Evsjv ' Ki MGVRZVWŠ¿K 'J-Evm'

evsjv`ki mgvRZvwK `j-evm`
K`xq KwgwU
23/2 ZvcLvbv ivW (3q Zjv) XvKv-1000| dvb: 7169830; dv: 9554772; Email:mail@spb.org.bd
ZvwiL-21.03.2013
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AvnvqK/mg^qK/m`mmwPe,
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KgiW, fQv wbeb| MZ 18-20 deqvwi 13 AbywZ cvwU K`xq KwgwUi mfvq K`xq KwgwUi m`m KgiW gywebyj nvq`vi Payix
cvwU wke`vm Nvli wPvavivi wfwZ Mo DVQ Ges wke`vm NvlK AvRvwZK mvgev`x Av`vjbi A_wiwU wnmve NvlYv Kiv
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AvnvqK/mg^qK/m`m mwPeì mfvq hvZ Zv wbq GKUv fvjv mywPwZ AvjvPbv Kiv hvq hv Avgvì mKji KvQ wkYxq nq DVZ
cvi| GZeo GKUv iMxi ZMZ welqi AvjvPbvi Rb DvwcZ welqmg~nK bvbv w`K _K AvjvPbv chvjvPbv Kivi Rb- mgq Ges
cwZ `yUvB Kg| Zv mI Avcbviv wbRì ga h_vme Mfxi gbvhvM welq XvKvi Pv Kieb Ges gZvgZ wbq Avmeb hvZ
GKRbi AvjvPbvq `kRb DcKZ nZ cvi| Rjv KwgwU mfv Ki ee `ywU co AvjvPbv chvjvPbvi gvag cZK m`mi
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abev`mn

(LvjKzvgvb)
mvaviY mv`K
K`xq KwgwU

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KiwQjb| gnvb jwbb gvKmevì mwVK Dcjw Ges hyMvchvMx evLv DcwZ Kib Ges GB cwqvq `kb-ivRbxwZ-A_bxwZ msMVb I
mswZ A_vr Rxebi meB wecex Av`vjbi mvgb MvBWjvBb ev c_wb`k DcwZ Kib| GB c_B jwbb wekmvgev`x Av`vjb
h_v_ c_c`kK ev A_wiwU wnmve BgvR Kib| GB h wZwb BgvR Kijb mUv Kvb AvRvwZK mjb cve, wmv, NvlYv ev ^xKwZi
wfwZ nqwb| ivwkqvi Afi AviGmwWGjwc-i gaB jwbbi mv_ Abvbì ZMZ e ck iZi gZcv_K nqwQj, c_g
gnvhyi cvvj wZxq AvRvwZKi ga Abvb bZvì mv_I jwbbi iZi gZcv_K `Lv w`qwQj|
ivwkqvi wfZi I evBi hviv wZxq AvRvwZKi bZZi weK wnmve jwbbxq wPvK MnY Ki msMvg bgwQjb, Zuviv Zuvì GB
KvRi vivB jwbbK A_wiwU wnme ^xKwZ w`qwQjb| jwbb wZxq AvRvwZK _K ewiq Avmvi ci 1917 mvj ivwkqvq menviv
wece mdj Kib Ges Zuvi bZZ ZZxq AvRvwZK (KwgUvb) MwVZ nqwQ 1919 mvji gvP mvm| GB ZZxq AvRvwZK MVbi AvMB
jwbb wekmvgev`x Av`vjb A_wiwU wnme cwZfvZ nb|
gvKmev`x c_c`kK ev A_wiwU Mo IV Rxebi meK mwVKfve evLvi wfwZ mwVK MvBWjvBbi c`kK wnme| whwb ay
evLvKvi bb, Rxebi mg mwVKfve gvKmev`K cqvMi ga w`q Av`k KwgDwb Pwii Rxe mywbw` ic wnme cwZfvZ
