Bai2 - He Thong May Tinh - 2

Tin hc i cng
Bi 2: H thng my tnh
NGUYN Th Oanh oanhnt@soict.hut.edu.vn

B mn H thng thng tin - Vin CNTT v Truyn Thng i hc Bch Khoa H ni
2010 - 2011
Tng quan T chc bn trong my tnh Phn mm my tnh Gii thiu HH Mng my tnh
Ni dung
Tng quan v HTMT T chc bn trong my tnh Phn mm my tnh Gii thiu h iu hnh Mng my tnh
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Tng quan v h thng my tnh

My tnh gm 2 thnh phn c bn: ! Phn cng: ton b my mc, thit b vt l cu to my tnh ! Phn mm: l chng trnh chy trn my tnh
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Phn cng
Tho c vt m np hp
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Phn cng
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Phn cng
! Phn cng:
Mn hnh Loa Bn phm Chut CPU ...
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Phn mm
! H iu hnh: ! ng dng:
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H iu hnh
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Mng my tnh
Cc my tnh c kt ni vi nhau to thnh mng my tnh
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M hnh c bn ca my tnh B x l trung tm CPU B nh H thng vo-ra Lin kt h thng (buses) Tng kt
Tng quan v HTMT T chc bn trong my tnh M hnh c bn ca my tnh B x l trung tm CPU B nh H thng vo-ra Lin kt h thng (buses) Tng kt Phn mm my tnh Gii thiu h iu hnh
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Cc vn s cp
! Chc nng c bn ca my tnh ! Cu trc my tnh ! Hot ng ca my tnh
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Chc nng c bn ca my tnh

! V d:
! Chc nng:
X l d liu (tnh ton, play, ...) Lu tr d liu (lu tr, ...) Trao i d liu (nhp im, in ra, sao chp, ...)
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Chc nng c bn ca my tnh(...)

! X l d liu : chc nng quan trng nht
d liu c th c rt nhiu dng khc nhau v c yu cu x l khc nhau
! Lu tr d liu
d liu a vo my tnh c th c x l ngay hoc c th c lu trong b nh khi cn chng s c ly ra x l
! Trao i d liu
trao i d liu gia cc thnh phn bn trong v bn ngoi my tnh -> Qu trnh vo ra (input-output) cc thit b vo-ra: ngun cung cp hoc ni tip nhn d liu d liu c vn chuyn trn khong cch xa gi l truyn d liu (data communication)
! iu khin: my tnh cn phi iu khin c 3 chc nng trn

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! Lu tr d liu
! Trao i d liu

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! Lu tr d liu
! Trao i d liu

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! Lu tr d liu
! Trao i d liu

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Chc nng c bn ca my tnh (...)
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Cu trc my tnh
Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh
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Cu trc my tnh(...)
! B x l trung tm CPU (Central Processor Unit):
iu khin cc hot ng ca my tnh v thc hin x l d liu
! B nh chnh (Main Memory):

lu tr chng trnh v d liu
! H thng vo ra (Input-Output System):

trao i thng tin gia my tnh v th gii bn ngoi
! Lin kt h thng (System Interconnection):

kt ni v vn chuyn thng tin gia CPU, b nh chnh v h thng vo ra ca my tnh vi nhau
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Hot ng ca my tnh
! Hot ng c bn ca my tnh l thc hin chng trnh ! Chng trnh gm mt tp cc lnh c lu tr trong b nh
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B x l trung tm CPU
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Chc nng
! Chc nng:
iu khin hot ng ca ton b h thng my tnh x l d liu
! Nguyn tc hot ng: theo chng trnh nm trong b nh chnh bng cch:
nhn lnh t b nh chnh gii m lnh v pht cc tn hiu iu khin thc thi lnh CPU c th trao i d liu vi b nh chnh hay h thng vo-ra. thc hin lnh ghi kt qu
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Cc thnh phn c bn
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Cc thnh phn c bn
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Cc thnh phn c bn
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Cc thnh phn c bn
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Cc thnh phn c bn
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Cc thnh phn c bn
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Cc thnh phn c bn
! Khi iu khin (Control Unit CU):
iu khin hot ng ca my tnh theo chng trnh nh sn
! Khi tnh ton s hc v logic (Arithmetic Logic Unit - ALU)

thc hin cc php ton s hc v cc php ton logic trn cc d liu c th
! Tp cc thanh ghi (Register File - RF)

lu tr cc thng tin tm thi phc v cho hot ng ca CPU
! Bus bn trong (Internal Bus)

kt ni cc thnh phn bn trong CPU vi nhau
! n v ghp ni bus (Bus Interface Unit BIU)

