Failure Theories

Predict capability of materials to withstand the infinite combination of non-standard loads Failure: Behavior of a member that renders it unsuitable for its intended function. Static loading (no impact, fatigue nor surface wear)

How much distortion is too much ?

World War II tanker broken in two by a brittle fracture, despite the normal ductility of the used steel.

Impact loading, Sharp notches, Low temperatures, Can promote brittle fracture of usually ductile material

Max. Normal-Stress-Theory
(W.J.M. Rankine 1802-1872, engl. scientist & educator)

simplest

Failure occurs, when greatest tensile stress exceeds uniaxial tensile strength.
+ +

Sut

Suc

Sut

Suc

Sut
No Failure occurs within these bounds No Failure occurs within this area

Suc

Principle Mohr circles

1 2 plot

Correlates well for brittle fracture

Max. Shear-Stress-Theory
(C.A. Coulomb 1736-1806, French scientist) Also called: Tresca Theory or Guests Law Failure occurs, when maximum shear stress exceeds shear strength in uniaxial tension test.
+ +

oldest

Syt
+

Sy

No Failure within these bounds

Sy
+

Sy 1 2 = max = 2 2

No Failure within this area

Principle Mohr circles

1 2 plot

Correlates well for ductile yielding

Max. Distortion-Energy-Theory
(Maxwell 1856 Engl., Hueber 1904 Pol., best Mises 1913 & Hencky 1925 Ger./US) Also called: Max.-Octahedral-Shear Theory Failure occurs, when distortion-energy in unit volume (arbitrary load condition) equals distortion-energy in same volume for uniaxial yielding. Energy stored in a spring

U=

P y A E axially loaded bar: k = L U per unit volume: u = (V = A L ) P stress: = A stress-strain rel.: E=

with spring rate

k=

P y 2 P2 U= 2k P2 L U= 2A E P2 u= 2A 2 E 2 u= 2E u= 2

3-D:

u=

1 1 2 2 3 3 + + 2 2 2

Max. Distortion-Energy-Theory
u = 1 1 2 2 3 3 + + 2 2 2 u = 1 2 2 1 + 2 2E

1 2 3 E E E with 3-D stress-strain rel. 2 = 2 1 3 E E E 2 + 3 2 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 3 = 3 1 2 E E E 1 =

)]

actual

average

difference

with 3-D averaged stress: av = 2 3 av [1 2 ] uav = 2E

1 + 2 + 3 3

Distortion energy

ud = u uav

2 2 2 1 + (1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 ) ud = 3E 2

Simple tension test:

ud =

1+ 2 Sy 3E

1 = S y

Sy

>

e =

(1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2
2

Max. Distortion-Energy-Theory
3D:

Sy

>

e =

(1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + ( 3 1 )2
2
2D: (Juvinall p254)

Homework
Read Chapters 6.5 - 6.8 (6.0-6.1) Problem P6.28 (b)

only

Due: Monday 03/28/05

Exam
Monday, 11 April

Failure Theories
Example: 1 = 35 ksi 2 = -25 ksi Steel Sy=100 ksi Sy=

1 =

Load Point

Shear Diagonal
1.7 1.9

max< Sy

Load Line

St re

ss

Th

Sy=

ax

on i t or t is D . ax M 12 + 22 12 < Sy

.S

1 2 < Sy

gy r e En

he

. h T
2.9

ar

Max. Normal Sress Th.

2 =