nb|
`yB aiYi A_wiwU _vK| GKRb A_wiwU ay RvZxq B bq, AvRvwZK I Dciv msMvg cwiPvjbvi gvag mvgev`x Av`vjb
c_c`kKic MY nb| Avi GK aiYi A_wiwU gvKmev`K wbR `k me mRbkxjfve cqvM Ki wbR `ki wece cwiPvjbv
Kib| ay wecei iYbxwZ I iYKkj wbaviYi vivB KD A_wiwU cwiMwYZ nq bv| GLvb weklfve DjL Kiv ìKvi h, gvKm-
Gjm-jwbb-vwjb-gvI m ZzO I cieZxKvj A_wiwUì me eB co, Zvi _K KvU KiZ cvijB KD A_wiwU nq hvq bv|
MvBWjvBbK KZUv mRbkxjfve GKRb wbR `k cqvM KiZ cviQb, wbRi Rxeb-KwgDwb Pwi ARb KZUv mg nqQb Zvi
DciB wbfi Ki GKRb h_vh_B A_wiwU nZ ciQb wK bv|
UUw, wRbvwfqf, Kvgbfhviv jwbbi wkvwjK weKZ KiwQjb Ges jwbbK A_wiwU wnme gvbZ Pvbwb, Zvì wei Av`kMZ
msMvgi gaw`q jwbbevì mwVK evLv I Dcjwi wfwZ wece cieZxKvj mvwfqU mgvRZ Mo Zvjv AvRvwZK mvgev`x
Av`vjbi mvgb D ~Z bvbv mgmvi mwVK mgvavb DcwZ Kiv, `k `k Dcwbekev` weivax ^vaxbZv Av`vjbi MvBWjvBb Ìqv,
mvvRev`x hyi wei kvw Av`vjbi ecweK Zvrch DcwZ Kiv, fvlvi Drcw I weKvki wbqg Avwevi Kiv cuywRev`x A_bxwZ I
mgvRZvwK A_bxwZi gwjK cv_K wbwìc wPwZ Kiv BZvwì ga w`q KgiW vwjb AvRvwZK mvgev`x Av`vjbi A_wiwU
wnme cwZfvZ nb|
jwbb ewYZ, mvvRev` I menviv wecei hyM Pxbi gZ AZ wcwQq cov GKwU Avav-mvgx I Avav-JcwbewkK `k kwgK kYxi
bZZ MYZvwK wece cwiPvjbvi jwbbxq wb`wkKvK mdjZvi mv_ cqvM Kib gvI m ZzO| Gfve Pxbi gvwUZ gvKmev`
jwbbev`K mwVKfve cqvMi wfwZ Zi cvj evLv (Ab KUvwWKkb Ab cvKwm) DcwZ Ki Ges kl Rxeb Pxbi Afi
I AvRvwZK mskvabevì wei ewj Av`kMZ msMvg cwiPvjbvi viv gvI m ZzOI GKRb AvRvwZK A_wiwU wnme Gm hvb|
wfqZbvg KgiW nv wPwg, Di Kvwiqvi KgiW wKg Bj myO, wKDevq KgiW wd`j Kvv mdj wece bZZ Ìqvi ciI AvRvwZK
mvgev`x Av`vjbi bZv I c_c`kK wnme weki KwgDwbì mvgb cwZfvZ nbwb| KviY, Gì wPv I Kgavivi ga mKj `ki
KwgDwbì Rb AvewkKfve AbymiYxq wekRbxb wkvi mvb cvqwb weki KwgDwbiv|
Avgiv hLb ewj GmBDwmAvB (KwgDwb) `ji c wZvZv KgiW wke`vm Nvl nQb eZgvb hyMi wewk gvKmev`x wPvbvqK I `vkwbK
Ges Avgvì Av`k wnme ewj gvKmev`-jwbbev` KgiW wke`vm Nvli wPvaviv, ZLb Zvi viv Avgiv KgiW wke`vm Nvli wPv I
wkvwji wekRbxb ev BDwbfvmvj ewkKB eywS hvi A_, AvR ay fviZel bq, weki h Kvbv `kB mwVK c_ menviv wecex msMvg
Mo ZzjZ nj h_v_ KwgDwb cvwU MVb cYvjx _K i Ki msMVb cwiPvjbv, vb-wevb mgvR mvwnZ-`kb-KwgDwb mswZ I