kt ni v trao i thng tin vi nhau gia cc bus bn trong vi cc bus bn ngoi
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B vi x l
! 2 dng chnh:
Intel: Pentium, Core 2 Duo, Core i3, i5, i7, ... AMD: Opteron, Athlon,...
! B vi x l (Microprocessor)
l CPU c ch to trn mt vi mch c th gi CPU l b vi x l. Tuy nhin, cc b vi x l hin nay c cu trc phc tp hn nhiu so vi mt CPU c bn
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Tc b vi x l
! Tc o bng:
s lnh c thc hin trong 1s (MIPS - Milliions of Intructions per Second) kh nh gi chnh xc (cn ph thuc b nh, bo mch ha. . . )
! Tn s xung nhp ca b vi x l:
b x l hot ng theo mt xung nhp (clock) c tn s xc nh tc ca b x l c nh gi gin tip thng qua tn s xung nhp
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Tc b vi x l
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Tc b vi x l - v d 1 s siu my tnh
! Roadrunner 3rd ,IBM

133 triu USD tc : 1.04 petaflops (1.04 triu t php tnh/s) 6 t ngi dng hand calculator * 24h/ngy * 7 ngy/tun * 46 nm = 1 ngy Roadrunner
! Nabulae 2nd ,China 1.2 petaflops ! Jaguar 1st , USA 1.8 petaflops
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Tng quan
! Chc nng: lu tr chng trnh v d liu ! Cc thao tc c bn vi b nh: c (read) v ghi (write) ! Cc thnh phn chnh
b nh trong (internal memory) b nh ngoi (external memory)
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B nh trong
! Chc nng: cha cc thng tin m CPU c th trao i trc tip ! c im:
tc nhanh dung lng khng ln s dng b nh bn dn: ROM v RAM
! Cc loi b nh trong:
b nh chnh (main memory) b nh m nhanh (cache memory)
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B nh chnh
! L thnh phn nh tn ti trn mi h thng my tnh ! Cha cc chng trnh v d liu ang c CPU s dng ! T chc thnh cc ngn nh c nh a ch, ngn nh thng c t chc theo Byte ! Ni dung ca ngn nh c th thay i, song a ch vt l ca ngn nh lun c nh ! Thng thng, b nh chnh gm 2 phn: ROM v RAM
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B nh chnh - ROM (Read Only Memory)

! ! ! ! Vng nh ch c -> thng tin khng b mt khi mt ngun in Tch hp trn cc thit b Ni dung c ci t sn ti ni sn xut thit b Chc nng chnh
cha cc phn mm thc hin cc cng vic ca thit b (firmware ) i khi c gi: ROM BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
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B nh chnh - RAM (Random Access Memory)

! B nh truy cp ngu nhin
khng phi di chuyn tun t c chia thnh cc nh c nh a ch thi gian thc hin thao tc c hoc ghi i vi mi nh l nh nhau, cho d ang bt k v tr no trong b nh
! Lu tr cc thng tin thay i v cc thng tin c s dng hin hnh ! Thng tin lu trn RAM ch l tm thi, chng s mt i khi mt ngun in cung cp
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Phn loi RAM theo cng ngh
! SRAM (static RAM): RAM tnh ! DRAM (dynamic RAM): RAM ng

SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM):
SDR (Single Data Rate): li thi DDR (Double Data Rate): c thay th bi DDR2 DDR2 (Double Data Rate 2), DDR3: L th h tip theo ca DDR, hin c s dng rng ri
RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic RAM): t ngi dng v khng nhanh hn SDRAM l bao nhng li t hn nhiu
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B nh m nhanh (Cache Memory)

! Tc x l ca CPU > > tc truy nhp d liu t RAM tng tc bng cch s dng CACHE
d liu np t RAM vo CACHE khi cn CPU thao tc vi d liu trn CACHE thay v trn RAM
! ! ! !
Hin nay CACHE c tch hp trong chip vi x l CPU truy nhp d liu trn CACHE nhanh hn trn RAM CACHE chia lm mt s mc: L1, L2, ... CACHE c th c hoc khng
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B nh ngoi
! Lu gi ti nguyn phn mm ca my tnh, bao gm: H iu hnh, cc chng trnh v d liu ! B nh ngoi c kt ni vi h thng di dng cc thit b vo ra ! Dung lng ln ! Tc truy cp d liu chm ! Phn loi:
B nh t: a cng, a mm B nh quang: a CD, DVD,. . . B nh bn dn: Flash disk, memory card
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B nh ngoi
! a mm (Floppy disk)
Dung lng: 1.44MB Kch thc 3.5" C 2 mt a Phm vi x dng: hin nay, khng thng dng
laptop: thng khng c desktop: t s dng
! a cng (Hard disk)

