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Module 12:Insitu Ground Reinforcement and liquefaction of soils Lecture 40:Evaluation of zone of liquefaction in field The Lecture Contains:

Liquefaction of soils

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Module 12:Insitu Ground Reinforcement and liquefaction of soils Lecture 40:Evaluation of zone of liquefaction in field Liquefaction of soils
Seed and Peacock (1971) demonstrated that for a uniform medium sand were about 1.2 times the laboratory value. field value

Table-40.1

Relative Density

0-50 60 80

0.57 0.60 0.68

Up to a relative density of 50%, the peak pulsating shear stress causing liquefaction increase almost linearly with increase in relative density. Following general relation is suggested

Where

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Module 12:Insitu Ground Reinforcement and liquefaction of soils Lecture 40:Evaluation of zone of liquefaction in field Liquefaction of soils
Evaluation of zone of liquefaction in field

Figure 40.1
Liquefaction occurs if the shear stress induced by earth quake is more than the shear stress predicted. In a sand deposit, consider a column of soil of height h and unit area of cross-section subjected to maximum ground acceleration . at depth h is given by Assume soil column to rigid body, the maximum shear stress

Where g = acceleration due to gravity. = unit wt of soil.

Since the soil column behaves as a deformable body the actual shear stress at depth h

is

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Figure 40.2 Seed and Idriss (1971) recommended the use of charts for obtaining the value of
at various depth.

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Module 12:Insitu Ground Reinforcement and liquefaction of soils Lecture 40:Evaluation of zone of liquefaction in field Liquefaction of soils
The critical depth for developed of liquefaction is less than 12m. According to Seed and Idriss (1971), the average equivalent uniform shear stress of the maximum shear stress . is about 65%

The corresponding number of significant cycles Table40.2

is given in table

Earthquake magnitude, M Of Richters scale 7 7.5 8 10 20 30

Procedure of locating liquefaction zone

Established the design earthquake, obtained peak ground acceleration significant cycles Obtain Determine at depth h below the ground surface (18) for given value of

. obtain number of

of soil and number of equivalent cycles

for the

relative density of 50% (15)

Determine

for the relative density

required for causing liquefaction. Liquefaction will occur it .

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Figure 40.3

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Module 12:Insitu Ground Reinforcement and liquefaction of soils Lecture 40:Evaluation of zone of liquefaction in field Liquefaction of soils
Evaluation of liquefaction potential using standard penetration Resistance Used to measure the relative density of cohesion less soil correction factor (CN)

Correction factor Fig-40.4

Corrected value of standard penetration resistance SPT value obtained in the field Correction factor related to relative density: Table 40.3

Compactness 0-4 4-10 10-30 Very loose Loose Medium

Relative density 0-15 15-35 35-65 <28 28-30 30-36

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30-35 >50

Dense Very dense

05-85 >85

36-41 >41

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Module 12:Insitu Ground Reinforcement and liquefaction of soils Lecture 40:Evaluation of zone of liquefaction in field Liquefaction of soil
On the basis of more comprehensive study on the subject and data presented by other investigator (Seed and Peacock 1971, Christian and Swige, 1976 Mori et al, 1977, Seed 1979) proposed the following procedure for liquefaction analysis.

Establish the design earthquake, and obtained the peak ground acceleration the number of significant cycles. Determine Determine at depth h below ground surface. value. (from figure) for the given magnitude of earthquake and

also obtained

Find N at depth h below ground surface Obtain corrected

Figure 40.5

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Module 12:Insitu Ground Reinforcement and liquefaction of soils Lecture 40:Evaluation of zone of liquefaction in field Liquefaction of soils
At depth h, liquefaction will occur if .

