali smo njegovog oca) as well as - He did it as well as he could. (on je to uinio onako kako je on mogao) as long as - You may keep this book as long as you want. (moete zadrati ovu knjigu koliko god elite) either...or - Either you or your brother must go. (ili vi ili va brat morate ii) neither...nor - Neither he or his sister knew this lesson. (ni on ni njegova sestra nisu znali ovu lekciju) both...and - Both you and I think so. (oboje mislimo tako) unless - I am not going to do this unless it is necessary. (neu to da uradim ako nije potrebno) in order to - He came in order to hear news. (doao je da bi uo vijest) as much as - I have read as much I had time. (itao sam onoliko koliko sam imao vremena) though (although) - He knows that I was right, although he wouldn't admit it. (on zna da sam bio u pravu iako on to ne bi priznao) whether - I don't know whether to go or not. (ne znam da li da idem ili ne) because - I don't like it because it's too tiresome. (ne volim to jer je isuvie zamorno)

34

The English Grammar

Zamjenice Pronouns
Line zamjenice - Personal Pronouns Line zamjenice imaju dva oblika: a) u prvom padeu: I (ja), you (ti), he- she- it (on-ona-ono) u jednini, we (mi), you (vi) i they (oni-one-ona) u mnoini; b) u etvrtom padeu: me (mene), you (tebe), him- her- it (njega-nju-njega) u jednini, i us(nas), you (vas), them (njih) u mnoini. Drugi pade kod linih imenica pravi se pomou prijedloga "of", trei pomou "to" i esti pomou with s oblikom etvrtog padea: of me , to me , with me , of you , to you , with you . Poslije glagola: to tell (kazati), to give (dati), to bring (donijeti), to throw (baciti), to send(poslati), to sell (prodati), to write (pisati), to read (itati) i jo nekih, prijedlog "to" se izostavlja ako dolazi prije objekta, ali ako dolazi poslije objekta prijedlog "to" se ne izostavlja: I gave him the book (dao sam mu knjigu) I gave the book to him ( dao sam mu knjigu). Kod glagola "to say" (rei) prijedlog "to" se mora pisati, bilo da stoji ispred ili iza objekta: I said nothing to him. (nisam mu nita rekao) I said to him nothing. (nisam mu nita rekao) etvrti pade line zamjenice za prvo lice upotrebljava se umjesto prvog padea u obinom svakodnevnom engleskom: W ho is there? -Me. (ko je tamo? -Ja) W ho is speaking? - Me (ko govori?) etvrti pade line zamjenice se takoer upotrebljava umjesto prvog padea u poreenju iza rijei "than": He is taller than me. (vii je od mene) Zamjenica "it" moe se upotrijebiti i kao bezlina zamjenica, koja se ne odnosi ni na lice ni na stvar: It is a cold day, isn't it? (hladan je dan, zar ne) It seems to me that we shall have rain. (izgleda mi da emo imati kiu) Zamjenica "it" se takoer moe upotrijebiti da se uvede subjekat reenice: It was not difficult to understand him. (nije bilo teko razumjeti ga) It is only my brother who is here in time. (samo je moj brat doao na vrijeme) Zamjenice "we" i "they" se esto upotrebljavaju kao neodreene zamjenice i imaju znaenje neodreene zamjenice "one". U tom sluaju prevode se sa ljudi (uope). Kad upotrijebimo zamjenicu "we", ukljuujemo lice koje govori, a kad upotrijebimo zamjenicu"they", onda ne ukljuujemo: W e are not going to ask you to go. (neemo traiti od vas da idete) They say that the accident was inevitable. (kau da je nesretan sluaj bio neizbjean) U obinom govoru se u ovakvim sluajevima moe upotrijebiti i zamjenica "you": You are not supposed to know everything. (ne moe se pretpostaviti da sve znate) Prisvojne zamjenice - Possessive Pronouns Prisvojne zamjenice su: mine (moj,a,e), yours (tvoj,a,e), his (njegov), hers (njen), its (njegov) u jednini; ours (na,a,e), yours (va,a,e), theirs (njihov,a,e) u mnoini. Prisvojne zamjenice slue za odgovor na pitanje iji, ija, ije: W hose hat is this? It is mine. (iji je ovo eir? moj je) Prisvojne zamjenice upotrebljavaju se takoer u naroitim izrazima koji prave dvostruki pade: a friend of mine (moj prijatelj) Kad se zamjenica eli naglasiti, moe se umjesto prisvojne zamjenice "mine", upotrijebiti "my own": This book is my own . (ovo je moja vlastita knjiga) Dok se prisvojni pridjevi upotrebljavaju samo uz imenice, prisvojne zamjenice upotrebljavaju se samostalno: this book is my own (ovo je moja knjiga) - pris. pridjev; and where is yours (a gdje je vaa) - prisv. zamjenica. Povratne zamjenice - Reflexive Pronouns Povratne zamjenice su: myself (ja sam, lino ja), yourself (ti sam, ti lino), himself (on sam), herself (ona sama), itself (ono samo) za jedninu, ourselves (mi sami), yourselves (vi sami), themselves (oni sami) za mnoinu. "One's self" ili "oneself" je neodreeni oblik i upotrebljava se kad je objekat u reenici "one" ili kad je glagol u reenici bezlian: to wash one's face (oprati neije lice), to dress one's self (obui se)