Dung lng ln L ni ci t HH v cc chng trnh ng dng Phm vi s dng: rng Mt my tnh: c th c nhiu cng
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B nh ngoi
! cng ngoi (External Hard Disk)

D dng mang t ni ny sang ni khc Kt ni qua cc giao tip:
USB 2.0 IEEE 1394, FireWare 800 Ethernet
Dung lng ln: 250GB, 500GB, ... S dng:

Lu tr d liu Lu tr trong mng
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B nh ngoi
! CD-ROM (Compact disc read-only memory)
Kch thc thng 700MB a quang, u c laze Tc chm hn so vi a t ( cng) Phn loi:
CD-R (compact disc-recordable): ch ghi 1 ln CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable): c th xa, ghi li nhiu ln
ghi d liu cn c c/ghi CD v phn mm h tr
! DVD (Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc)

2 loi : mt mt (4.7GB) v 2 mt (8.5GB) Cn c c DVD hoc c/ghi DVD v phn mm h tr
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B nh ngoi
! Flash sticks or memory - USB

Kt ni vi my tnh qua cng USB Kch thc: a dng 1G, 2G, 4G, 8G, ... S dng rng ri:
Lu tr d liu c nhn S dng trong cc thit b nghe nhn
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H thng vo-ra
! Chc nng: trao i thng tin gia my tnh vi th gii bn ngoi ! Cc thao tc c bn:
VO (input) d liu RA (output) d liu
! Cc thnh phn chnh

cc thit b vo-ra (IO devices) d liu hay cn gi l thit b ngoi vi (Peripheral devices) cc m-un ghp ni vo-ra (IO Interface modules)
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Cu trc c bn ca h thng vo-ra
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Thit b vo-ra
! Chc nng: chuyn i d liu gia bn trong v bn ngoi my tnh ! Cc thit b ngoi vi c bn:
thit thit thit thit b b b b vo: Bn phm, chut, my qut,. . . ra: Mn hnh, my in,. . . nh: Cc a,. . . truyn thng: Modem,. . .
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M-un ghp ni vo-ra
! Cc thit b vo-ra c kt ni vi CPU thng qua cc m-un ghp ni vo-ra m khng c kt ni trc tip ! Trong cc m-un ghp ni vo-ra c cc cng vo-ra (IO Port ), mi cng c nh a ch bi CPU i.e mi cng c mt a ch xc nh ! Mi thit b vo-ra kt ni vi CPU thng qua cng tng ng vi a ch xc nh
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Lin kt h thng (buses)

! CPU, b nh chnh v h thng vo-ra cn phi kt ni vi nhau trao i thng tin kt ni = tp cc ng kt ni gi l bus ! Thc t bus trong my tnh kh phc tp, n c th hin bng cc ng dn trn cc bn mch, cc khe cm trn bn mch chnh, cc cp ni,. . . ! rng ca bus: s ng dy ca bus c th truyn thng tin ng thi ! 3 loi: bus a ch, bus d liu v bus iu khin
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My tnh
! Hp my tnh (case) ! Cc thit b ngoi vi
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Hp my tnh
! Bn mch chnh (Mainboard):
b vi x l b nh h thng (b nh chnh): chip nh ROM v cc module nh RAM cc vi mch iu khin tng hp (chipset) cc knh truyn tn hiu (bus) cc khe cm m rng
! Cc loi a: a cng, a mm, a quang, ... ! Cc cng vo-ra ! B ngun v qut
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Hp my tnh
! a: ! B ngun v qut:
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Hp my tnh
! Cc cng vo ra:
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Hp my tnh
! Bn mch chnh:
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Mt s linh kin trn bn mch chnh