I wasaki (1986) introduce the concept of liquefaction resistance factor

which is defined as

R is the ratio of insitu cycles strength of soil and effective over burden pressure. It depends on relative density, effective over burden pressure and mean particle size. For

For

N = Observed value of standard penetration resistance Effective overburden pressure at the depth under consideration for liquefaction Mean grain size in mm. L = Ratio of dynamic load induced by seismic motion and effective overburden pressure

Peak ground acceleration due to earthquake. M = Magnitude of earthquake D = Maximum epicentral distance in KM Total overburden pressure reduction factor to accent flexibility of the ground g = acceleration due to gravity

h = depth below ground surface.

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Soil not to liquefy

Figure 40.6

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Module 12:Insitu Ground Reinforcement and liquefaction of soils Lecture 40:Evaluation of zone of liquefaction in field Liquefaction of soil
Example :40.1 At a given site, a boring supplemented with standard penetration tests was done up to 15.0 m depth. The results of boring are as given below.

Depth(m)

Classification of soils

N- value

Remark

1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.0 15.0

SP SP SM SM SM SP SW SW SW SW

0.18 0.20 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.24

3 5 6 9 12 17 20 18 24 30

19 30 35 40 45 52 52 46 60 65 (b) . (a)Position of water table lies 1.5m below the ground surface

The site is located in seismically active region, and is likely to subjected by an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 determine the zone of liquefaction. Seed & Idriss (1971) method.

I wasaki (1986) method.

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Module 12:Insitu Ground Reinforcement and liquefaction of soils Lecture 40:Evaluation of zone of liquefaction in field
Seed and Idriss (1971) method: From Fig,

For

is read from figure

For 50% relative density, the stress ratio

is read from figs. For given values of

. Average of

two values in the stress ratio for number of significant cycles equal to 20. The stress causing liquefaction avg depth. Computation of .

Table 40.4

S.No 1 2 3

Depth (m) 1.5 3.0 4.5

Total Stress 28.5 58.5 88.5 0.99 0.98 0.97 1.52 3.10 4.64

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4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.5 15.0

118.5 148.5 178.5 208.5 238.5 268.5 298.5

0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.90

6.21 7.69 9.14 10.54 11.90 13.23 14.51

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Module 12:Insitu Ground Reinforcement and liquefaction of soils Lecture 40:Evaluation of zone of liquefaction in field

Computation of
Table 40.5

from Seed and Idriss (1971) Method

Effective stress S.no Depth(m)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.5 15.0

28.5 43.5 58.5 73.5 88.5 103.5 118.5 133.5 148.5 163.5

19 30 35 40 45 52 52 46 60 65

0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.555 0.573 0.573 0.556 0.60 0.61

0.2198 0.2260 0.2012 0.2074 0.2043 0.2146 0.2260 0.2298 0.2298 0.3336

1.31 3.24 4.53 6.71 9.03 13.17 15.96 15.69 24.57 30.29

Iwasakis Method:

Table 40.6

S.no 1 2

Depth(m) 1.5 3.0 28.5 43.5 0.18 0.20

N 3 5

R 0.2189 0.2398

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3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.5 15.0

58.5 73.5 88.5 103.5 118.5 133.5 148.5 163.5

0.12 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.24

6 9 12 17 20 18 24 30

0.2950 0.3154 0.3394 0.3525 0.3419 0.3077 0.3377 0.3464

Table 40.7

S.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Depth(m) 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.5 15.0 1.000 1.345 1.513 1.612 1.678 1.725 1.758 1.787 1.808 1.826 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.90

L 0.0820 0.1092 0.1215 0.1295 0.1334 0.1357 0.1367 0.1362 0.1363 0.1361 2.67 2.196 2.427 2.397 2.544 2.597 2.498 2.260 2.478 2.545

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Summary Table 40.8

S.no

Depth(m)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.5 15.0

1.52 3.10 4.64 6.21 7.69 9.14 10.54 11.90 13.23 14.51

1.31 3.24 4.53 6.71 9.03 13.17 15.96 15.69 24.57 30.29

liquefaction

2.670 2.196 2.427 2.397 2.544 2.597 2.498 2.260 2.478 2.545

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