35

The English Grammar


Povratna zamjenica moe se upotrijebiti i u izrazima kao: "by myself" (sam): I did it by myself (sam sam to uinio, bez iije pomoi), ili u izrazu: as for myself (to se mene tie). Zamjenice za isticanje (emphasizing pronouns) imaju isti oblik kao i povratne zamjenice i upotrebljavaju se da se u reenici istakne predmet ili objekt: He himself did this heroic deed. (lino on je uinio to herojsko djelo). Pokazne zamjenice - Demonstrative pronouns Pokazne zamjenice su: this (ovaj, ova, ovo) za blie predmete ili lica u jednini; these (ovi, ove, ova) za blie predmete ili lica u mnoini; that (onaj, ona, ono) za dalje predmete u mnoini; zatim such (takav, a, o) i the same (isti); the former (preanji, raniji), the latter (zadnji, dalji po redu); one i ones . Pokazne zamjenice this i that mogu biti samostalne samo u apstraktnom znaenju: This is not true. (to nije istina). Such i the same imaju isti oblik u mnoini: Such is my opinion, such are his words. (takvo je moje miljenje, takve su njegove rijei) the same to you (takoer i vama). Zamjenica "the same" moe se pojaati sa "the very same" (ba taj isti). Upitne zamjenice - Interrogative Pronouns Upitne zamjenice su: who, what i which . Promjena zamjenice "who": 1. pad. who (ko) 2. pad. whose (iji, kojega) 3. pad. to whom (kome) 4. pad. whom (koga) 5. pad. with whom (s kim) Promjena zamjenice "what": 1. pad. what (ta) 2. pad. of what (ega) 3. pad. to what (emu) 4. pad. what (ta) 5. pad. with what (ime) Promjena zamjenice "which": 1. pad. which (koji) 2. pad. of which (kojega) 3. pad. to which (kojemu) 4. pad. which (kojega) 5. pad. with which (s kojim)

"What" se upotrebljava samo za stvari : what do you want (ta hoete), what is this made of (od ega je ovo napravljeno). "Who" se upotrebljava samo za lica: who lives in your house (ko ivi u vaoj kui), whom do you see (koga vidite). "Which" se upotrebljava i za lica i stvari kada je u pitanju izbor: which of these two books is yours (koja od ove dvije knjige je vaa), which of these girls is your sister (koja od ovih djevojaka je vaa sestra). Ako se iza "which" i "what" nalazi imenica, onda su to pridjevi (which - koji; what - kakav): which man is your brother (koji od ovih ljudi je va brat), what colour is your bag (koje je boje vaa torba). Upitne se zamjenice mogu kombinovati sa "ever" ili "soever" radi isticanja: whoever, whatever, whichever; whosoever, whatsoever, whichsoever . Ako su "who" i "what" predmeti u reenici, onda glagol nije u upitnom obliku: who speaks here (ko ovdje govori) what comes after spring (ta dolazi poslije proljea). Relativne zamjenice - Relative pronouns Relativne zamjenice su: who, what, which, that, as, but . "Who" se upotrebljava za lica: she lives with her daughter who is a teacher (ona ivi sa svojom kerkom koja je uiteljica), I saw the man to whom you were talking (vidjeo sam ovjeka sa kojim ste razgovarali); "Whom" se moe izostaviti: the journalist I met at the conference left for Italy (novinar koga sam sreo na konferenciji otputovao je za Italiju).