B vi x l Khe cm m rng
B nh h thng
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Cc thit b ngoi vi
Mn hnh (monitor), bn phm (keyboard), chut (mouse), loa (speaker), my in (printer), my qut nh (scanner), modem
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Khi nim Phn loi phn mm my tnh
Tng quan v HTMT T chc bn trong my tnh Phn mm my tnh Khi nim Phn loi phn mm my tnh Gii thiu h iu hnh Mng my tnh
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Khi nim
! My tnh hot ng theo mt qui trnh t ng nh sn gi l chng trnh (program) hay cn gi l phn mm my tnh (Software Computer ). ! My tnh c th hot ng nu thiu phn mm? ! Gi ca mt s phn mm? ! Lm th no vit ra phn mm?
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Tng quan v HTMT T chc bn trong my tnh Phn mm my tnh Khi nim Phn loi phn mm my tnh Gii thiu h iu hnh Mng my tnh
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Phn loi theo phng thc hot ng
! Phn mm h thng
dng vn hnh my tnh v cc phn cng my tnh v d: Cc h iu hnh my tnh: Windows XP, Vista, Ubuntu, ...
! Phn mm ng dng
phn mm dng gii quyt cc vn phc v cho cc hot ng khc nhau ca con ngi nh qun l, k ton, son tho vn bn, tr chi. . . nhu cu v phn mm ng dng ngy cng tng v a dng
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Phn loi theo c th ng dng v mi trng
! ! ! ! ! ! !
Phn Phn Phn Phn Phn Phn ...
mm mm mm mm mm mm
thi gian thc (Real-time SW) nghip v (Business SW) tnh ton KH & KT (Eng.& Scie. SW) nhng (Embedded SW) trn Web (Web-based SW) tr tu nhn to (AI SW)
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Cc khi nim c bn H lnh ca h iu hnh H iu hnh Windows
Tng quan v HTMT T chc bn trong my tnh Phn mm my tnh Gii thiu h iu hnh Cc khi nim c bn H lnh ca h iu hnh H iu hnh Windows Mng my tnh
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H iu hnh
L phn mm h thng gip: ! iu khin v kim sot hot ng ca cc thit b ( a, bn phm, mn hnh, my in, ...) ! Qun l vic cp pht ti nguyn ca my tnh nh b x l trung tm, b nh, cc thit b vo ra, ... ! Sp xp s thc thi ca tt c cc phn mm khc
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H iu hnh
! Phn mm u tin c chy khi my khi ng ! ng vai tr trung gian trong vic giao tip gia ngi s dng v phn cng my tnh ! H iu hnh l phn mm h thng, nn ph thuc vo cu trc ca my tnh. Mi loi my tnh c h iu hnh khc nhau
my tnh ln IBM360 c h iu hnh l DOS, TOS my tnh ln EC-1022 c h iu hnh l OC-EC my tnh c nhn PC-IBM c h iu hnh MS-DOS mng my tnh c cc h iu hnh mng NETWARE, UNIX, WINDOWS-NT, ... my tnh Mac : MAC OS ...
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Tp (File, tp tin)
! Tp l tp hp cc d liu c lin quan vi nhau v c t chc theo 1 cu trc, thng c lu tr bn ngoi my tnh ! Ni dung ca tp c th l chng trnh, d liu, vn bn,... ! Tn tp tin thng c 2 phn:
phn tn (name) phn m rng (extension) gia phn tn v phn m rng c mt du chm (.) ngn cch
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Tp - Phn tn
! Phn tn c th gm
K t ch t A n Z (hoa v thng) Ch s t 0 n 9 K t khc (# , $, %, ~, ^, @, (, ), !, _, khong trng, ...) TR cc k hiu: \, /, :, *, ?, ", <, >, |
! Lu : Nn t tn mang tnh gi nh ! VD:

Tn file hp l: dulieu100101.txt, dulieu$100101.dat Tn file khng hp l: "dulieu100101.txt, ?abc.dat
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Tp - Phn m rng
! Phn m rng
Thng l 3 k t hp l Chng trnh ng dng to ra tp tin t t
COM, EXE : cc file kh thi chy trc tip TXT, DOC, ... : cc file vn bn BMP, GIF, JPG, ... : cc file hnh nh MP3, DAT, WMA, . . . : cc file m thanh, video
! K hiu i din (Wildcard ): dng ch mt nhm tp tin

du ?: i din cho mt k t bt k trong tn tp tin du *: i din cho mt chui k t bt k trong tn tp tin
Bai?.doc Bai1.doc, Bai6.doc, Baiq.doc, . . . Bai*.doc Bai.doc, Bai6.doc, Bai12.doc, Bai Tap.doc, . . .
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Qun l tp tin ca h iu hnh

Cu trc a t : a t gm nhiu a (platter) gn ng trc
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Cu trc a t (...): ! Mi mt a chia thnh cc rnh t (track ) cc ng trn ng tm, nh s t ngoi vo trong, bt u t 0 ! Mi rnh t c chia thnh cc cung t (Sector ), dung lng thng 512 byte ! Cylinder: cc rnh c cng bn knh nm trn cc mt a khc nhau ! ! ! ! A - rnh t (Track ) B - di Cung t (Sector track ) C - Cung t (Sector ) D - lin cung (Cluster )
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T chc ghi thng tin trn a: ! Thng tin lu tr trn a di dng cc tp
1 tp chim 1 hoc nhiu sectors
! H iu hnh cho php chia a thnh cc vng. Mi vng:

chia thnh cc vng con c 1 vng con ch thng tin v vng (th mc (Folder, Directory )) tp c lu tr cc vng, c t chc lu tr dng cy (Tree )
! Th mc l ni lu gi cc tp tin theo mt ch no theo ngi s dng

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mi a ( a logic ) c mt th mc chung gi l th mc gc th mc gc khng c tn ring v c k hiu l \ th mc c th cha cc tp v th mc con
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! Tn ca th mc: tun th nguyn tc t tn ca tp ! Xc nh tn y ca tp:

