PHD - Thesis:Prediction of Sound Radiation From Structures To Assess Percpective

PRÉVISION DU BRUIT RAYONNÉ PAR LES STRUCTURES
EN VUE D'UNE ÉVALUATION PERCEPTIVE
Hiroko Shiraiwa
ENST
Département TSI
Groupe AAO
Supervisor: Antoine Chaigne
21 juillet 1999
Acknowledgments
First of all, I would like to sincerely thank my supervisor, Antoine Chaigne. I cannot
express enough my full gratitude to him. He gave me the opportunity to work in
this project, and has guided my study in France through one year. His advice was
always precise, proper and appreciated.
I appreciate the help of the collaborators, Nacer Hamzaoui and Stephen McAdams.
I am glad that I worked with these experienced researchers. Natasa Topalovic has
always helped me for precise information and discussion. I was very inspired by her
demonstration of perception tests.
With Mitsuko Kono, I had long, fruitful and educational discussion about signal
processing and mathematics through international phone line. I also cannot forget
the help of Gélika Papp for her technical advice in signal processing and in writ-
ing this report. Doctoral students in the acoustics laboratory, Cyril Touzé, David
Heleschewitz, and Olivier Thomas, have answered any of my numerous questions
during one year.
Finally I would like to appreciate two Japanese professors. Shinji Maeda intro-
duced the acoustics laboratory at ENST to me. He also patiently checked this report
for better organization and expressions. Kenshi Kishi, my supervisor in University
of Electro-Communications in Japan, kindly accepted and encouraged my extra one
year study in France.
4
Contents
Glossary of symbols iii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Aim of the project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Role of participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Review of signal processing techniques 3
2.1 DFT representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Useful properties of DFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Frequency response and impulse response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 Filtering and linear convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.5 FIR lter design by Kaiser window method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 General information 9
3.1 Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Simulation and experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.3 Description of parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4 Practical procedures 15
4.1 Data style of the functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.2 Simulation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2.1 Transmitted data le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2.2 Getting an impulse response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2.3 Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3.1 Transmitted data le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3.2 Filtering experimental sound pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5 Preparation for psychoacoustical tests 23
5.1 Listening tests and required stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.2 Sound les . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.2.1 Format of sound le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.2.2 Windowing of the sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
i
Conclusion 25
Summary of obtained signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Comments on spectra of the signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Bibliography 27
A Program list 29
B Index of signals 33
C Waveforms and spectra of signals 37
ii
Glossary of symbols
t Time (continuous)
! Normalized radian frequency (continuous)
n Integer number for functions in time domain
k Integer number for functions in frequency domain
x Input in time domain
y Output in time domain
h Impulse response
X Input in frequency domain
Y Output in frequency domain
H Frequency response
N Length of sequence (e.g. x[n] 0 n N 1 has length N.)
M Order of FIR lter (e.g. an FIR lter H [m] 0 m M has M -order, M +1
length)
A Sidelobe amplitude of a lter
Shape parameter for Kaiser window
fs Sampling frequency
fN Nyquist frequency
fm Maximum frequency contained in a signal
f [n] Force which vibrates the plate (input)
p[n] Sound pressure at a listening point
ps[n] Synthesized sound pressure
pe[n] Experimental sound pressure
iii
Ps [k] DFT of the synthesized sound pressure
Pe [k] DFT of the experimental sound pressure
hp [n] Impulse response of the plate
hps [n] Simulated impulse response of the plate
Hps[k] Simulated transfer function of the plate
iv
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Aim of the project
How do human beings perceive sounds?
To tackle this question, we try to investigate relationship between two aspects of
a sound: Physical parameters and judgment of listeners.
First we posturate a simple situation which permits both experiment and simula-
tion: A square plate in free space, baed and having one layer, set into vibration by
a force at one small point. This simple situation enables us to analyze the physical
parameters and to simulate the vibration. Also sound pressure emitted by a real
square plate can be recorded in experiments. Perception tests were done for the
simulated and experimental sounds to gather judgments of listeners.
Second, we focus our attention at sounds generated by a motor, becuase motor
noise is one of the most familiar environmental sounds in modern society. The sim-
ulation used nit element method in terms of transfer function (pressure=force) of
the plate, which is converted into impulse response by the inverse Fourier transform.
Experiments were done to record the motor force and sound pressure in an anechoic
room. Thus we obtain the experimental sound pressure, and simulated sound pres-
sure which is a linear convolution product of the motor force and of the simulated
impulse response. The psychoacoustical analysis is done using multidimensional scal-
ing techniques.
1.2 Role of participants

Actual procedures of the project are shared by research groups at three institutes;
LVA at INSA de Lyon, group AAO at ENST, and Perception et Cognition Musicale
laboratory at IRCAM. This is illustrated in Figure 1.1.
1
INSA took the part of simulation, measurement of forces, and recording of sounds
in experiments.
ENST worked on signal processing: computation of impulse responses, synthesis
of the sounds and preparation of stimuli for psychoacoustical tests including format-
ting out sound les.
IRCAM organized the psychoacoustical tests and analysis of the data.
Measurement of force
INSA de LYON Recording of sound pressure
Simulation of transfer function (pressure/force)
Computation of impulse response

ENST Synthesis of sounds
Preparation of stimuli for psychoacoustical test
Organization of psychoacoustical test

IRCAM Analysis by multidimensional scaling techniques
Figure 1.1: Illustration of the joint project: The whole work was organized by the three
institutes.
2
Chapter 2
Review of signal processing
techniques
2.1 DFT representation
When a continuous signal x(t) having maximum frequency fm is processed in a
linear time-invariant discrete-time system, x(t) is sampled into sequences of numbers.
Sampling frequency fs must exceed the double of fm , i.e. fs 2fm . The Nyquist
frequency is given as fN = fs=2 [1].
A sequence x, which has its nth element x[n], can be represented by normalized
radian frequency !, in terms of Fourier representation as,
X1
X (e ) =
j! x[n]e j!n; (2.1)
n= 1
and
Z
x[n] = 21 X (ej! )ej!n d!: (2.2)