36

The English Grammar


"Whose" se odnosi na lica, ivotinje i stvari: this is the woman in whose house we live (to je ena u ijoj kui mi ivimo), I saw the dog whose leg was broken (vidjeo sam psa ija noga je bila slomljena). "Of whom" i "of which" dolaze poslije rijei na koje se odnose: a writer the fame of whom is great has died (jedan pisac, ija je slava velika, umro je). "Which" se odnosi na stvari i na ivotinje: the house in which I live is in small street (kua u kojoj ivim nalazi se u maloj ulici). "Which" se moe odnositi i na cijelu reenicu: we came home by car which was great fun (vratili smo se kolima to je bilo vrlo zabavno). "Which" se moe izostaviti kad je objekt u etvrtom padeu: Peter lost the watch his wife had given him (Peter je izgubio sat koji mu je poklonila supruga). "That" se odnosi na lica, ivotinje i stvari: the boy that showed you the way is my brother (djeak koji vam je pokazao put je moj brat) , the book that you are reading is interesting (knjiga koju itate je zanimljiva). Kad je "that" predmet odnosne reenice moe se izostaviti: the man you met is my father (ovjek koga ste sreli je moj otac). "That" se upotrebljava umjesto "who" ili "which" i to: poslije superlativa pridjeva: this is most beautiful picture that I have ever seen (to je najljepa slika koju sam ikad vidjeo); poslije rednih brojeva: this is the first book that I have read with real interest (to je prva knjiga koju sam proitao sa stvarnim zanimanjem); - poslije rijei: all, everything, anything, nothing, something, some, any, none, much, little, only, very: there is much that must be done (ima mnogo toga to se mora uraditi). "What" kao odnosna zamjenica znai "ono to": tell me what you want to know (kaite mi ta elite znati), I know what you mean (znam ta mislite). Relativna zamjenica "as" upotrebljava se za lica, ivotinje i stvari, i dolazi poslije "same" i"such": bread was given to such as were most hungry (hljeb je dat onima koji su bili najgladniji). "But" kao relativna zamjenica odnosi se na imena lica, ivotinja i stvari, a upotrebljava se samo iza negacije: there is no man here but loves his country (nema ovdje ovjeka koji ne voli svoju zemlju) . Relativne zamjenice se mogu pojaati rijeima "ever" ili "soever": whatever they do, they are not right (ta bilo da ine, nisu u pravu). Deobne zamjenice - Distributive Pronouns Deobne zamjenice su: each, each other, either, neither. Each se odnosi na lica, ivotinje i stvari. Znai svaki od dvojice ili vie njih uzeti posebno. Glagol je uvijek u jednini: each shows his own card (svaki pokazuje svoju kartu). Each other ima uzajamno znaenje (jedan drugoga, jedan drugome itd.): good friends always help each other (dobri prijatelji uvijek pomau jedan drugoga). Umjesto "each other" moe se upotrijebiti "one another": they help one another (oni pomau jedan drugoga). "Either" i "neither" upotrebljavaju se za lica, ivotinje i stvari, a znae jedan ili drugi (ni jedan ni drugi) od dvojice: either of these two pupils will read the story properly (i jedan i drugi uenik proitat e priu kako treba). "Either" i "neither" su takoer i veznici, i u tom sluaju upotrebljavaju se sa "or" ili "nor": either you or your father should pay this money (ili vi ili va otac morat e platiti taj novac). Neodreene zamjenice - Indefinite Pronouns Samostalno i pridjevski upotrebljavaju se sljedee neodreene zamjenice: all cio, svi few malo a few neto, nekoliko little malo a little neto malo many, much mnogo some, any neki, neto, nekoliko other drugi another (jedan) drugi one neki several nekoliko both oba

37

The English Grammar

Samo pridjevski upotrebljavaju se: ever y no man y a svaki (ako znai cjelinu) niko mnogi