Tn tp y gm ni lu tr tp (ng dn t gc n tp (Path)) + tn tp K hiu \ : ngn cch tn cc th mc V d : C:\TC\BIN\B1.C
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H lnh ca h iu hnh
! Thao tc vi tp: Sao chp, di chuyn, xo, i tn, xem ni dung tp ! Thao tc vi th mc: to, xo, sao chp, xem ni dung ! Thao tc vi a: to khun (Format), sao chp a
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S ra i v pht trin
Windows l mt b chng trnh do hng Microsoft sn xut
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Khi ng
! Bt ngun ! Ch n mn hnh ng nhp ! Nhp tn ngi dng v mt khu
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Khi ng chng trnh ng dng

! Start = All Programs = Chn chng trnh cn khi ng
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Khi ng chng trnh ng dng

Mt s chng trnh c sn trong HH Windows: Start = All Programs = Accessories = ! Paint: Chng trnh v n gin ! Calculator: My tnh tnh ton cc php ton n gin ! Notepad: Son tho vn bn n gin
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Thot khi ngi dng hin ti
! lu li cc tp tin v ng tt c cc ng dng ang m trc khi thot khi phin lm vic ca ngi dng hin ti
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Thot khi HH (Tt my)

! Tt my thng thng ( trc hy lu li cc tp tin v ng tt c cc ng dng ang m ) :
! Tt my p t: nhn v gi nt ngun trong 5-10 giy

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Cc loi i tng: Tp, th mc, biu tng
! Tp tin: mt tp cc thng tin c lin quan vi nhau m my tnh c th truy nhp thng qua tn ! Th mc: l mt vng lu tr cc tp tin, mt th mc c th c nhiu th mc con ! Biu tng: l nhng hnh nh nh biu din tp tin, th mc, phn cng, ...
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Cc loi i tng: Ca s
! Ca s: thng l mt hnh ch nht, hin th u ra hoc cho php nhp d liu, ...
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Cc loi i tng: Bng chn (Menu)

! Bng chn: tp cc thao tc c hin th trn mn hnh m ngi s dng c th la chn ! Mc (Item): mt thao tc trn menu
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Cc loi i tng: Hp thoi v nt

! Hp thoi: ca s nh giao tip gia ngi dng & chng trnh ! Nt : cung cp cho ngi s dng mt cch n gin kch hot mt thao tc
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S dng chut
! ! ! !
l thit b vo C dy hoc khng dy iu khin con tr chut tng tc vi cc i tng C 2 nt bm v c th c 1 nt cun hoc y (nt gia)
nt tri : chn i tng, r, ko i tng, ... nt phi : hin th danh sch cng vic (menu tt) tng ng vi vng hoc i tng c chn nt gia : cun mn hnh
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Thao tc c bn vi chut
! Chn i tng: di chuyn con tr chut n i tng v nhp tri chut ! Ko th (drap and drop): chn i tng nhn, gi nt chut tri v ko n v tr cn th nh chut tri 93 / 137
! Chn nhiu i tng lin tip:
C1: nhp chut tri, gi v ko con tr chut ph ht b mt cc i tng cn chn C2: chn i tng u, va nhn gi phm SIFT va chn i tng cui
! Chn nhiu i tng khng lin tip: va nhn gi phm Ctrl va nhp chn tng i tng
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Mt s hnh dng thng dng ca con tr chut:
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Desktop
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Desktop
Nhp p chut vo cc biu tng M chng trnh ng dng hoc cc ca s tng ng
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Desktop
! ! ! !
C th thay i, sp xp li cc biu tng trn desktop C th thay i nn ca mn hnh desktop C th thm, xa cc biu tng vo thanh khi ng nhanh ...
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Lm vic vi ca s
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Lm vic vi ca s
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Lm vic vi ca s
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Lm vic vi ca s
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Cu hnh Windows (Control Panel )

