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Broader Meaning of Resource Mobilization
Mobilization is "the process of forming crowds, groups, associations, and organizations for the pursuitof collective goals" (Oberschall quoted in Scott p. 169). Organizations do not "spontaneously emerge"but require the mobilization of resources.Resource mobilization is a sociological theory that forms part of the study of social movements. Itstresses the ability of movement's members to acquire resources and to mobilize people towards thefurtherance of their goals. [Kendall 2006] In contrast to the traditional collective behavior paradigmthat views social movements asdeviantaberrations, resource mobilization--which emerged in the1970s--views social movements as formed by rational social institutions and social actors takingpolitical action. [Buechler 1999]According to resource mobilization theory, it is a core group of sophisticated strategists that workstowards harnessing the disaffected energies, attracting money and supporters, capturing the media’sattention, forging alliances with those in power, and creating an organizational structure. This theoryassumes that without such resources, social movements cannot be effective and further that dissentalone is not enough to engender any social change. [Kendall 2006]This theory is based on the assumptions that individuals are rational. Also, it views social movementsas a goal-oriented activity. Thus, following rational choice theory, individuals are viewed as weighingthe costs and benefits of movement participation and deciding to act only if benefits outweigh costs.When movement goals take the form of public goods, the free rider dilemma has to be taken intoconsideration. Organization is more important than acquisition of resources, or than resourcesthemselves. Organization focuses on interactions between social movement organizations (SMOs) andother organizations (other SMOs, businesses, governments, etc.). Organizationinfrastructure isanother aspect of study in this approach. [Kendall 2006]Resource mobilization theory may be divided into two camps:John McCarthy and Mayer Zald are the originators and major advocates of the classicentrepreneurial (economic) version of this theory, while Charles Tilly and Doug McAdam areproponents of the political version of resource mobilization.[Kendall 2006]The entrepreneurial model blends economics and organization theory to account for collective action.It argues that grievances are not enough to lead to the creation of a movement, and instead thataccess to and control over resources is the most important factor. This model states that the flow orresources from and towards the group can be best explained by the laws of supply and demand, andthat individual or group involvement (or lack thereof) is accounted for by rational choice theory.Critics, however, point out that resource mobilization theory fails to explain social movementcommunities. [Kendall 2006]The political version of RMT focuses on the political struggle instead of economic factors. [Kendall2006] Critics have argued that it fails to account for social change brought about by groups withlimited resources and that it marginalizes the role of grievances, identity and culture as well as manymacro-sociological issues. [Kendall 2006]
S.Rengasamy Madurai Institute of Social Sciences
Of all the resources required for a Voluntary organization/NGO /NPO, resources in the form of ‘money’ is the mostimportant one. Without this resource we cannot activate theother resources in the agency / community. In the marketoriented economy like ours, it is the monetary resource,which determines the expansion or contraction of other resources. The
Mobilizing and Managing of Financial Resources
 
Management of NGOs –Mobilizing & Managing Financial Resources – S.Rengasamy
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Resources
are the inputs that are used in the activities of a program. Broadly speaking, the termencompasses natural, physical, financial, human, and social resources, but the vast majority of the resources are financial resources. In kind resources such as the provision of office space,seconded staff, or partner participation at board meetings are a second level of resources.
Resource mobilization
is the process by which resources are solicited by the program andprovided by donors and partners.The process of mobilizing resources begins with the formulation of a
resource mobilizationstrategy 
, which may include separate strategies for mobilizing financial and in-kind resources.Carrying out a financial resource mobilization strategy includes the following steps: identifyingpotential sources of funds, actively soliciting pledges, following up on pledges to obtain funds,depositing these funds, and recording the transactions and any restrictions on their use. Theprocess is generally governed by legal agreements at various stages.
Financial management 
refers to all the processes that govern the recording and use of funds,including allocation processes, crediting and debiting of accounts, controls that restrict use, andaccounting and periodic financial reporting systems.
 