Samo samostalno se upotrebljavaju: others drugi something, an ything neto somebod y neko someone neko an ybod y neko, bilo ko an yone neko, bilo ko ever ybod y svako ever yone svako ever ything sve nobod y niko no one niko none niko nothing nita Neodreena zamjenica "all" upotrebljava se: a) samostalno: all will come (sve e doi), all is lost (sve je izgubljeno); b) pridjevski: all hope was lost (sva je nada bila izgubljena). "All" znai cjelinu. Glagol stoji u jednini ili mnoini: all is correct (sve je tano), the house is empty, all have gone (kua je prazna, svi su otili). "Some" i "any" upotrebljavaju se za lica, ivotinje i stvari. Mogu se upotrijebiti u jednini ili mnoini. "Some" oznaava dio koji je uzet iz cjeline, izvjestan broj, koliinu ili stepen. "Any" ima neodreeno znaenje, dok je "some" ipak ogranien: I am short of money but I think I can spare some (nemam novaca ali mislim da mogu neto odvojiti); there are many interesting books here, I am going to take some (ovdje ima mnogo zanimljivih knjiga, uzet u neke); many people are said to have arrived but I still cannot see any (kau da je mnogo svijeta stiglo, ali ja jo uvijek nikog ne vidim). "Both" se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari. Glagol je uvijek u mnoini: both came to see me (oboje su doli da me vide); two artists have exhibited their paintings; works of both are of great value (dva slikara su izlagali svoje slike, radovi obojice su od velike vrijednosti). "Much" se upotrebljava kada je u pitanju velika koliina. Upotrebljava se samo u jednini (kolektivno): much has been said, but in vain (mnogo je bilo reeno, ali uzalud). "Many" se upotrebljava za neodreeni broj lica, ivotinja i stvari. Glagol je samo u mnoini: many will come, and still more will leave (mnogi e doi, ali jo vie njih e otii). Sve to je reeno za "much" i "many" vai za njihove komparative i superlative (more i most). "Nobody" i "no one" znae isto i upotrebljavaju se samo u jednini u smislu: niko, nijedna osoba, nijedno lice: nobody has come at all (niko nije dolazio uope), in this work I had nobody's assistance (u ovom poslu niko mi nije pomogao). "Nothing" se upotrebljava samo u jednini u smislu "no thing" (nita): nothing has been said about this (nita nije reeno o tome). "One" se upotrebljava za lica u jednini. Znai neko neodreeno lice: one never knows what will happen to one (nikad se ne zna, ta e se ovjeku dogoditi). "Others" je zamjenica koja se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari i javlja se samo u mnoini: I suggested to go, others said I should stay (predloio sam da odem, drugi su rekli da ostanem). "Another" se upotrebljava za lica, ivotinje i stvari i javlja se samo u jednini: one came at once, another after some minutes (jedan je stigao odmah, drugi poslije nekoliko minuta).

38

The English Grammar Klauze Clauses


Klauza je grupa rijei koja sadri vezu subjekat-glagol (za razliku od fraza koje ne sadre vezu subjekatglagol). Klauze se dijele na: nezavisne (independent clauses) zavisne (dependent or subordinate clauses). Takoer, dijele se i na: neophodne (restrictive or essential clauses) nebitne (nonrestrictive or nonessential clauses). Neophodne klauze su kljune za znaenje reenice i ne mogu se izbaciti, jer bi u tom sluaju znaenje reenice bilo promijenjeno. All students who do their work should pass easily. Nebitne klauze nisu neophodne za znaenje reenice i mogu se izbaciti iz nje. Obino se odvajaju zarezima (ako se nalaze u sredini): Professor Villa, who used to be a secretary for the President , can type 132 words a minute. Giuseppe said that the plantar wart, which had been bothering him for years,had to be removed. (neophodna i nebitna klauza) Nezavisne i zavisne klauze Nezavisne klauze mogu stajati samostalno, kao reenica, dok zavisne moraju biti udruene sa nezavisnom klauzom. Dvije nezavisne klauze mogu biti povezane sa: dopunskim veznikom (coordinating conjunction): Today is Tuesday and our papers are due W ednesday. veznim prilogom (conjunctive adverb): I need to study for my test; in fact I am going to the library now. (u ovom sluaju, koritena je i oznaka taka-zarez (;) da se razdvoje dvije klauze) odnosnim veznikom (correlative conjunction): George not only finished his paper on time, but he also got an A+. oznakom taka-zarez (;): This is one of English classes ; Shakespeare is my other. dvotakom (ponekad): She received the assignment : it is to be turned in next Friday. Zavisne klauze mogu biti: pridjevske (adjective clauses) p riloke (adverb clauses) imenike (noun clauses) -Pridjevske klauze opisuju imenice ili zamjenice, i skoro uvijek dolaze poslije imenica ili zamjenica. Veina pridjevskih klauza poinje sa: who, whom, which ili that. Ponekad se ove rijei ne moraju nalaziti u reenici ali se podrazumijevaju. The book that is on the floor should be returned to the library. (knjiga koja je na podu bi se trebala vratiti u biblioteku) The bridge that collapsed in the winter storm will cost millions to replace. (most koji se sruio u zimskoj oluji e kotati milione za popravak) My brother, who is an engineer, figured it out for me. (moj brat, koji je ininjer, je shvatio to za mene) -Priloke klauze obino dopunjuju glagole i mogu se pojaviti bilo gdje u reenici. Oni kau zato, gdje ili pod kojim uslovima se radnja odvijala. Za razliku od pridjevskih klauza, priloke klauze se esto mogu pomjerati u reenici. Npr: W hen the timer rings , we know the cake is done. W e know the cake is done when the timer rings . Priloke klauze uvijek poinju sa zavisnim veznikom, koji uvodi klauzu i izraava njenu vezu sa ostatkom reenice. W hen the movie is over , we'll go downtown. John wanted to write a book because he had so much to say about the subject . -Imenike klauze nisu rijei koje dopunjuju druge rijei za razliku od pridjeva i priloga. U reenici funkcioniraju kao subjekat, direktni objekat ili prijedloki objekat. Imenika klauza obino poinje sa: that, which, who, whoever, whomever, whose, what iwhatsoever. Takoer, mogu poinjati i sa zavisnim veznicima: how, when, where, whether, why. W hat he knows [subjekat] is no concern of mine. Do you know what he knows [objekat]? In fact, he wrote a book about what he had done over the years [objekat prijedloga]. W hoever wins the game will play in the tournament.