Equation 2.1 is referred as the discrete-time Fourier transform while Equation
2.2 is referred as the inverse discrete-time Fourier transform.
In actual calculation, it is more convenient that x[n] has a nite length. Thus
Fourier representation of nite-duration sequences is dierently dened.
For a periodic sequence x~[n] with period N , such as
1
X
x~[n] = x[n + rN ];
r= 1
a nite-length sequence x[n] is written by
(
x[n] = 0x~;[n]; otherwise.
0 n N 1;
3
Using a notation WN , which is dened by
WN = e j (2=N ) ;
the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and the inverse DFT (IDFT) of the nite-
length sequence x[n] become respectively,
NX1
X [k] = x[n]WNkn; (2.3)
n=0
and
x[n] = N1
NX1
X [k]WN kn: (2.4)
k=0
Remark that X [k] is a part of a periodic sequence X~ [k] with period N;
1
X
X~ [k] = X [k + rN ]:
r= 1
To shorten the computation of DFT, FFT (fast Fourier transform) algorithm can
be used.
2.2 Useful properties of DFT

Since the DFT is an extension of the Fourier transform, the most of Fourier trans-
form properties are still valid. We introduce the two of them.
An important property is time-shifting (phase delay). For x[n] and its DFT X [k],
the time-shifting of x[n] is obtained by phase delay of X [k]. That is, for shifting q
samples of sequence x[n], the DFT pair is
x[n q] () WNkq X [k]: (2.5)
The other important property is conjugate-symmetry. When x[n] is real number,

the DFT is conjugate-symmetric. That is
X [k] = X [N k 1]: (2.6)
4
2.3 Frequency response and impulse response
Let X (!); Y (!); and H (!) be Fourier transform of, respectively, x[n]; y[n]; and h[n]
such as,
Sequence Fourier transform
x[n] () X (!) (2.7)
y[n] () Y (!)
h[n] () H (!):
x[n] is input while y[n] is output. Then h[n] is called the impulse response of
a lter, and H (!) is called the frequency response. Then the output becomes the
convolution of the inputand the impulse response as
y[n] = h[n] x[n]; (2.8)
or
Y (!) = H (!)X (!): (2.9)
The frequency response is often represented in its decibel value, which is given
by
H (!) = 20log10 jH (!)j dB: (2.10)
2.4 Filtering and linear convolution

M-order nite impulse response (FIR) ltering of a sequence having length N is
dened in the frequency domain by z-transform

Y (z) = h(0) + h(1)z 1 + + h(M )z M X (z); (2.11)
or in time domain by dierence equation
y[n] = h[0]x[n] + h[1]x[n 1] + + h[M ]x[n M ]
XM (2.12)
= h[m]x[n m];
m=0
where 0 n N 1.
If n varies 0 n N + M 1, Eq.2.12 is called a linear convolution. Using N + M 1
point DFT
N +X
M 1
X [k] = x[n]WMnk+N 1
n=0
N +XM 1
H [k] = h[n]WMnk+N 1 ;
n=0
5
linear convolution y[n] is also calculated in the frequency domain by
1
y[n] = N + M
N +X
M 2h i
H [k]X [k] WMnk : (2.13)
1 k=0
+N 1
The computation of a linear convolution of a whole long sequence, i.e. a signal

is often too large to be practical. To operate it faster, a breaking-sequence tech-
nique becomes eective. The sequence is separated into small segments, then each
segment is linearly convolved in the frequency domain using an overlap-add method
[2]. Finally those partial convolutions are connected into an entire convolution. If
the segment length is chosen proper, the computation will be carried more rapidly
by FFT algorithm.
2.5 FIR lter design by Kaiser window method

Among numerous methods to design FIR lter, Kaiser window method was used in
the procedures.
An ideal M -order low-pass lter is recursive with innite length, such as
hlp[n] = sin[w(nc (n M=M=
2)
2)] ; 1 n 1:
Using window function w[n] of length M +1, an M-order FIR lter is dened by
h[n] = w[n]hlp [n] 0 n M (2.14)
A Kaiser window, w[n] with M + 1 length, is designed by following way: Let
A(dB) be a desired sidelobes amplitude decrease, and ! be a desired transition
width. Then the window length M + 1 and the shape parameter are dened by
M = 2:A2858! ;
8
< 0:1102(A 8:7);
> A > 50
= > 0:5842(A 21)0:4 + 0:07886(A 21); 21 A 50;
: 0:0 A < 21:
Using those parameters, w[n] is given by
8
>
< I0 [ (1 [(n )=]2 )1=2 ] ; 0 n M;
w[n] = > I0 ( ) (2.15)
: 0; otherwise,
where = M=2; and I0 () is the zeroth-order modied Bessel function of the rst
kind.
6
Thus, following Seq.2.14, an M-order FIR low-pass lter by Kaiser window method
is obtained as
8
>
>
>
<
sin !c(n ) I [ (1 [(n )=] ) = ] ; 0 n M;
0
2 1 2
h[n] = > (n ) I ( )
0
(2.16)
>
>
: 0; otherwise
7
8
Chapter 3
General information
3.1 Concept
Think of a baed plate in free space. The plate is a monolithic steel plate having
0.6 m in height, 0.4 m in width and 1.5 mm in thickness. The plate is set in
vibration by force f (t) (input). A point where the force is given to the plate is called
an excitation point. A point apart from the plate is set as a listening point. Sound
pressure at the listening point is referred as p(t).
f(t) p(t)
Force
Figure 3.1: Force f (t) (input) and sound pressure p(t) (output)
f (t) and p(t) are sampled into N-length sequence f [n] and p[n], for 0 n N 1,
by a sampling frequency fs. Since the acoustic behavior of the plate can be assumed
to be a time-invariant linear system, the recorded sound, p[n], can be described as
the output of the lter specied by its impulse response hp [n] as shown in Figure
3.2. The input to the lter is the force f [n]. The sound can be calculated as the
convolution between the impulse response and the force as
p[n] = hp [n] f [n]; (3.1)
9
f[n] hp[n] p[n]
Figure 3.2: Illustration of the impulse response: Sound pressure p[n] is generated by the
force f [n], then call the impulse response of the plate hp [n].
and
P (!) = Hp(!)F (!): (3.2)
Since DFT is used for actual procedures, the DFT of hp [n], Hp[k], is dened as
the transfer function in the frequency domain.
3.2 Simulation and experiment

