THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) Bilabial Labiodental Dental Plosive Nasal Trill Tap or Flap Fricative Lateral fricative Approximant Lateral approximant Alveolar Post alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular 2005 IPA Pharyngeal Glottal

t d n r | v F B f v T D s z S Z L l

p b m

c k g q G / = N R J x V X ? h H
VOWELS

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives

Front Close

Central

Back

> !

Bilabial Dental (Post)alveolar Palatoalveolar Alveolar lateral

Bilabial Dental/alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular

p t k s

Examples: Bilabial Dental/alveolar Velar Alveolar fricative

Close-mid

IY e P

u o O A

Open-mid

OTHER SYMBOLS

Voiceless labial-velar fricative Alveolo-palatal fricatives w Voiced labial-velar approximant Voiced alveolar lateral flap Voiced labial-palatal approximant Simultaneous S and x Voiceless epiglottal fricative Affricates and double articulations Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. Epiglottal plosive
DIACRITICS

Open

e E { a

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. SUPRASEGMENTALS

kp ts N(

Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.

"
*

Primary stress Secondary stress Long Half-long Extra-short

foUn"tISn

e_ e! e@ e~ e

High Mid Low Extra low

Downstep Upstep

e e$ e% e e&

3 7 2 + ` 8

n9 d9 Voiced s3 t3 Aspirated t d More rounded O7 Less rounded O Advanced u Retracted e2 Centralized e Mid-centralized e+ Syllabic n` Non-syllabic e8 Rhoticity a
Voiceless

W 6 5 0

b a 1 Dental t1 d1 Creaky voiced b0 a0 Apical t d Linguolabial t d 4 Laminal t4 d4 Labialized tW dW ) Nasalized e) Palatalized t d Nasal release d Velarized t d Lateral release d Pharyngealized t d } No audible release d} Velarized or pharyngealized : Raised e6 ( 6 = voiced alveolar fricative) Lowered e ( B = voiced bilabial approximant) Advanced Tongue Root e5 Retracted Tongue Root e
Breathy voiced

e e e*

Minor (foot) group Major (intonation) group Syllable break

i.kt

Linking (absence of a break)

TONES AND WORD ACCENTS LEVEL CONTOUR Extra Rising or or high

Falling High rising Low rising Risingfalling

Global rise Global fall