mskvabev`x wePzwZi cKZ KviY I Zvi wei msMvgi mwVK ivv cfwZ welq AvRKi KwgDwbì ga gvKmev`- jwbbevì h
AvaywbK I hyMvchvMx Dcjw _vKv AvewkK, Zv ARb KiZ nj KgiW wke`vm Nvli wPv I wkvK RvbZ I eySZ ne| weki
KwgDwbì wPv I wkvi GB wekRbxb KvhKvwiZvi RbB KgiW wke`vm Nvl wek mvgev`x Av`vjbi bZvq cwiYZ nqQb|
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1| jwbb cieZxKvj wevb I `kb hme bZzb ck, mgmv ev welq GmQ, Zvi îc g~jK eev`x `wfwZ evLv Ki gvKmevì
DcjwK DbZ KiQb KgiW wke`vm Nvl| -AwbqZvZ
2| j Ae cvevwewjwU wbaviYev`K c~e-wbaviYevì wbqwZev`x aviYv _K gy KiQ|
3| cyivwjwU Ae KRm
4| mvaviY A_ G K_v ejv fzj ne h, AvUvMwbRg BR Uvivwi KUvwWKkb BR cvgvbU| (vbZ)
5| BbwdwbwUi aviYv AvcwK|
6| weM evs Zi wei KgiW NvlB c_g Avcw Zzj ejb, GUv gvbj wekiI i AvQ ejZ nq, hUv fzj|
7| wke`vm Nvl `wLqQbcwigvYMZ cwieZb _K YMZ cwieZb-Gi mv_ fvBwm-fvmv bv ejj aviYvUv m~Y nq bv|
8| wke`vm Nvl `wLqQb-hywkvi Aeivn I Avivn cwqvi ga Avivn nQ cvqi, Zvi weKvki avivq GmQ Aeivn|
9| mvaviY mZ m^ KvbI GKwU wekl aviYv ev Dcjwi KvUvMwiB kvkZ ev meKvji Rb bq|
10| fveev`x wPv BwZnvm ewkifvM mgq kvlKkYxi nvwZqvii f~wgKv cvjb KiQ GK_v wVK| wK ZvB ej agxq wPv ev fveev`x
wPvviv mgvRi AMMwZi Kvb mgq Kvb f~wgKv cvjb Kiwb, GK_v Avwg Kvbw`b gZ wbZ cvwiwb|
11| gvKmev`K ejv nZ kwgKkwYi wek`wfw| KgiW wke`vm Nvl `Lvjb, mZvbymv`vbi `kb| mvgev`x mgvR hLb kwgKkYx
_vKe bv, ZLbI mZvbymvbi GB wevbmZ `kb _vKe| mRbB GK ejv DwPr wevbmZ wek`wfw|
12| mvi GKwRmUbwkqvwjRg|
13| dvwmev`
14| MYZvwK I K`xKZv evLv Ki jwbb ejb, GUv nQ menviv MYZ I K`xKZvi wgkb| wK menviv mswZ ARb Qvov h `j
menviv MYZ h_v_fve KvR KiZ cvi bv Ges menviv mswZ ejZ Kx evSvq Zv jwbb `wLq hvqwb, hUv KgiW Nvl jwbbi
wPvK weZ I DbZ Ki `wLqQb|
15| KgiW wke`vm Nvl `wLqQb, wecex Z ejZ jwbb ay ivRbwZK I A_bwZK Z evSvbwb| Rxebi me gvKmev`x
wevbK cqvM Ki msMvgi viv m GKUv mvgwMK vbi cwigjK eywSqQb| hviv w_qvwi ejZ ay cwjwUKvj Av BKbwgK w_qwi
gb KiZ, Zvì wevw `wLq wke`vm Nvl ejjb, gvKmev`K RxebmsMvg wnmve MnY bv Kij h_v_ KwgDwb Pwi ARb Kiv hve
bv|
16| GKwU `k wecex `j MVbi AvM, wke`vm Nvl `wLqQb, Rxebi me ev Ki gvKmevì mwVK cqvMi ga w`q Av`kMZ
