Nanocarbon: Properties and Applications in Electrical Field

Submitted By-

Subhash Dagar
skdagar09@gmail.com

College of Technology and Engineering MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

Introduction

Nano

10-9

10-6

10-3

100

103

106

109

Size 10-9 m (1 nanometer) Border to quantum mechanics Form Emergent behavior

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Introduction

Carbon

Melting point: ~ 3500oC

Atomic radius: 0.077 nm Basis in all organic componds 10 mill. carbon componds
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Introduction

Nanocarbon
Fullerene Tubes Cones Carbon black Horns Rods Foams Nanodiamonds
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Introduction

Nanocarbon
Fullerene Tubes Cones Carbon black Horns Rods Foams Nanodiamonds
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Introduction

Nanocarbon
Fullerene Tubes Cones Carbon black

Properties & Application

Electrical

Mechanical
Thermal Storage
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Properties

Bonding

Graphite sp2

Diamond sp3

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Properties

Nanocarbon

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Properties

Nanocarbon
6 + 6 pentagons 1 5 pentagons

12 pentagons

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Properties

Fullerene
The most symmetrical large molecule
Discovered in 1985
- Nobel prize Chemistry 1996, Curl, Kroto, and Smalley C60, also 70, 76 and 84. - 32 facets (12 pentagons and 20 hexagons) - prototype Epcot center, Paris

~1 nm

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Properties

Fullerene
Symmetric shape
lubricant

Large surface area

catalyst

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Properties

Fullerene
Symmetric shape
lubricant

Large surface area

catalyst

High temperature (~500oC) High pressure

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Properties

Fullerene
Symmetric shape
lubricant

Large surface area

catalyst

High temperature (~500oC) High pressure Hollow

caging particles

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Properties

Fullerene
Symmetric shape
lubricant

Large surface area

catalyst

High temperature (~500oC) High pressure Hollow

caging particles

Ferromagnet?
- polymerized C60 - up to 220oC

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Properties

Fullerene
Chemically stable as graphite
- most reactive at pentagons

Crystal by weak van der Waals force

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Properties

Fullerene
Chemically stable as graphite
- most reactive at pentagons

Crystal by weak van der Waals force Superconductivity

- K3C60: 19.2 K

- RbCs2C60: 33 K

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Properties

Nanotube
Discovered 1991, Iijima

Roll-up vector:

Ch n a1 m a2

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Properties

Nanotube
Discovered 1991, Iijima

Roll-up vector:

Ch n a1 m a2
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Properties

Nanotube
Electrical conductanse depending on helicity

Ch n a1 m a2

If

2n m i , then metallic 3 else semiconductor

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Properties

Nanotube
Electrical conductanse depending on helicity

Ch n a1 m a2
Copper wire

If

Current capacity
Carbon nanotube 1 GAmps / cm2 1 MAmps / cm2

2n m i , then metallic 3 else semiconductor

Heat transmission
Comparable to pure diamond (3320 W / m.K)

Temperature stability
Carbon nanotube 750 oC (in air) Metal wires in microchips 600 1000 oC

Caging
May change electrical properties

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Properties

Nanotube
High aspect ratio:
Length: typical few m

length 1000 diameter

quasi 1D solid

Diameter: as low as 1 nm
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Properties

Nanotube
High aspect ratio:
Length: typical few m

length 1000 diameter

quasi 1D solid

Diameter: as low as 1 nm SWCNT 1.9 nm

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Properties

Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are the strongest ever known material.
Young Modulus (stiffness):
Carbon nanotubes Carbon fibers High strength steel 1250 GPa 425 GPa (max.) 200 GPa

Tensile strength (breaking strength)

Carbon nanotubes Carbon fibers High strength steel 11- 63 GPa 3.5 - 6 GPa ~ 2 GPa

Elongation to failure : ~ 20-30 %

Density:
Carbon nanotube (SW) 1.33 1.40 gram / cm3 Aluminium 2.7 gram / cm 3

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Properties

Mechanical

Carbon nanotubes are very flexible

http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/gallery.html Nanoscience Research Group University of North Carolina (USA) http://www.physics.unc.edu/~rsuper/research/ College of Technology and Engineering MAHARANA PRATAP UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

Properties

Discovered 1994 (closed form) Ge & Sattler 1997 (open form) Ebbesen et al.
Closed: same shape as HIV capsid Possible scale-up production (open form)

Storage?
Hydrogen

19.2 o

38.9 o

60.0 o

84.6 o

112.9 o

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Li et al. Nature 407 (2000) 409.

Cones

Properties

Carbon black
Large industry
- mill. tons each year

Tires, black pigments, plastics, dry-cell batteries, UV-protection etc.

Size: 10 400 nm

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Application

Writing

Carbon graphite

C60: 1000x better resolution than ink (Xerox)

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Application

CNT / polymer composite

Current technology
- carbon black
- 10 15 wt% loading - loss of mechanical properties

CNT composites
- 0.1 1 wt% loading - low perculation treshold
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Application

CNT / polymer composite

Transparent electrical conductor - Thickness: 50 150 nm - High flexibility

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Application

Electric devices

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Application

Transistor
Vacuum tubes
- Nobel prize 1906, Thomson.

Semiconductor, Si-based
- Nobel prize 1956, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain. - 2000, Kilby.

IBM, 1952.

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Application

Transistor
SWCNT
- 2.6 GHz, T = 4 K - Logical gates

Emitter

Collector

Base

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Application

Antenna

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Application

Antenna
Dipole
~ 3/4 m

Radio wave:

m 3 10 c s ~ 100 MHz f 3m
8

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Application

Antenna
Dipole
~ 3/4 m

Radio wave:

m 3 10 c s ~ 100 MHz f 3m
8

Nanotube
L

Optical wave:

~ L / 2 ~ 500 nm
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Application

Flat screen displays

Plasma TV
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Application

Flat screen displays

Field emission

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Application

Atomic Force Microscopy

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Application

Atomic Force Microscopy

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Application

Atomic force microscopy

Tube or cone Chemical probe

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Application

Yarn

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Application

Yarn
MWCNT Operational -196oC < T < 450oC Electrical conducting Toughness comparable to Kevlar No rapture in knot

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Application

Hydrogen storage
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O (l) + energy

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Application

Hydrogen storage
Aim: 5 - 7 wt% H2 SWCNT
- Dillon et al. (1997) : 8 wt% (questionable) - Tarasov et al. (2003): 2.4 wt% reversible, 25 bar H2, -150oC.

Cones
- Mealand & Skjeltorp, (2001) US Patent 6,290,753

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Conclusion

Warnings
Environment and health No scale-up production of fullerenes and tubes No scale-up design, yet.

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Conclusion

Conclusion
Nanocarbon
- fullerene - most symmetrical - tubes - strongest - cones - one of the sharpest - carbon black - large production

Properties
- electrical, mechanical, thermal, storage, caging

Applications
- antenna, composite, writing, field emission, transistor, yarn, microscopy, storage

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Commercial
Companies: ~ 20 worldwide
- Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc. (CNI)

- SES Research - n-Tec

Prices:
- Tubes: pure SWCNT $500 / gram (CNI) MWCNT 20-50 / gram (n-Tec) - C60 : pure $100-200 / gram (SES Research) - Cones: Multi 1 / gram (n-Tec) - Gold : $10 / gram

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