Force f [n] and sound pressure pe[n] were measured in series of experiment at INSA
de Lyon. A simulated transfer function hps [n] was theoretically established using
nite element method as mentioned formerly. Convoluting measured force f [n] and
simulated impulse response hps[n], we obtain synthesized sound pressure ps[n]. That
is,
ps[n] = hps [n] f [n]: (3.3)
Thus ps [n] and pe [n] can be compared in psychoacoustical procedures.
At the same time, we intended that experimental impulse response hpe [n] can be
computed, such as
pe[n] = hpe [n] f [n] (3.4)
This is for the interest in the frequency domain analysis between Hpe[k] and
Hps[k], which can be done without psychoacoustical procedures. Unfortunately
hpe [n] was not obtained because pe[n] and f [n] were not recorded at the same time.
3.3 Description of parameters

Following parameters are varied for hp [n] and f [n]. Parameters 1 to 4 are varied for
hp[n], and parameters 5 was varied for f [n].
10
Table 3.1: Coordinates for excitation and listening points
Position x (m) y (m) z (m)
Excitation point 1 0.225 0.490 0.000
Excitation point 2 0.185 0.435 0.000
Listening point 1 0.210 0.070 0.805
Listening point 2 0.600 0.070 0.535
Parameter 1: Excitation points 1 and 2

Parameter 2: Listening points 1 and 2
Parameter 3: Right and left ears
Parameter 4: With and without head and torso
Parameter 5: Four rotation speeds of the motor (30,43, 38 and 50 Hz)
Directions of axes x; y; z for coordinates, and positions of parameters 1 and 2 are
shown in Figure 3.3. We set the origin point of axes at the upper left corner of the
plate. The exact coordinates for each position are given in Table 3.1. The coordinates
of a listening point is the center between two ears, or between two microphones which
imitates two ears.
The position of parameter 3 was shown in Figure 3.4. The distance of two
microphones are 15 cm. To distinguish which microphones of the two relates to the
z 0.4 m x
0
a
0.6 m a: Excitation point 1
b: Excitation point 2
Figure 3.3: Direction of axes and position of the excitation points: The plate is set in
vibration by a motor at an excitation point 1 or 2.
11
x
Plate
Left ear Right ear
z
15 cm
Figure 3.4: Direction of the head and distance between the articial ears: The listening
points are set facing the plate. The coordinates of listening points represents the center of
the two ears.
right or the left ear, a side of the head facing the plate is taken as the face of the
head.
The parameter 4 is varied only for measurement of pe[n] using articial head and
torso around microphones. Since hps[n] with head and torso was not established,
ps [n] with them was not synthesized.
Rotation speed given for parameter 5 was measured on the rst gear of the motor
as the number of rotations per second (Hz) as shown in gure 3.5. Each rotation
speed is dened as follows.
- Rotation speed 1: 30 Hz
Those excitation forces by motor are introduced in Table 3.2. Their characteris-
tics are also shown in time and frequency domain in Appendix C.
12
Rotation speed (Hz)
Figure 3.5: Rotation measurement: Rotation speed was dened as the number of rotations
in one second at the rst gear of the motor. Four kinds of rotation speed were prepared as
a parameter (30, 43, 38 and 50 Hz).
Table 3.2: Names of the les and their parameter condition: f [n] and F [k] correspond to
respectively force in the time domain and that in the frequency domain. Excitation points
are shown in Figure 3.3. Rotation speeds are 1 (30 Hz), 2 (43 Hz), 3 (38 Hz), and 4 (50 Hz).
f [n] F [k] Excitation point Rotation speed
ftm11 FTM11 1 1
ftm12 FTM12 1 2
ftm13 FTM13 1 3
ftm14 FTM14 1 4
ftm21 FTM21 2 1
ftm22 FTM22 2 2
ftm23 FTM23 2 3
ftm24 FTM24 2 4
13
14
Chapter 4
Practical procedures
4.1 Data style of the functions
Force f [n] and sound pressure pe[n] were measured in experiments at INSA de Lyon.
Both of them were written in time domain as following:
- Sampling frequency fs = 12800 Hz
- Number of samples: 32768
- 2.56 seconds duration (corresponding to 0.39 Hz frequency resolution)
Synthesized sound pressure ps [n] was made to have same characteristics as pe[n].
The transfer function Hps[k] was calculated at INSA de Lyon. The data les,
transmitted to ENST, corresponded to a half of the whole frequency range of the
transfer function, since the functions are conjugate-symmetric as described before.
The transmitted les have the data specications as following:
- Maximum frequency fm = 5000 Hz
- 12800 complex exponentials
- Frequency resolution: 0.39 Hz
(for detailed description, see Section 4.2.1). The data were reconstructed into
the whole function Hps[k] to have a structure shown below:
- Sampling frequency fs = 12800 Hz
- 32768 complex exponentials
- Frequency resolution: 0.39 Hz
This reconstruction procedure is described in Section 4.2.2.
15
Frequency Abs. value Re. part Im. part
3.9062500e-01 1.5937982e-06 -1.5937717e-06 9.1911058e-09
7.8125000e-01 6.3776744e-06 -6.3772502e-06 7.3556195e-08
1.1718750e+00 1.4359084e-05 -1.4356935e-05 2.4840616e-07
.. .. .. ..
. . . .
5.0000000e+03 2.0564840e-02 8.3818261e-03 -1.8779180e-02
Figure 4.1: Illustration of transmitted data le (pfcd101): The rst column shows the
frequency (Hz). The third and the fourth column give the real and the imaginary part of
the simulated transfer function.
4.2 Simulation model