Av`vjb Mo Zzj ZviB wfwZ Av`kMZ Kw`KZv A_vr mg-wPvcwZ, mg-wPv, mg-wePviaviv, mg-DkgyLxbZv Mo ZzjZ ne|
wZwb AviI `wLqQb, mKj bZv Ges Kgxi h_vb hLb `ji mevP ii GKRb bZvi ga w`q mek ic ewKiY NU, ZLbB
ejv hve, h_ bZZi Af~vb NUQ|
17| constant common association, constant common discussion and constant common activity
18| wke`vm Nvl `wLqQb, A_wiwU ev bZZ mK gvKmev`x aviYvi mv_ ievì Kvb wgj bB|
19| cuywRev`x `k AvRKi hyM KwgDwb Pwii DbZ gvb ARbi Rb Ges wecei ci mgvRZK GwMq wbq hvIqvi Rb ay
ewMZ mw cwiZvM KivB bq, Rxebi me ewMZ mwRvZ gvbwmKZv _K gy nq kwY, `j I wecei mv_ GKZ nZ
ne|
20| eyRvqv MYZ I menviv MYZi ga Kv_vq cv_K Zv `Lvb KgiW wke`vm Nvl|
21| KwgDwb Av`vjbi Afi AvRvwZK bZZi m Acivci `ki cvwUwji ga vwK mKi cwieZ h hvwK mK
mK wkqvwiI wke`vm Nvl w`qwQjb (1948)|
22| weskwZ KsMmi wicvUK hLb Pxbi cvwU Awf`b RvwbqQ, ZLb KgiW wke`vm NvlB `Lvb h, GB weskwZ KsMm DvwcZ Z
I vwjb weivwa c`c mvgev`x Av`vjb mskvabevì ìRv Lyj è, mgvRZK wecb Kie| KgiW wke`vm Nvl ejjb,
eyRvqv cvjvgUi icvii ga w`q mgvRZ Avme bv|
23| mskvabev`x wePzwZi KviY wnmve wZwbB c_g eyRvqv ewev` I PZbvi wbPz gvbK `vqx Kib|
24| mgvRZvwK ewev`|
25| wke`vm Nvl `wLqQb h, mgvRZvwK eevq DbxZ nevi ci ew^v_ Ges mvgvwRK ^v_i weivavZK K wgjbvZK
icvwiZ Kivi IciB ivi Aejywi ckwU IZcZfve RwoZ|
26| A_wiwU wnme vwjbi wPvi h_v_ evLv Dcvcb|
27| Pxbi gnvb menviv mvswZK wecei ZMZ mxgveZv|
28| Pxbi KwgDwb cvwUi beg KsMm `kg KsMm
29| ZZxq weki m`^vaxb beRvMZ RvZxqZvev`x `kjvi mevi wecei i njv RbMYZvwKPxbi cvwUi GB XvjvI MvBWjvBb mwVK
bq|
30| 12 cvwUi I 81 cvwUi `wjj|
31| KwgDwb AvPiYwewa|
32| eo gvKmev`x wPvbvqKìI Kb mvwnZ cvV KiZ nq m welq Zuvi wPv I evLvK g~jevb wkv wnme MnY KiZ ne|
33| hydU ivRbxwZ I hydU miKvi cwiPvjbvi ck|
34| MYAv`vjb msMvg KwgwU MVb|
35| BKbwgK cejgm Ae mvmvwjRg Bb w` BD Gm Gm AviGi mgvjvPvi Reve mvwfqZ BDwbqb D ~Z KqKwU A_bwZK mgmv
cm|
36| bqv^vaxbZvcv eyRvqv RvZxqZvev`x `kwji GKw`K mvvRevì mv_ Ges Aciw`K mgvRZvwK wkweii m i NUbvK
cg wnme iZ `qvi K_v ejb|
37| mv`vwqK mgmv cm
38| wkv-mswZ mgmv mK GKwU evwbK `wfw
39| wke`vm Nvl-Gi weklY _K Avgiv wkLwQAvRKi cuywRevì KvQ ivi `LjUvB eo K_v, mvefgZi acw` aviYv Zvi KvQ
