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Chapter

8

Pipe Installation

and

Trenchless Technology

Introduction

This chapter

briefly

discusses

a

number

of the

more

common

require-ments of installation, omitting precise details

that

vary in individual

installations.

Also

included

are

some safety aspects

of

pipeline con-struction; however,ageneral

treatise

onsafetyisoutsidethescopeof

this

text.

The use oftrenchless methodsforinstalling pipeandreha-

bilitating

pipe

is

becoming more

common,

and

some

information

on

techniques used is included in

this

chapter.

The

construction

of a

pipeline depends

on

many controlling factors,including pipe materials, trench depth, topography, soil conditions,and operating conditions. The properties of the soil being excavatedand the soil used as backfill in the pipe

zone

are particularly impor-

tant.

How the pipe is handled and

installed

can have huge

effects

onits external load-carrying capacity and can be a controlling

factor

in

the

design

of

the

pipe.

How the

pipe supports

the

loads

from

handling,

soil

cover,

and

water must

be

determined when

the

pipe installation

is

designed. If the

cover

or other external load on the pipe is high, thedegree and

uniformity

of

bedding support can have a

substantial

influ-

ence

on the

required pipe

strength.

Transportation

Delivery of the

pipe

to the job

site

is

usually considered part

of the

installation

process. Requirements

for

packaging, stowing,

restraining

521

522

Chapter Eight

pipe

during

transit,

unloading,

and

handling during

the

installation

processare allimportant considerations. Transportingbyrailroads,onwaterviaships,or bytrucks presents complications,buttheycan be

overcome

if

given

the

proper consideration

in

advance

of

shipping. Mostpipes shipped

by

truck

are

carried

on flatbed

trucks

and

trailers

direct-

ly

to the job

site.

Often

damage

is

done

to the

pipe

by

tie-downequip-ment

that

is

overly tensioned. One-time handling between shipper

and

customer will

often

avoid damage encountered

by

multiple loadings

and

unloadings. Whether

the

pipe

is

delivered directly

to the job

site

or

placed

in

temporary storage areas, care should

be

taken

to

place

the

pipe

so it

can

be

reached

for

movement

to the

trench with

as

little

extra

handling as possible.

Also,

every precaution should be taken to preventdamage

to the

pipe. Pipe ends

are

particularly vulnerable

to

damage

from

impact

or

point loading

that

may

result

from

contact with con-struction equipment, rocks, or other obstacles on the ground.

When

nesting

a

smaller-diameter pipe inside

a

larger pipe,

the

nest-

ed

pipe should

be

padded

to

protect both pipes

from

damage. Loadsshould

be

prepared with

sufficient

stringers

so

that

high concentratedloads

are not

applied

to a

single bearing point.Pipe should,

at all

times,

be

handled with equipment designed

to

prevent damageto

either

theinsideor theoutside surfaceof thepipe.Care shouldbeusedinloadingandunloadingso as not todamagethe

pipe.

Equipment

to be

used

for

handling pipe includes nylon

straps,

wide

canvasorpadded slings,

wide

padded

forks,

andskids designed

to

prevent damage. Unacceptable items include cables, hooks, narrow

forks,

unpadded chains, sharp edgesonbuckets,andmetal

bars.

Theplacement of pipe along a rough

right-of-way could

damage the pipe.Necessary supportto thepipe shouldbesupplied.Thepipemay belaid

on

sandbags, mounds

of

sand,

wood

blocks (padded

if

necessary),

or

other suitable supports

to

protect

the

pipe. Supports should

be

aboutone-quarter

length

from

each end.

It is

usually

not

acceptable

to

allowpipes to roll or

fall

from

the truck to the ground.

Trenching

If

the

pipe-zone

bedding

and

backfill require

densificationby

com-paction, the width of the trench at the bottom of the pipe should bedetermined by the space required for the proper and

effective

use oftamping equipment. Where the sides of the trench will

afford

reason-able side support,

the trench

width

that

must

be

maintained

at the top

of

the pipe, regardless of the depth of excavation, is the narrowestpractical width

that

will allow proper densificationofpipe-zone bed-ding

and

backfill

materials.

The

space between

the

pipe

and

trenchwall must

be

wider

than

the

compaction equipment used

in the

pipe

Pipe

Installation

and

Trenchless Technology

523

zone.

Minimum width

shall

be not

less

than

the

greater

of

either

the

pipe

outside diameter plus16 in or thepipe outside diameter times1.25, plus

12 in. The

effect

of the

trench width

on the

performance

of

the

pipe

is

dependent

on the

type

of

pipe

and is

discussed

in

Chap.

3.

Safety

considerations

are of the

utmost importance. Where possible,sloping the sides of the trench above the top of the pipe to the ground

surface

may be desirable if costs associated with sheeting and bracingcanbe reduced. Specially designed equipment may enable the

satis-

factory

installation

and

embedment

of

pipe

in

trenches narrower than

specified

above.Depth

of

trenches in city

streets

may be governed by existing

utilities

or

other conditions. Where no other requirement is provided, the mini-

mum

cover should

be

generally selected

to

protect

the

pipe

from

tran-sient loads where the climate is mild and should be determined by thedepth

of the

frost

line

in

freezing

climates.

The

profile

should

be

select-

ed

to

minimize high points where

air may be

trapped. With favorable

ground

conditions, excavation

can be

accomplished

in one

operation;under more adverse conditions

it may

require several steps.

The

trench bottom should receive

careful

attention

and

adequate

provisions

for

maintaining grade. Typically,

the

trench bottom

is

exca-

vated to a depth of at least 2 in, and more typically, 4 in

below

theestablished grade line.

The

bottom

is

brought

to

grade with material

in

which

all

stones

and

hard lumps have been removed. This beddingmaterial should

be

firm,

stable,

and

uniform

along

the

pipe.

In

somesoils,

this

bedding under the invert can be achieved by raking thetrench bottom with

the

backhoe

teeth

to

loosen

the

soil.

The

bedding

is

then

brought

to

grade

by the

workers

in the

trench.

If

excavation requires blasting, such

as in

hard rock,

the

sharp rockin thebottom

of

thetrenchmaycause damageto thepipe.Insuch cas-

es, the

trench bottom should

be

excavated

6 in

below

grade,

and a

bed-ding

of

crushed rock

or

sand should

be

used

to

establish

grade.Forunstable foundations,thefoundation

material

shouldbe

removed

to a

sufficient

depth. This should be done under the direction

of

a soils engineer. Excavate to the depth required by the engineer and

replace

with

a

foundation

of

ASTM

class

IA,

class

IB, or

class

II

mate-

rial

(see Chap.

2). Use a

suitably graded

material

where conditions

may

cause migration

of

fines

and

loss

of

pipe support. Place

and

com-pact foundation material. Control

of

unstable trench bottom conditions

may

be

accomplished with

the use of

appropriate geofabrics.Place pipe and fittings in the trench with the invert

conforming

to

the

required elevations, slopes,

and

alignment. Provide bell holes

in

pipe

bedding, no

larger

than

necessary, in order to ensure

uniform

pipesupport.

Fill

all

voids under

the

bell

by

working

in

bedding material.

Also,

excavation

for

sling removal should

be

provided

to

permit

of 00

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