39

The English Grammar

DODATAK
Glavne razlike u britanskom i amerikom pisanju engleskog navedeni su u sljedeoj tabeli. britanski U britanskom pisanju, krajnje -l u prolom vremenu se uvijek udvostruava ako dolazi poslije vokala, bilo da se nalazi u rebel > rebelled naglaenom ili nenaglaenom slogu, dok se tra vel > travelled u amerikom udvostruava samo u naglaenom slogu. ameriki

rebel > rebelled tra vel > traveled

Neke rijei zavravaju u britanskom na tre, a -ter u amerikom, npr:

centre theatre

center theater

Neke rijei zavravaju na -ogue u britanskom, a na -og u amerikom:

analogue catalogue

analog catalog

Neke rijei zavravaju na -our u britanskom, a na -or u amerikom: Neki glagoli zavravaju na -ize i -ise u britanskom, a u amerikom samo na -ize :

colour labour realise, realize harmonise, harmonize

color labor realize harmonize

Pisanje velikih slova - Writing of capital letters Prvo slovo reenica se pie velikim slovom. We saw the accident from the distance. The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog. Lina zamjenica I (ja) se uvijek pie velikom slovom, na bilo kojem mjestu u reenici. I like horror films. Mary and I went to the beach together. Pored ovih sluajeva, velikim slovom piemo: - nacije i regioni, jezici, religije i etnike - imena ljudi i mjesta: skupine: Peter a German car Susan the Scandinavian countries Bosnia She speaks Russian and Chinese Jupiter a Muslim cleric - titule: the Aboriginal people Mr Finnegan - nazivi knjiga, magazina, filmova, pjesama itd. Mrs Edgeware War and Peace Ms Johnson Rolling Stone Dr Jacobs the New Statesman Major Fingleton Citizen Kane the Director General Stairway to Heaven - dani, mjeseci, praznici: Monday the Mouse Trap - prvo slovo indirektnog (neupravnog) govora Friday mora poeti velikim slovom: July The president said: "Ask not what your December country can do for you." Ramadan "Who's been sleeping in my bed?" Christmas Pappa Bear cried.