4.2.1 Transmitted data le
A data le, which contains simulated transfer function Hps[k], consists of 4 columns
and 12800 rows.
- The rst column: Frequency in Hz
- The second column: Absolute value of the transfer function
- The third column: Real part of the transfer function Re(Hps[k])
- The fourth column: Imaginary part of the transfer function Im(Hps[k])
The third column and the fourth column make complex exponentials;
Hps[k] = Re(Hps[k]) + jIm(Hps[k]); 1 k 12800: (4.1)
The data le is illustrated in Figure 4.1.
4.2.2 Getting an impulse response

The reconstruction of the transmitted transfer function was done by the following
steps:
1. Computation of complex exponentials
2. Zero-padding
3. Patching the transfer value at 0 Hz
4. Symmetric addition of complex conjugates
5. Phase delay
16
The rst step is to realize the complex exponentials from real and imaginary part
of the simulated transfer function Hps[k], given in the data le (Figure 4.1). Those
absolute values are shown in the rst plot of Figure 4.2.
The second step is for a problem which appears in synthesis. Since originally fs =
10 kHz for the simulation, convolution (or superposition) of hps[n] and f [n](fs = 12:8
kHz) is impossible: There is no proper sampling frequency for listening. To solve this
problem, zeros were added at the end of sequence, which corresponds to the region
from 5 kHz to 6.4 kHz (see Figure 4.2, the second plot). Thus we obtain Hps[k] with
fn = 6:4 kHz.
The third step is to patch the value of transfer rate at 0 Hz. It is necessary for
the IDFT operation; the DFT is designed from 0 Hz (see Section 2.1). The absolute
value at 0.39 Hz was patched at the beginning of the sequence.
Simulated frequency response (pfcd1011)

2
Amplitude (Pa/N)
1.5
0.5
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Step1 − frequency (Hz)
2
Amplitude (Pa/N)
1.5
0.5
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
2
Amplitude (Pa/N)
1.5
0.5
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Figure 4.2: Reconstruction of transfer function: The top gure presents the absolute value
of complex exponentials. Frequency region is limited to 5 kHz. The middle gure shows
the addition of zeros from 5 kHz to 6.4 kHz in order to change the sampling frequency to
12.8 kHz from 10 kHz. The bottom gure shows the result of symmetric addition of complex
conjugations.
17
The fourth step is reconstruction of the other half part of Hps[k] (symmetry
property, presented by Eq. 2.6). Thus it works as the complete DFT of hps[n] for
N = 32768. This is illustrated in the third plot in Figure 4.2.
The fth step is for another problem which appeared after IDFT; We had un-
expected increase of amplitude at the end of hps[n]. We consider the reason as a
periodicity error in the discrete time system and eliminated it using phase delay. 128
samples at the end of hps [n] was shifted to its beginning by phase delay following
Eq. 2.5. That is,
hps[n 128] () WN128k Hps[k]; N = 32768: (4.2)
This phenomenon and the eect of phase delay are shown in Figure 4.3.
Impulse response with and without phase delay (pfcd101)

0.02
Amplitude (Pa/N)
0.01
−0.01
−0.02
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
−3 Time (s) (without phase delay)
x 10
1
Amplitude (Pa/N)
0.5
−0.5
−1
2.4 2.42 2.44 2.46 2.48 2.5 2.52 2.54 2.56 2.58 2.6
Time 2.4−2.6 (s) (without phase delay)
0.02
Amplitude (Pa/N)
0.01
−0.01
−0.02
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time (s) (with phase delay)
0.02
Amplitude (Pa/N)
0.01
−0.01
−0.02
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time 0−0.2 (s) (with phase delay)
Figure 4.3: Eect of phase delay: Without a phase delay (top), there is an increase of
amplitude at the end of the impulse response which is visible at the upper-middle plot. This
region was shifted to the beginning of the sequence (bottom). The entire impulse response
after phase delay is also shown (lower-middle).
Finally, we computed IDFT on this reconstructed Hps[k]. We obtained hps [n]

having 2.56 s duration and 12.8 kHz sampling frequency.
18
4.2.3 Synthesis
The simulated impulse response hps [n] was linearly convolved with force f [n] to
obtain the synthesized sound pressure ps [n] (see Eq. 3.3). Actual computation was
done by ltering using overlap-add method (see Section 2.4). Examples of hps [n]; f [n]
and ps [n] are shown in Figure 4.4.
0.02
Amplitude (Pa/N)
0.01
−0.01
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
hps[n] (cird101) − time (s)
0.4
0.2
Force (N)
−0.2
−0.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
f[n] (ftm11) − time (s)
0.02
Sound pressure (Pa)
0.01
−0.01
−0.02
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
ps[n] (pcd1011) − time (s)
Figure 4.4: Synthesis by linear convolution: The simulated sound pressure (bottom) is the
convolution product of the theoretically derived impulse response (top) and the measured
force (middle).
4.3 Experiment
4.3.1 Transmitted data le
The results of measurements for both f [n] (force) and pe [n] (sound pressure) were
sent as data les having the same style. A le contains two columns and 32768 rows
as shown in Figure 4.5.
- The rst column: time in second
- The second column: force f [n] (N), or ps[n] (Pa)
19
t f[n]
7.8125000e-005 1.1564700e-002
1.5625000e-004 1.5534670e-002
2.3437500e-004 2.1317020e-002
.. ..
. .
2.5600000e+000 2.5600000e+000
Figure 4.5: Illustration of transmitted data le (ftm11): The left column shows time in
second, and the right column shows force (N).
4.3.2 Filtering experimental sound pressure