Mt chng trnh cho php: xem v chnh sa cc tham s ca h thng my tnh, thit lp hoc thay i cu hnh, thit lp phn cng, phn mm, ... Start Settings Control Panel ! Ci t v loi b Font ch ! Thay i dng hin mn hnh desktop ! Ci t v loi b chng trnh ! Cu hnh ngy, gi cho h thng ! Thay i thuc tnh ca bn phm v chut ! Thay i thuc tnh vng (Regional Settings) ! Ci t / loi b my in ! ... (chi tit xem thm trong ti liu)
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Windows Explorer
! Windows Explorer l mt chng trnh c h tr t phin bn Windows 95 cho php ngi s dng thao tc vi cc ti nguyn c trong my tnh (tp tin, th mc, a, ...) cng nh ti nguyn chia s ca cc my tnh trong h thng mng (nu c ni mng) ! Windows Explorer : cc thao tc nh sao chp, xa, i tn th mc v tp tin,... c thc hin mt cch thun tin v d dng
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Windows Explorer
Khi ng: 1 trong cc cch sau: +E ! ! Start All Programs Accessories Windows Explorer ! Nhp phi chut (R_Click) ln Start Explorer ! Nhp phi chut (R_Click) ln biu tng My Computer Explorer
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Windows Explorer
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Thao tc vi tp, th mc
! M tp tin/th mc:
D_Click hoc R_Click Open hoc Chn nhn Enter
! Chn tp tin/th mc: Click chut ln biu tng ! To th mc: Chn ni cha th mc
R_Click New Folder nhp tn nhn Enter hoc dng menu: File/New/Folder
! Sao chp th mc/tp tin:

Nhn Ctrl v Ko (Drag) i tng n ni cn chp hoc Chn Ctrl + C n ni cn chp Ctrl +V
! Di chuyn th mc/tp tin:

Drap and Drop hoc Chn Ctrl + X n ni cn chp Ctrl +V
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Thao tc vi tp, th mc
! Xa th mc/tp tin:
Chn nhn phm Delete hoc R_Click Delete hoc dng menu File Delete
! Phc hi th mc tp tin: D_Click ln biu tng Recycle Bin chn i tng cn phc hi
R_Click Delete hoc dng menu File Restore
! i tn th mc/tp tin:
Chn i tng File/ Rename hoc Nhn F2 hoc R_Click & chn Rename Nhp tn mi & g Enter kt thc
! Thay i thuc tnh tp tin/th mc:

Chn i tng R_Click chn Properties thay i thuc tnh nhn Apply
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Lch s pht trin Phn loi mng my tnh Cc thnh phn c bn Mng Internet
Tng quan v HTMT T chc bn trong my tnh Phn mm my tnh Gii thiu h iu hnh Mng my tnh Lch s pht trin Phn loi mng my tnh Cc thnh phn c bn Mng Internet
109 / 137
Khi nim
l mt tp hp gm nhiu my tnh hoc thit b x l thng tin c kt ni vi nhau qua cc ng truyn ! Mc ch:
trao i thng tin gia cc my tnh chia s ti nguyn
! V d:
Mng ti Trung tm My tnh, Vin CNTT &TT, Trng HBK H Ni Mng LAN ca qun Game Mng Internet
110 / 137
Lch s pht trin
! 1950s: my tnh xut hin ! 1960s: mng my tnh xut hin. Ban u: 1 my tnh ln kt ni nhiu trm cui (terminal) ! 1970s: mng my tnh : kt ni cc my tnh c lp ! Quy m v phc tp ca mng cng tng
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112 / 137
Theo mi quan h gia cc my trong mng
! Mng bnh ng (peer-to-peer ) : cc my c quan h ngang hng ! Mng khch/ch (client/server ) :

mt s my l server (my phc v/my ch) chuyn phc v (cung cp thng tin, tnh ton, dch v Internet, ..) cc my khc gi l my khch (client) hay my trm (workstation)
113 / 137
Theo quy m a l
! LAN (Local Area Network ):
mng cc b, trong phm vi nh (v d bn knh t vi mt n 1km) s my tnh khng qu nhiu, mng khng qu phc tp VD: mng ti qun Internet, Game, mng cng ty, trng hc, ...
! WAN (Wide Area Network )

mng din rng cc my tnh c th cc thnh ph khc nhau (bn knh: vi trm n vi ngn km) VD: mng ca Tng cc thu, b cng an, ...
! GAN (Global Area Network ):

mng ton cu, kt ni my tnh nhiu nc khc nhau thng l kt hp ca nhiu mng con VD: mng Internet
114 / 137
115 / 137
Cc thnh phn c bn - Phn cng
! ! ! !
My tnh : nt mng V mng (card mng) (Network Interface Card, NIC ) Cc thit b kt ni mng: HUB, SWITCH, ROUTER, ... ng truyn: c dy hoc khng dy
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117 / 137

ng truyn: ! Mi trng truyn thng gia cc my tnh ! hu tuyn (cp truyn) hoc v tuyn (ng ten thu-pht) ! khng dy (wireless (wifi) )
118 / 137
Cc thnh phn c bn - Phn mm
! H iu hnh mng: phn mm iu khin hot ng ca mng ! Cc phn mm mng cho my tnh: thng c sn trong h iu hnh ! Cc ng dng trn mng: Email, h qun tr CSDL, ...
119 / 137
Kin trc mng my tnh (Network architecture)
th hin : ! cch kt ni my tnh vi nhau (topology ): im-im (point-to-point) v qung b (broadcast) ! qui c truyn d liu (giao thc- protocol ) gia cc my tnh
120 / 137
Kin trc mng my tnh