success of any NGO / community organization agency lies in its ability to raiseenough funds (monetary resources), or to convert other resources in such a way that itcan be exchanged for the money, or to plan its activities into fundable projects.In the earlier days when ‘Alms Giving’ and charity was held a high and respected place, the persons who were concerned with community affairs, were able to collectthe necessary funds from the wealthy people. But at present the motives behindgiving charity as well as the dimensions of the community problems have drasticallychanged.The resultant effect is that the resources are drying. At the same time more and moremoney is required for welfare services of meeting the changing needs and adopting better methods of helping the people. To get over this crisis, either the state aid is toincrease or the agencies have to depend largely upon the community’s support. It isnot possible to step up the aid from the Government. This necessitates a change inour outlook and we should think of more suitable ways and means of raising moneyfrom the public.
Explanation:
 
FUND-
Literally means a sum of money on which some enterpriseis founded or expense supported.
MOBILIZE /RAISE-
Means to bring about or to get.
CAMPAIGN-
Means an organized and intensified series of operations in the advocacyof some cause or object.
FUND RAISING-
Means obtaining the requisite funds for the operation of a voluntaryagency.
SOURCES OF FUNDS
Government:
 The major type of support extended by the Govt. to the voluntary agencies is in theform of Grants – in – Aid.
Grants – in – Aid is a sum of money assigned by a higher to a lower authorityeither out of the former exchequer or out of the revenue source specially designedfor the purpose.
(E.g. Subsidy, Concession, Material incentive, Staff deputation)
 
Management of NGOs –Mobilizing & Managing Financial Resources – S.Rengasamy
3
 
A system of centralized, partially decentralized and decentralized pattern of Grants-in-Aid system evolved to support the voluntary agencies.-
Centralized
 
 – CSWB
 
 – directly distributing the grants-
Partially decentralized
– 
 
CSWB
giving it to
SSWB
and then to voluntary agencies.-
Decentralized
– 
 
CSWB
themselves grant it.
Types of Grants:
 *One Year Grant *Plan Period Grant *Maintenance Grant*Development Grant*Nonrecurring / Capital Grant *Discretionary Grant *Grants for Innovative andExperimental Projects *Administrative Grant *Grants for Meeting Deficit *Grants for Appointing Staff 
Conditions for getting Grants – in – Aid
 
Registration
 
Three year existence
 
Well established memorandum and bye – laws.
 
Paid / volunteer work with will established working condition.
 
Annual report submission and audited statement of accounts.
 
Submission of detailed project proposal.
 
Accepting the powers of Grant – giving agency.
Private / Voluntary Sources:
Private / Voluntary Sources consists of 
 
Subscriptions
 
Donations
 
Sponsorship
 
Creating endowments /fixed deposits and getting interest from it
 
Service fees
 
Sponsorship
 
Paid ‘Solicitors’ campaign
 
Collection by organizing premier shows
 
Collection of left over food from hotels / second hand clothes / newspaper 
 
Contributions / Collections (Hundial)
Voluntary agencies are experiencing the following problem in raising adequate funds
.
a.
Donors dictate the terms
 
Problems related b. Donors specificationto sources c.Donors using it for their political advantaged. Weakening of the religious sourcesProblems in raisinge. New sources are not tappedFunds Problems related a. V.a.’s want only cashVoluntary Agencies b. V.a’s poor and limited contact with theprospectivedonorsprospective donars
a.
Absence of proper public relationsb. Poor staff morale and out moded workingProblems related to patternthe functioning of c. Misuse and misappropriation of fundsVoluntary agencies d. Lack of credibility among public
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Lloyd Kiros

This is an excellent material for resource mobilization. Thank you and we really appreciate.

reply03 / 25 / 2010
collinskamalizeni

I think I can now confidently understand the concept resource mobilization. Thnk you very much for the enlightenment!!!!

reply07 / 09 / 2009
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