As discussed in Section 4.2.2, the maximum frequency fm was 5 kHz in simulation,
while the Nyquist frequency fN was adjusted to 6.4 kHz. The dierence of spectrum
between Pe [n] (in experiment) and Ps [n] (by synthesis), which was caused by this,
is shown in Figure 4.6.
To obtain the same spectral rage as ps [n], pe [n] was ltered by a FIR low-pass
lter hf [n], designed by Kaiser window method (see Section 2.5). hf [n] has the
400th order, stopband from 5 kHz to 6.4 kHz, and 60dB sidelobe amplitude (M =
401; = 5:65). Its frequency response is given in Figure 4.7. Figure 4.8 presents the
result of ltering for Pe [n].
40
20
Magnitude (dB)
−20
−40
−60
−80
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Unfiltered Pe[k] (PTMD1011) − frequency (Hz)
40
20
Magnitude (dB)
−20
−40
−60
−80
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Ps[k] (PCD1011) − frequency (Hz)
Figure 4.6: Comparison of spectra between the measured sound pressure (top) and the
synthesized sound pressure (bottom): The truncation of the synthesized sound is caused by
the maximum frequency limitation in simulation.
20
20
−20
Magnitude (dB) −40
−60
−80
−100
−120
−140
−160
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 4.7: Frequency response of the lter hf [n]: It is used for ltering of measured sound
pressure to cut the frequency region from 5 kHz to 6.4 kHz.
40
20
Magnitude (dB)
−20
−40
−60
−80
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Filtered Pe[k] (PTMD1011) − frequency (Hz)
40
20
Magnitude (dB)
−20
−40
−60
−80
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Ps[k] (PCD1011) − frequency (Hz)
Figure 4.8: Spectrum of resulted sound pressures: The measured sound pressure after
ltering (top) and the synthesized sound pressure (bottom)
21
22
Chapter 5
Preparation for psychoacoustical
tests
5.1 Listening tests and required stimuli
For psychoacoustical analysis, Three kinds of listening tests were prepared;
1. Dissimilarity test
2. Matching test
3. Discrimination test
Dissimilarity test is to know the perceptive structure of the sounds. We prepared
the measured sounds and the simulated sounds for the left ear, without dummy head,
and variation of the other parameters, i.e. excitation points (1 and 2), listening points
(1 and 2), and rotation speeds (1, 2, 3, and 4). The test has two parts: One part
consists of 16 measured sound pressures. The other part consisted of 16 simulated
sound pressures. In each part, all the possible combination of two sounds from the
16 sounds are presented to a listener in random order. The listener is required to
judge how the two sound are dierent, using a scale which shows very similar at
one side and very dierent at the other side.
Matching test is to let the listeners make pairs of sounds from two groups of
sounds. They are presented two groups of sounds, and required to chose one sound
from each of two groups, which sound similar to each other. It uses 32 stimuli which
are also used in dissimilarity test. The measured 16 sounds forms a group, and the
synthesized 16 sounds forms the other group.
Discrimination test was done between the experimental sounds recorded with
dummy head and the experimental sounds recorded without dummy head. While
monoral sounds of left ear channel were used for the other tests, stereo sounds
recorded by right and left ear channels were used for the discrimination test. We
prepared 16 variation of the other parameters: Excitation points (1 and 2), listening
points (1 and 2), and rotation speeds (1, 2, 3, and 4). Thus we obtained 16 pairs of
23
the sounds recorded with and without dummy head. The listeners are presented four
possible combination for one pair (e.g. aa, ab, ba, bb), and required to categorize
the two sounds as either same or dierent.
5.2 Sound les

5.2.1 Format of sound le
The stimuli for the psychoacoustical tests are contained in sound les with PCM
Raw Data format having extension .snd. This format consists of sample sequence
of integer number in 16 bits resolution as following:
1. Search the maximum value of the sound pressure
2. Division of the sequence by the maximum value (normalization)
3. Multiplication by 32767 (to have the possible level 216 1)
4. Rounding the fractional numbers (data style double) to the integer numbers
5.2.2 Windowing of the sounds
Sudden decrease of sound pressure at the end gives an impression like a pulse sound.
To eliminate this eect, the sound les were triangular windowed at the end of the
signal for 50 ms (640 samples). This windowing is shown in Figure 5.1.
4
x 10
4
Normalized sound pressure
−2
−4
2.4 2.42 2.44 2.46 2.48 2.5 2.52 2.54 2.56
time (s) − without windowing (pcd1011)
4
x 10
4
Normalized sound pressure
−2
−4
2.4 2.42 2.44 2.46 2.48 2.5 2.52 2.54 2.56
time (s) − with windowing (pcd1011)
Figure 5.1: The sound without windowing (top) and the sound after windowing
(bottom): The triangular window was used for at the end of 50 ms (640 samples).
These sound les are sent to IRCAM and are going to be examined in psychoa-
coustical tests organized there.
24
Conclusion
Summary of obtained signals
We got 32 synthesized and 32 measured sounds, without the dummy head, in varia-
tion of excitation points (1,2), listening points (1,2), ears (right and left), and rotation
speed of the motor (1,2,3,4). Moreover 32 sounds were recorded in the same condi-
tion of parameters but with dummy head. The names of the les for all the signals
are listed in Appendix B. Their waveforms and spectra are presented in Appendix
C.
Since the force and the sound pressure were not measured at the same time
in experiments, we couldn't calculate experimental impulse response and transfer
function (Section 3.2). The comparison between measured and simulated transfer
functions, therefore, was not done. In spite of this, comparison in terms of sound
pressure is possible though it is strongly aected by random variations of motor force.
Comments on spectra of the signals

