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UNIVERSITY OF CRAIOVA 
INTRODUCTION TOGENERAL LINGUISTICS
Notes for the EnglishLinguistics Seminar 
 
LINGUISTICS FOR BEGINNERS2
Overall aim:
To investigate the basic principles of language and tofamiliarize you with linguistic theory with emphasis on theEnglish language. You will learn about the origins as well asthe history of the language and how we acquire and use it.Taking a look on the history of English, you will gain insightinto the principles of language change. You will be introducedto communication models, theories of the linguistic sign and toexamples of how the linguistic sign is applied; phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semiotics, and semantics arefurther stations on our linguistic journey. We will start at the beginnings, pass contemporary linguistic theory
 ,
and finishwith the latest developments, namely computer linguistics.
Objective:
At the end of this course, you should have a workingknowledge of the history and structure of the Englishlanguage. You should be aware of the basic principlesconcerning the structure and use of languages in general andthe linguistic sign in particular. You should then be able toapply this knowledge to the analysis and interpretation of language. Although you will not be able to give detailedanswers to all questions concerning linguistics, you shouldhave acquired sufficient understanding to be able to recognizetopics in courses leading further.
 Assessment:
There will be
no
test at the end of the semester. In order toobtain a
Schein
, you will have to attend classes regularly.There will be a textbook in which you will find work sheets.These are to be handed in on a weekly basis. The questions onthe work sheets correspond to the topics discussed in class.Assessment criteria are regular delivery of work sheets andcorrectness of answers.
2
 
LINGUISTICS FOR BEGINNERS3
Contents
CONTENTS..............................................................3THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET. .8WELCOME!...........................................................101. LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS......................11
1.1 What is human language?....................................................11
1.1.1 Design features of language...........................................12
1.2 What is linguistics?...............................................................15
1.2.1 Diachronic versus synchronic view................................151.2.2 The two axes of the synchronic view.............................161.2.3 The various linguistic disciplines: Survey......................18
2. LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS..............................21
2.1 Semantic universals..............................................................212.2 Phonological universals.......................................................232.3 Syntactic universals..............................................................232.4 Absolute universals – universal tendencies; implicational – nonimplicational universals.......................................................24
3. THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH I: OLD ENGLISH................................................................................25
3.1 Languages in Britain before English..................................27
3.1.1 Celtic languages.............................................................273.1.2 Latin................................................................................28
3.2 Old English...........................................................................29
3.2.1 Features of Old English..................................................303.2.2 Scandinavian influence on Old English.........................31
4. THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH 2: MIDDLEENGLISH...............................................................33
4.1 The change from Old English to Middle English..............334.2 Modern English....................................................................36
5. LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND DISORDERS................................................................................39
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