AbKLvwb g~jnxb| `ki AfixY evRviKI m g~jZ wek cuywRev`x evRvii Ask wnmve `L-RvZxq evRvi wnmve ZZUv bq|
(evsjv`ki Drcv`b cwZ I iv eev| GKwU gZevw`K weZK, cv-11)
40| evm` cKvwkZ ivRbwZK A_kv cywKvq (cv 84) A_bxwZi mvgwiKxKiY cm wke`vm Nvli evLv Zzj aiv nqQ| wke`vm
Nvl `Lvjb, GKUv bZzb ewk hy nqQ| hyi Rb A_bxwZ _K cuywRev`x `kjv Avi GKUv ivv wbqQ-A_bxwZi Rb hy|

<+<< +|<- |<-|< t<<|< s << | |-++ >:..>:

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DcwZ wQjb| wkv wkweii g~j Dk wQj, `j KZK cKvwkZ (Lmov) cywKvK ai Avgvì 32 eQii weklvwqZ msMvgx AwfZvi
mvi msKjb Ki `ji h_ wPv I ZvwK-eenvwiK gvbi Dbqb NUvbv| cvkvcvwk evm`wmwcwe HKK K` Ki w-`jxq ei evBi
evg weKK `kgvb Ki MYmsMvg GwMq bqvi bxwZ-cwZMZ I KkjMZ welq mg~ni Dci GKUv mvweK gZvgZ Mo Zvjv I w`K
wb`kbv `qv|
K`xq KwgwUi c _K cvwUi mvaviY mv`K cviwK msw ee Zv Zzj ai AvjvPbvi Avnvb Rvbvb| wK iZB wKQz KgiWi
cmi evBi wMq ee `qvK K` Ki GKUv c-weci AvenvIqv Zwi nq hvq| ivZi Mc eVK mg~nI Zvi Qvc co| ci
K`xq KwgwUi m`m-KgiW gywebyj nvq`vi Payixi ee `ywU welqi DcvcbvK wNi weZKwU Qwoq co| GKwU njv KgiW wke`vm
NvlK AvRvwZK mvgev`x Av`vjbi A_wiwU wnmve gb bqv Ges NvlYv `qv DwPZ| AbwU cvwU mvaviY mv`K bZvì bZv
njI `ji A_wiwU nq DVbwb| BZvc~e `ji K`xq KwgwUZ KLbI welqwU DvwcZ nqwb|
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cvwUi c _K 12 gvP 1981 cKvwkZ -// - ! -/ ^ cyw Kvi f~wgKvq ejv nqQ, ... gvKmxq weklY cwZ
Abyhvqx wePvi Ki, G`ki evgcx Av`vjbi AwfZvi mvi msKjb Ki Ges Rvmì Afi gZv`kMZ msMvg Pvwjq Avgiv wmv
GmwQ h, G`k mwZKvi A_ Kvb mvgev`x `ji AwZ bB| ZvB `j Mo Zvjvi wevb mZ aviYv I Avgvì AwfZv- hv _K
wkv wbq Avgiv evsjv`ki mgvRZvwK `jK GKwU mwVK menviv kYxi wecex `j wnmve Mo ZzjZ PvBwQ, Zv msw AvKvi GB
cywKvq ck Kiv njv| 19 AvM 2003 cywKvwUi ZZxq gy`bi f~wgKvq ejv nqQ, evsjv`k GKUv cKZ mvgev`x `j Mo Zvjvi
cZq wbq 1980 mvji 7 bfî evsjv`ki mgvRZvwK `j-evm` Gi AvZcKvk NUwQj| `j Movi msMvgi Ask wnmve ZLb Avgiv
gvKmxq wePvi aviv Abyhvqx G `k G aibi `j MVb Kivi weivRgvb mgmvwj wPwZ Ki mjv mgvavbi c_ wb`k KiwQjvg|
hv wbq 1981 mvj G cywKvwUi cKvk NUwQj| 1984 mvji gvP cywKvwUi wZxq gy`Y cKvwkZ nqwQj| GLb 2003 mvj| evmì 23