The spectra of motor force have a high magnitude only in lower frequencies. Figures
C.1 to C.4 in Appendix C show the number of peaks with a high magnitude is not
many. The motor generates particularly strong force in limited frequencies from 0
to 400 Hz, which mainly aect the vibration of the plate.
Simulated impulse responses show that the parameter right and left ear doesn't
aect the transfer function noticeably in their spectra (Figures C.5 to C.8). It gives
only little dierences in lower frequency region (0 to 700 Hz), and slightly greater
dierences in higher frequency region (up from 700 Hz).
Also the parameter of excitation point does not aect the transfer function at all.
Simulation of transfer function have exactly same complex value under the variation
of excitation point. If the synthesized sounds have any dierence by this parameter
(excitation point), it is caused by the force signal but not by the simulated impulse
response.
In comparison of the synthesized and recorded sounds (Figures C.9 to C.40), the
whole spectra are roughly similar to each other. Especially in the region from 0 to
25
400 Hz, they look quite similar in the forms. In the region up from 400 Hz, several
peaks exist in spectra of synthesized sounds, while those peaks are not found in
spectra of recorded sounds.
More important point is, the synthesized sounds, in comparison with the recorded
one, are characterized by the presence of strong peaks and dips (Figure 5.2). This
suggests that the damping coecient of simulation was somewhat underestimated.
Recorded sound (ptmd2012) Synthesized sound (pcd2012)

40 40
30
20 20
10
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0
0
−10
−20
−20
−30 −40
−40
−50 −60
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency 0−1000(Hz) Frequency 0−1000(Hz)
Figure 5.2: Simulated sound spectrum (right) has sharper peaks than recorded sound
spectrum (left) though rough forms look similar. This implies the damping coecient was
underestimated.
In comparison of the experimental sounds with and without dummy head (be-
tween Figures C.41 to C.56 and the left columns of Figures C.9 to C.40), the pa-
rameter of dummy head does not give so much dierence in frequency domain. The
parameter increases the magnitude slightly in the region from 500 to 1000 Hz when
recorded with dummy head.
Right and left ear sound pressure recorded with dummy head shows a little the
eect of the dummy head (Figure C.41 to C.56). With excitation point 1, the magni-
tude of right ear increase in the region from 2000 to 3000 Hz. With excitation point
2, the magnitude of the right ear decrease in the region from 2000 to 3000 Hz. Any
way these dierences are very slight.
26
Bibliography
[1] Oppenheim, A. V., and Schafer, R. W., Discrete-Time Signal Processing,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Clis, NJ, 1989.
[2] Oppenheim, A. V., and Schafer, R. W., Digital Signal Processing, Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Clis, NJ, 1975.
27
28
Appendix A
Program list
In this chapter, the M-les used in the procedures are presented.
function [s,irep]=reconst(filename);
% [s,irep]=reconst('file') computes reconstruction of a data

% file of simulated frequency response sent from LVA INSA de
% Lyon. The data file has 5kHz Nyquist frequency. This function
% adds zeros till Nyquist frequency 6.4kHz. Resulted frequency
% response has fs=12.8kHz, df=1/2.56 Hz, number of samples 32768.
% This function also returns simulated impulse response whose
% time duration is 2.56 seconds.
%number of samples
n=12800*2;
%number of samples after zero-padding
np=32768;
%sampling frequency after the zero-padding
fs=12800;
s=load(filename);
s=s(:,3)+i*s(:,4);
% zero-padding
s=[s; zeros(np/2-length(s),1)];
% addition 0 Hz
s=[abs(s(1)); s];
% addition of symmetric comjugation
29
s=[s; conj(fliplr(s(2:np/2)')')];
% phase delay
w=2*pi*(1:np)/(np);
h=exp(j*w*128);
se=s.*h';
%impulse response
irep=real(ifft(se));
irep_snd=nor(irep);
----------
function [p,ps]=syn(k,l);
% [p,ps]=syn(k,l) returns linear convolution of sequences

% k and l, and its normalized integer sequence (resolution 16
% bits) to export as a sound file.
p=fftfilt(k,l);
ps=nor(p);
----------
function [pression,n]=filpe(pression);
% [pression,n]=filpe(pression) returns low-pass filtered sound

% pressure and its normalized integer sequence for a sound file.
%filter design
A=60; % sidelobe amplitude
beta=0.1102*(A-8.7); % shape parameter beta
M=400; % order of this FIR filter
lpf=fir1(M,5000/6400,kaiser(M+1,beta));
%filtering
pression=filter(lpf,1,pression);
n=nor(pression);
----------
function [s,s_db]=freqrepdb(pression,ns);
30
% [s,s_db]=freqrepdb(pression,ns) returns frequency response
% of a sound pressure sequence with length ns, also returns dB value
% of frequency response.
% computation of frequency response

s=fft(pression);
% dB value
s_db=20*log10(abs(s(1:ns/2)));
----------
function n=nor(file);
% n=nor(file) returns an integer and normalized sound data

% possible level is 32768*2=2^16 (16 bits resolution)
% ATTENTION: the resulted data is ROUNDED
fm=max(abs(file));
fn=file/fm;
n=round(fn.*32767);
31
32
Appendix B
Index of signals
Simulation and synthesis
We got eight simulated impulse response hps[n]. As their convolution products with
eight forces, we got 32 synthesized sound pressures (ps [n]). The impulse responses
and the synthesized sounds are listed in following Tables B.1 and B.2.
Measured sound pressures

