Radiation

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

RADIATION SAFETYMANUAL

OFFICE OF RADIATION, CHEMICALAND BIOLOGICAL SAFETY

C124 Research Complex - Engineering355-0153July 1, 1996

NOTICE TO RADIOACTIVE MATERIALSUSERSThe Radiation Safety Manual and furtherradiation safety information can befound or viewed at the following locations:

•Principal investigator•Department safety representative•ORCBS WWW Home Pagehttp://www.orcbs.msu.edu

See Radiation Safety

•ORCBS 355-0153

Preface.....................................................................................3The Michigan State University Broad Scope License................................3The Radiation Safety Committee.......................................................4Approvals for Use of Radioactive Materials..........................................4Responsibilities of the Principal Investigator.........................................5Responsibilities of the Worker..........................................................6Sanctions for Non-Compliance.........................................................7Training....................................................................................9Ionizing Radiation Theory...............................................................10Radioactive Decay...............................................................10Radiation Units..................................................................11Biological Effects of Radiation.........................................................13Tissue and Cell Sensitivity to Radiation......................................13External and Internal Radiation Exposures...................................14Laws and Regulations Concerning Radiation.........................................15ALARA...........................................................................16Maximum Permissible Exposure..............................................16Personnel Monitoring...........................................................18Minors Working with Radioactive Material..................................19Pregnant Radiation Workers...................................................19Exposure Limits for the General Public......................................19Area Restrictions................................................................20Labeling Requirements.........................................................21Bioassays.........................................................................22Ordering Radioactive Materials................................................22Receiving and Monitoring Radioisotope Shipments........................22Transfer of Radioactive Materials.............................................22Food and Drink Policy..........................................................23Security of Radioactive Materials..............................................23Inventory of Radioactive Materials............................................24Shipment of Radioactive Materials............................................24Terminating Employment.......................................................24Leak Tests of Sealed Sources..................................................25Radiation Safety for Machine Produced Radiation..........................25Principal Investigator Absences...............................................25Radiation Laboratories...................................................................26Laboratory Design and Equipment............................................26Clean Laboratory Conditions and Containment..............................26Unattended Operations..........................................................27Monitoring Instruments.........................................................28Calibrations......................................................................30Radiation Surveys...............................................................30Practical Radiation Protection...........................................................31Routes of Exposure to Radiation..............................................31Monitoring Operations Involving Radioactive Materials....................32Time, Distance and Shielding..................................................32Protective Equipment...........................................................32Airborne Radioactive Materials................................................33Disposal of Radioactive Waste..........................................................34Quantifying Levels of Radioactivity in Waste................................35General Rules for Radiation Safety....................................................35Radiation Incidents/Emergencies.......................................................36Handling Radioactive Incidents/Emergencies................................36Decontaminating Radioactive Material........................................38