im-im: cc ng truyn ni cc nt thnh tng cp
121 / 137
Kin trc mng my tnh

Qung b: cc nt ni vo ng truyn chung d liu truyn i c a ch ch my nhn c kim tra xem a ch ch c phi mnh khng
122 / 137
123 / 137
Khi nim
! Internet l mt mng my tnh c quy m ton cu (GAN), gm rt nhiu mng con v my tnh ni vi nhau bng nhiu loi phng tin truyn ! Internet khng thuc s hu ca ai c. Ch c cc u ban iu phi v k thut gip iu hnh Internet ! Ban u l mng ARPANET ca B Quc phng M (DoD)
124 / 137
Cc dch v chnh
! Cc dch v chnh:
Truyn thng tin (FTP, File Transfer Protocol) Truy nhp my tnh t xa (telnet) Web (WWW) tm kim v khai thc thng tin trn mng Th in t (E-mail) Tn gu (Chat) trn mng ...
! Li ch:
truyn tin, ph bin tin, thu thp tin, trao i tin nhanh chng, thun tin, r tin yu t khng th thiu trong thi i ngy nay mi lnh vc
125 / 137
S pht trin ca Internet
126 / 137
S pht trin ca Internet
1974: khi nim Internet xut hin 1983: ARPANET tch thnh MILNET(qun i) v NSFnet (nghin cu) 1987: NSFnet c m ca cho cc c nhn 1988: Internet hnh thnh 1997: Vit Nam kt ni Internet http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hIQjrMHTv4
127 / 137
Lm sao c c dch v internet

! My tnh kt ni vi Modem/Router/USB3G ! C thu bao kt ni Internet vi ti khon ng k vi 1 nh cung cp dch v (Internet Service Provider - ISP)
Hnh thc: qua ng in thoi, ng thu ring, ng truyn hnh cp Nh cung cp dch v Internet: VNN, Viettel, FPT, EVN, Truyn hnh cp Vit Nam/H ni/TP HCM, ...
! Ci t cc phn mm Internet thng dng:

trnh duyt web nh IE, FireFox, Google Chrome, . . . phn mm ni chuyn trc tuyn: Yahoo! Messenger, Skype, Gtalk, Gaim, Pidgin, ...
128 / 137
C bn v Word Wide Web (WWW)
! Gi tt l Web, ng dng chy trn Internet ! L mt h thng bao gm cc ti liu siu vn bn (hypertext) c th truy cp qua Internet ! Cc ti liu c th cha cc lin kt ti cc ti liu khc c th trn my tnh khc bt k ni no trn th gii
129 / 137
Mt s giao thc
! Giao thc (Protocol ): Tp cc qui c truyn thng ! HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol ): Giao thc c s dng truyn cc trang Web (siu vn bn) ! HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure ): Giao thc bo mt cho cc giao dch b mt (confidential) ! FTP (File Transfer Protocol ): giao thc truyn tp tin ! SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ) : giao thc truyn th tn n gin ! POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3 ), IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol ): giao thc ly th in t t server ! ...
130 / 137
Website v URL
! Website: Tp hp nhiu trang web (webpage) c t trn 1 my tnh trong mng Internet v c chung mt a ch Internet
v d: http://www.hut.edu.vn , http://www.google.com
! Mt trang web c mt a ch URL duy nht, URL (Uniform Resource Locator):

tham chiu n cc ti nguyn trn Internet a ch ca cc ti nguyn trn Internet
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Cu trc URL
132 / 137
Mt s website ph bin
! Tm kim: gip tm kim nhanh chng cc thng tin, ti liu lin quan n mt hoc vi t kha hoc cc tiu ch khc
http://www.google.com : trang tm kim khng l v c s dng nhiu nht, thng xuyn c nng cp, ci tin. http://scholar.google.com : h tr tm kim chuyn v cc ti liu khoa hc. http://www.search.yahoo.com/ http://baamboo.com/ http://www.altavista.com/ http://www.tineye.com/, http://www.gazopa.com/, http://labs.ideeinc.com/, ...: tm kim nh da trn ni dung
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Mt s website ph bin
! t in trc tuyn:
Vit-Anh/Php/Nht/,...: http://www.vdict.com, http://www.tratu.baamboo.com, ... Anh-Anh: http://dictionary.msn.com Anh-Php-Nht -Hn-c-Ty Ban Nha-...: http://www.wordreference.com
! T in Bch khoa ton th m:

cung cp cc khi nim, gii thch v cc t hoc cm t no , c chnh nhng ngi duyt web xy dng ni dung www.wikipedia.org Ting Vit: www.vi.wikipedia.org
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Mt s website ph bin
! mng gio dc: http://www.edu.net.vn ! th in t min ph: http://mail.google.com, http://mail.yahoo.com, http://www.hotmail.com, ... ! nghe nhc trc tuyn: http://mp3.zing.vn, http://www.nghenhac.info, http://www.nhacso.net, ... ! c truyn trc tuyn: http://www.vnthuquan.net, ... ! bo in t: http://www.vnexpress.net, http://www.vietnamnet.vn, http://www.dantri.com.vn, www.24h.com.vn, http://www.hanoimoi.com.vn, ... ! xem truyn hnh trc tuyn: http://www.vtc.com.vn/, ... ! xem video: http://www.youtube.com, ...
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Mt s website ph bin
! Chia s d liu trc tuyn
chia s d liu ln cho nhiu ngi nu dng min ph: hn ch dung lng ti a (100MB), thi gian ti a thng 7 n 10 ngy v d:
http://www.yousendit.com/ http://www.esnips.com/ http://www.box.net/ www.rapidshare.com www.megaupload.com ...
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Questions & Answers
137 / 137

Bai2 - He Thong May Tinh - 2

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Tin hc i cng

NGUYN Th Oanh oanhnt@soict.hut.edu.vn

Tng quan v h thng my tnh

! Chc nng c bn ca my tnh ! Cu trc my tnh ! Hot ng ca my tnh

Chc nng c bn ca my tnh

Chc nng c bn ca my tnh(...)

! iu khin: my tnh cn phi iu khin c 3 chc nng trn

Chc nng c bn ca my tnh(...)

! iu khin: my tnh cn phi iu khin c 3 chc nng trn

Chc nng c bn ca my tnh(...)

! iu khin: my tnh cn phi iu khin c 3 chc nng trn

Chc nng c bn ca my tnh(...)

! iu khin: my tnh cn phi iu khin c 3 chc nng trn

Chc nng c bn ca my tnh (...)

! B nh chnh (Main Memory):

! H thng vo ra (Input-Output System):

! Lin kt h thng (System Interconnection):

! Khi tnh ton s hc v logic (Arithmetic Logic Unit - ALU)

! Tp cc thanh ghi (Register File - RF)

! Bus bn trong (Internal Bus)

! n v ghp ni bus (Bus Interface Unit BIU)

! Roadrunner 3rd ,IBM

B nh chnh - ROM (Read Only Memory)

B nh chnh - RAM (Random Access Memory)

Phn loi RAM theo cng ngh

! SRAM (static RAM): RAM tnh ! DRAM (dynamic RAM): RAM ng

B nh m nhanh (Cache Memory)

! a cng (Hard disk)

! cng ngoi (External Hard Disk)

Dung lng ln: 250GB, 500GB, ... S dng:

ghi d liu cn c c/ghi CD v phn mm h tr

! DVD (Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc)

! Flash sticks or memory - USB

! Cc thnh phn chnh

Cu trc c bn ca h thng vo-ra

M-un ghp ni vo-ra

Lin kt h thng (buses)

! Cc loi a: a cng, a mm, a quang, ... ! Cc cng vo-ra ! B ngun v qut

Mt s linh kin trn bn mch chnh

Khi nim Phn loi phn mm my tnh

Khi nim Phn loi phn mm my tnh

Khi nim Phn loi phn mm my tnh

Khi nim Phn loi phn mm my tnh

Phn loi theo phng thc hot ng

Khi nim Phn loi phn mm my tnh

Phn loi theo c th ng dng v mi trng

Phn Phn Phn Phn Phn Phn ...

Cc khi nim c bn H lnh ca h iu hnh H iu hnh Windows

Cc khi nim c bn H lnh ca h iu hnh H iu hnh Windows

Cc khi nim c bn H lnh ca h iu hnh H iu hnh Windows

Cc khi nim c bn H lnh ca h iu hnh H iu hnh Windows

Cc khi nim c bn H lnh ca h iu hnh H iu hnh Windows

! Lu : Nn t tn mang tnh gi nh ! VD:

Cc khi nim c bn H lnh ca h iu hnh H iu hnh Windows

! K hiu i din (Wildcard ): dng ch mt nhm tp tin

Cc khi nim c bn H lnh ca h iu hnh H iu hnh Windows

Qun l tp tin ca h iu hnh

Cc khi nim c bn H lnh ca h iu hnh H iu hnh Windows

Qun l tp tin ca h iu hnh

Cc khi nim c bn H lnh ca h iu hnh H iu hnh Windows

Qun l tp tin ca h iu hnh

! H iu hnh cho php chia a thnh cc vng. Mi vng:

! Th mc l ni lu gi cc tp tin theo mt ch no theo ngi s dng