Files of the sound pressures pe[n], recorded in experiments are listed in Tables B.3
and B.4 with their names and the parameter conditions. We got 64 varieties of
parameters.
Table B.1: Files for simulated impulse responses of the plate: pfc is for simulated transfer
function. d is for right ear, g is for left ear. Parameters are varied for right and left
ear, excitation point 1 (centered) and 2 (sided), without dummy head, listening point 1
(centered) and 2 (sided).
hps [n] Hps[k] Ear Excitation Head Listening
cird101 pfcd101 right 1 0 1
cirg101 pfcg101 left 1 0 1
33
Table B.2: Files of synthesized sound pressures: d is for right ear, g is for left ear.
Parameters are varied for right and left ear, excitation point 1 (centered) and 2 (sided),
without dummy head, rotation speed of motor 1, 2, 3, 4 (30 Hz, 43 Hz, 38 Hz and 50 Hz),
listening point 1 (centered) and 2 (sided).
ps [n] Convolution pair Ear Excitation Head Rotation Listening
pcd1011 cird101*ftm11 right 1 0 1 1
pcg1011 cirg101*ftm11 left 1 0 1 1
34
Table B.3: Files of experimental sound pressures (right ear): Parameters are varied for right
and left ear, excitation point 1 (centered) and 2 (sided), without dummy head, rotation speed
of motor 1, 2, 3, 4 (30 Hz, 43 Hz, 38 Hz and 50 Hz), listening point 1 (centered) and 2 (sided).
pe[n] Ear Excitation Head Rotation Listening
ptmd1011 right 1 0 1 1
35
Table B.4: Files of experimental sound pressures (left ear): Parameters are varied for right
and left ear, excitation point 1 (centered) and 2 (sided), without dummy head, rotation
speed of motor 1, 2, 3, 4 (30 Hz, 43 Hz, 38 Hz and 50 Hz), listening point 1 (centered) and
2 (sided).
pe[n] Ear Excitation Head Rotation Listening
ptmg1011 left 1 0 1 1
ptmg1012 left 1 0 1 2
ptmg1021 left 1 0 2 1
ptmg1022 left 1 0 2 2
ptmg1031 left 1 0 3 1
ptmg1032 left 1 0 3 2
ptmg1041 left 1 0 4 1
ptmg1042 left 1 0 4 2
ptmg1111 left 1 1 1 1
ptmg1112 left 1 1 1 2
ptmg1121 left 1 1 2 1
ptmg1122 left 1 1 2 2
ptmg1131 left 1 1 3 1
ptmg1132 left 1 1 3 2
ptmg1141 left 1 1 4 1
ptmg1142 left 1 1 4 2
ptmg2011 left 2 0 1 1
ptmg2012 left 2 0 1 2
ptmg2021 left 2 0 2 1
ptmg2022 left 2 0 2 2
ptmg2031 left 2 0 3 1
ptmg2032 left 2 0 3 2
ptmg2041 left 2 0 4 1
ptmg2042 left 2 0 4 2
ptmg2111 left 2 1 1 1
ptmg2112 left 2 1 1 2
ptmg2121 left 2 1 2 1
ptmg2122 left 2 1 2 2
ptmg2131 left 2 1 3 1
ptmg2132 left 2 1 3 2
ptmg2141 left 2 1 4 1
ptmg2142 left 2 1 4 2
36
Appendix C
Waveforms and spectra of signals
Figures from C.1 to C.4 presents the analysis of the force signals.
Figures from C.5 to C.8 presents analysis of the simulated impulse response.
Figures from C.9 to C.40 presents comparison of simulated and measured sound
pressures.
Figures from C.41 to C.56 presents comparison between left and right ear channel
for the experimental sounds recorded with dummy head.
37
Force ( ftm11 ) Force ( ftm12 )
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
Force (N)
Force (N)
0 0
−0.2 −0.2
−0.4 −0.4
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
100 100
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
80 80
60 60
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
40 40
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
Figure C.1: Forces (1): Waveforms and spectra of the force at excitation point 1 (centered).
Left column: Rotation speed 1 (30 Hz). Right column: Rotation speed 2(43 Hz)
38
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
Force (N)
Force (N)
0 0
−0.2 −0.2
−0.4 −0.4
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
100 100
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
80 80
60 60
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
40 40
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
Figure C.2: Forces (2): Waveforms and spectra of the force at excitation point 1 (centered).
39
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
Force (N)
Force (N)
0 0
−0.2 −0.2
−0.4 −0.4
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
100 100
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
80 80
60 60
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
40 40
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
Figure C.3: Forces (3): Waveforms and spectra of the force at excitation point 2 (sided).
40
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
Force (N)
Force (N)
0 0
−0.2 −0.2
−0.4 −0.4
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
100 100
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
80 80
60 60
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
40 40
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
Figure C.4: Forces (4): Waveforms and spectra of the force at excitation point 2 (sided).
41
Simulated impulse response ( cirg101 ) Simulated impulse response ( cird101 )
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
Force (N)
Force (N)
0 0
−0.01 −0.01
−0.02 −0.02
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
0 0
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
50 50
0 0
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
Figure C.5: Simulated impulse response (1): Waveforms and spectra of the simulated
impulse response in the condition: Excitation point 1 (centered), without dummy head,
listening point 1 (centered). Left column: Left ear. Right column: Right ear.
42
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
Force (N)
Force (N)
0 0
−0.01 −0.01
−0.02 −0.02
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
0 0
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
50 50
0 0
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
impulse response in the condition: Excitation point 1 (centered), without dummy head,
listening point 2 (sided). Left column: Left ear. Right column: Right ear.
43
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
Force (N)
Force (N)
0 0
−0.01 −0.01
−0.02 −0.02
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
0 0
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
50 50
0 0
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
impulse response in the condition: Excitation point 2 (sided), without dummy head, listening
point 1 (centered). Left column: Left ear. Right column: Right ear.
44
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
Force (N)
Force (N)
0 0
−0.01 −0.01
−0.02 −0.02
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
0 0
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
50 50
0 0
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
−50 −50
−100 −100
−150 −150
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
impulse response in the condition: Excitation point 2 (sided), without dummy head, listening
point 2 (sided). Left column: Left ear. Right column: Right ear.
45
Measured sound (ptmd1011) Simulated sound (pcd1011)
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
Figure C.9: Comparison between pcd1011 and ptmd1011: Waveforms and spectra of the
sound pressure in the condition: Right ear, excitation point 1 (centered), without dummy
head, rotation speed 1 (30 Hz), listening point 1 (centered). Left column: Experimental
sound. Right column: Synthesized sound.
46
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
head, rotation speed 1 (30 Hz), listening point 2 (sided). Left column: Experimental sound.
Right column: Synthesized sound.
47
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
48
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
49
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
50
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
51
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
52
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
53
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
sound pressure in the condition: Right ear, excitation point 2 (sided), without dummy head,
rotation speed 1 (30 Hz), listening point 1 (centered). Left column: Experimental sound.
54
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
rotation speed 1 (30 Hz), listening point 2 (sided). Left column: Experimental sound. Right
column: Synthesized sound.
55
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
56
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
57
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
58
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
59
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
60
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
61
Measured sound (ptmg1011) Simulated sound (pcg1011)
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
Figure C.25: Comparison between pcg1011 and ptmg1011: Waveforms and spectra of the
sound pressure in the condition: Left ear, excitation point 1 (centered), without dummy
62
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
63
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
64
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
65
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
66
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
67
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
68
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
69
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
sound pressure in the condition: Left ear, excitation point 2 (sided), without dummy head,
70
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
71
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
72
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
73
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
74
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
75
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
76
0.1 0.05
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05
0 0
−0.05
−0.1 −0.05
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
−80 −80
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
77
Measured sound (ptmg1111) Measured sound (ptmd1111)
0.1 0.1
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05 0.05
0 0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.1 −0.1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
Figure C.41: Comparison between ptmg1111 and ptmd1111: Waveforms and spectra of the
experimental sound pressure in the condition: Excitation point 1 (centered), with dummy
head, rotation speed 1 (30 Hz), listening point 1 (centered). Left column: Left ear. Right
column: Right ear.
78
0.1 0.1
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05 0.05
0 0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.1 −0.1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
head, rotation speed 1 (30 Hz), listening point 2 (sided). Left column: Left ear. Right
column: Right ear.
79
0.1 0.1
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05 0.05
0 0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.1 −0.1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
column: Right ear.
80
0.1 0.1
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05 0.05
0 0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.1 −0.1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
Figure C.44: Comparison between ptmg1122 and ptmd1122: Waveforms and spectra of
the experimental sound pressure recorded in the condition: Excitation point 1 (centered),
with dummy head, rotation speed 2 (43 Hz), listening point 2 (sided). Left column: Left
ear. Right column: Right ear.
81
0.1 0.1
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05 0.05
0 0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.1 −0.1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
column: Right ear.
82
0.1 0.1
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05 0.05
0 0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.1 −0.1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
column: Right ear.
83
0.1 0.1
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05 0.05
0 0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.1 −0.1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
column: Right ear.
84
0.1 0.1
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05 0.05
0 0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.1 −0.1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
column: Right ear.
85
0.1 0.1
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05 0.05
0 0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.1 −0.1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
the experimental sound pressure in the condition: Excitation point 2 (sided), with dummy
column: Right ear.
86
0.1 0.1
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05 0.05
0 0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.1 −0.1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
column: Right ear.
87
0.1 0.1
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05 0.05
0 0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.1 −0.1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
column: Right ear.
88
0.1 0.1
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05 0.05
0 0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.1 −0.1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
column: Right ear.
89
0.1 0.1
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05 0.05
0 0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.1 −0.1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
column: Right ear.
90
0.1 0.1
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05 0.05
0 0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.1 −0.1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
column: Right ear.
91
0.1 0.1
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05 0.05
0 0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.1 −0.1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
column: Right ear.
92
0.1 0.1
Sound pressure(Pa)
Sound pressure(Pa)
0.05 0.05
0 0
−0.05 −0.05
−0.1 −0.1
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3
time (s) time (s)
50 50
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
0 0
−50 −50
−100 −100
0 2000 4000 6000 0 2000 4000 6000
60 60
40 40
Magnitude(dB)
Magnitude(dB)
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 −40
−60 −60
0 500 1000 0 500 1000
column: Right ear.
93