eQi PjQ| G mgqKvj RvwZq I AvRvwZK cwimi AbK iZc~Y cwieZb NUQ| Zv Qvov cwZvjMi NvlYv Abyhvqx Rxebi mg
K Rwoq msMvg KiZ wMq Avgvì AwfZvi fvvi AvMi Zzjbvq eY mg nqQ| GKUv mwZKvii mvgev`x `j mwKZ
Avgvì avibvI AbK ewk ^Q Ges nqQ| dj Lye ^vfvweKfveB cywKvwUi cwigvwRZ msiY ei Kiv ìKvi ej Avgiv gb
KiwQ| Avgiv Avkv KiwQ AwPiB Zv Kiv hve| Ze G gyn~Z `ji AfixY Riwi cqvRb gUvZ Ges cwZvKvj Avgiv menviv kYxi
`j MVbi mgmv cm h ee w`qwQjvg Zv `ji bevMZ Kgx I evggbv gvbylì iY Kwiq `qvi j cywKvwUi c_g gy`bi
f~wgKvmn e Qvcvbv njv| Avgvì AwfZvi mvi msKjb Ki mvgMxKZvq cywKvwU cKvk KiZ h wej^ nqQ Zv Avgvì GKUv
`~ejZv hwÌ G welqjvi Dci 1983 mvj _KB wewfb wkv wkwei mywbw`fve AvjvPbv nqQ| 2012 mvj Rvbvj Ges K`xq wkv
wkweii c~e Amgv Aevq Avgiv Zv KgiWì nvZ Zzj w`qwQjvg Lmov wnmve| hv c~Y Kjei cKvwkZ nj evsjv`ki evgcx
Av`vjbi mvgb GKUv w`K wb`kbvg~jK `wjj wnmve DcwZ Kiv hZ Ges Avgvì `ji mKj ii KgiWì h_ vbKI AviI
DbZ i Zvjv me nZv|
Avgvì K`xq Kbfbkb 2009 (30-31 wWmî) Gi mvsMVwbK ivRbwZK cwZe`b AZxZ w`bi evgcx Av`vjbi e_Zvi KviY
`LvZ wMq ejv nqQ, ...G KviYwU LyuRZ wMq Avgiv gvKm-Gjm-jwbb-vwjb-gvI mZzs-wke`vm Nvlmn wewfb gbxlxì wPv
Ges ivwkqv, Pxb, wfqZbvg, wKDev, Kvwiqvmn `k `k wecex msMvgi AwfZv Avgvì mvagZv bIqvi Pv KiwQ| G _K Avgiv
4wU g~j welqK evgcvi ivRbwZK e_Zvi KviY wnmve wPwZ KiwQ| GB 4wU welq-c_gZ: gvKmev`x g~j `wfw, wePvi weklY I
cqvM cwZ RwbZ mgmv; wZxqZ: Rxebi me evcx msMvg; ZZxqZ: ivi Pwi I Drcv`bi ewk wbYq Z_v mgvR weklY;
PZz_Z: `j MVbi bxwZMZ I cwZMZ msMvg|
Avgvì `ki eveZvi AvjvK cwZwU welqi Dci msw AvjvKcvZI Kiv nqQ| menviv kYxi wecex `j MVbi wfw cm ejZ
wMq ejv nqQ| ...gbxlx Kvj gvKm I Zvi mnhvMx dWvwiK Gjm GKwU wfb Pwii I KvVvgvi `j MVbi HwZnvwmK Pvwn`vi
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|||+< |<| (-++)
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Ki gvKm-Gjm-jwbb-vwjb-gvI mZzs wKQz ewZg m I ^ xKZ AvQb| A_wiwUi mvaviY kvwK A_ - 1.The power of right of
giveordersandenforceobedience2.Apersonororganizationexertingcontrolinapoliticaloradministrative
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othersource.