40

The English Grammar


Prefiksi i Sufiksi - Prefixes & Sufixes
Prefiksi koji se najee upotrebljavaju: un - unwise, unwell dis - disagree, disbelive ill - illiterate in - indirect ir - irrational non - non-stop Ostali prefiksi: a - ashore be - beloved de - defend dis - disarm en - enlarge ex - explain fore - foreground out - outline inter - international mis - misundrerstood post - post-ware pre - prepare pro - protect re - reform over - overload sub - submarine Sufiksi
Sufiksi za obrazovanje imenica: sufiksi koji oznaavaju nacionalnost, pripadnost odreenoj grupi ljudi ili predmeta, koji vre radnju ili koji su predmet radnje: -ian (Bosnian) -ician, -a rian, -ori an (optician, librarian, historian) -er, -or, -ist (reader, conductor, dentist) -ant, -e nt (assistant, student) -ful (hopeful) sufiksi koji oznaavaju apstraktnost, -less (helpless) kvalitet, uslov, stanje, procese, nauke, -ly (friendly) predmete, deminutive, mjesto: -ous, -ious (famous, various) -ance, -e nce (distance, sentence) -y (ready, gloomy) -hoo d (neighborhood) -som e (tiresome) (Bosnia, Croatia, -ia -like (childlike) Serbia) -th, -d (sixth, third) -ic, -ics (statistics) -ish (girlish) -age (village) -en (golden) -ion (union) -ern (southern) -ing (fighting) -ward (northward) -tion (construction) Sufiksi za obrazovanje glagola: -ssion (session) -ate (dictate) -sion (division) -ed (trained) -ism (racism) -en (darken) -m ent (document) -fy, -ify (magnify) -ness (happiness) -y (occupy) -ship (friendship) -ply (supply) -sure (measure) -ize (mechanize) -ture (furniture) -ing (living) -ity (rapidity) -er (glitter) -y (muddy) -ish (furnish) -el (snivel) Sufiksi za obrazovanje pridjeva: -le (crackle) (considerable, -abl e, -ible flexible) Sufiksi za obrazovanje priloga: -al (equal, final) -ly (slowly) -cial (social) -side (inside) -ic, -ical (economic, physical) -wards (inwards) -ant, -e nt (distant, independent) -wise (likewise) -ate (immediate) -ward (forward) -ian (Bosnian) -ive (effective)

41

The English Grammar

Znaci interpunkcije the full stop, period (.) - taka the comma (,) - zarez the semi-colon (;) - taka zarez the colon (:) - dvotaka the mark of interrogation, question mark (?) upitnik the mark of exclamation (!) - uzvinik inverted commas, quotation marks (" ") navodnici brackets () ili [] - zagrade the hyphen (-) - crtica the dash () - dua crtica; the apostrophe (') - apostrof asterisks (***) - zvjezdice diaeresis (..) - dvije taeke

Imenice sa nepravilnim oblikom u mnoini - Irregular Plural Nouns


Singular Plural abyss abysses alumnus alumni analysis analyses aquarium aquaria arch arches atlas atlases axe axes baby babies bacterium bacteria batch batches beach beaches brush brushes bus buses calf calves chateau chateaux cherry cherries child children church churches circus circuses city cities cod cod copy copies crisis crises curriculum curricula deer deer dictionary dictionaries domino dominoes dwarf dwarves echo echoes elf elves emphasis emphases family families fax faxes fish fish flush flushes fly flies foot feet fungus fungi half halves hero heroes hippopotamus hippopotami hoax hoaxes

hoof hooves index indexes iris irises kiss kisses knife knives lady ladies leaf leaves life lives loaf loaves man men mango mangoes memorandum memoranda mess messes moose moose motto mottoes mouse mice nanny nannies neurosis neuroses nucleus nuclei oasis oases octopus octopi party parties pass passes penny pennies person people plateau plateaux poppy poppies potato potatoes quiz quizzes reflex reflexes runner-up runners-up scarf scarves scratch scratches series series sheaf sheaves sheep sheep shelf shelves son-in-law sons-in-law species species splash splashes spy spies stitch stitches

story stories syllabus syllabi tax taxes thesis theses thief thieves tomato tomatoes tooth teeth tornado tornadoes try tries volcano volcanoes waltz waltzes wash washes watch watches wharf wharves wife wives woman women

42

The English Grammar

Sitnice, vi dopisujte: Glagol can je jedini glagol u engleskom jeziku koji se pie sastavljeno sa negacijom not (cannot)!

ing ne trazi prelazak y u i enter nema predlog study->studied stay->stayed(jer je samoglasnik ispred y) uz as soon uvek se koristi present perfect, ako koristimo present simple, onda ne zavisi od nas! nikad ne Idu 2 futura u istoj recenici many-uvek je u jednini a znaci mnozinu: Many a ship(mnogi brodovi) infinitiv perfekta: have+past partisiple present conditional: would + infinitiv ako koristim modalne gl. can I could u negativnom obliku znaci da je radnja izvrsena ali se ja sa tim ne slazem: You can`t have skipped! (niste valjda pobegli) police are report on ever new-sve vise little-jako malo

few-jako malo

a few-malo ali dovoljno a little-malo ali dovoljno

43

You might also like