PHD - Thesis:Prediction of Sound Radiation From Structures To Assess Percpective

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PHD - Thesis:Prediction of Sound Radiation From Structures To Assess Percpective

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PRÉVISION DU BRUIT RAYONNÉ PAR LES STRUCTURES

EN VUE D'UNE ÉVALUATION PERCEPTIVE

1.2 Role of participants

Computation of impulse response

Organization of psychoacoustical test

2.2 Useful properties of DFT

The other important property is conjugate-symmetry. When x[n] is real number,

2.4 Filtering and linear convolution

The computation of a linear convolution of a whole long sequence, i.e. a signal

2.5 FIR lter design by Kaiser window method

3.2 Simulation and experiment

3.3 Description of parameters

Parameter 1: Excitation points 1 and 2

Left ear Right ear

4.2 Simulation model

4.2.2 Getting an impulse response

Simulated frequency response (pfcd1011)

Impulse response with and without phase delay (pfcd101)

Finally, we computed IDFT on this reconstructed Hps[k]. We obtained hps [n]

4.3.2 Filtering experimental sound pressure

Magnitude (dB) −40

5.2 Sound les

Comments on spectra of the signals

Recorded sound (ptmd2012) Synthesized sound (pcd2012)

% [s,irep]=reconst('file') computes reconstruction of a data

% addition of symmetric comjugation

% [p,ps]=syn(k,l) returns linear convolution of sequences

% [pression,n]=filpe(pression) returns low-pass filtered sound

% computation of frequency response

% n=nor(file) returns an integer and normalized sound data

Measured sound pressures

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2.5 FIR lter design by Kaiser window method

5.2 Sound les