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ici cKvk Z_v bZvì bZvic A_wiwU KvhKvixZv jvf Ki| jwbb hgb ejb, ....Now we have become an organized
party,andthisimpliestheestablishmentofauthority,thetransformationofthepowerofideasintothepower
ofauthority... [Selectedworks, vol6.page291]
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hvq bv| [-/ / / /, - < -:o:-:o-]
|<| |<t|< "|--<|-|+ ||<+|< |<<t-|< <|+ <
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wbR^ cqvRb A_wiwU Avwef~Z nq Zv KvhKvwiZv jvf Ki| c_g `jK gbvwjw_K wnme wqvkxj KiZ Ges cieZxZ RbMYK
MYZvwK Av`vjb wecex msMvg GK gvbyli gZv cwiPvjbv Kivi mgZv wbq wecei A_wiwU wnmveI ^xKwZ jvf Kib| GB
A_wiwUi h_v_Zv wePvii AbZg gvcKvwV njv h_ bZZi cZxK ev weklxKZ ici cKvk wnmve wZwb `jK Ges w`b w`b
RbMYKI Av`wkK, mvsMVwbK, ivRbwZK bZZ `vbi mgZvi w`K `jK mv_ wbq AMmi nQb wKbv| Avgvì `ji K_v aiv hvK|
1972 mvji 31 Avei AvZcKvk Kiv RvZxq mgvRZvwK `ji Afi gZv`kMZ msMvgi cwiYwZZ h 7 Rb bZv Rvm` K`xq
KwgwU _K ewiq Avmb Zuviv njb KgiW LvjKzvgvb, Avyjvn miKvi, Av.d.g gvneyeyj nK, Avmvd Djv, GKivgyj nK, nvweeyjvn
Payix, ggZvR eMg| Rvmì Afi gZevw`K msMvgI 7 Rbi bZZ `b KgiW LvjKzvgvb| evm` Mo IVvi A_vr 1980 mvji
7 bfîi AvMB AvRKi cvwU mvaviY mv`K KgiW LvjKzvgvb ewnZ! ev c`ZvMKvix Rvm` K`xq KwgwUi 7 RbK cwZwbwaZ
Ki wewfb HKe Av`vjb I RvZxq ivRbwZK g ee weewZ `b hv RvwZq msev`gvag cPvwiZ wQj|
1980 mvj cvwU NvlYvjMI wZwb D`vve` I Kgxgnji memZ MnYhvMZvq cvwU AvnevqK wbevwPZ nb| 1980 mvj cvUdg Ae
AvKkb wnmve cvwU weewPZ _vKjI 1983 mvj gvneye-gvbvì mskvabev`x bZZi wei msMvgi ci _K mfve Avi aviYv `qv
nqwb| 2009 mvj cvwU KbfbkbI ZrKvjxb K`xq KwgwU I K`xq ewaZ dvivgmn Kbfbkbi cwZwbwaì viv MvUv `ji
mwZZB wZwb mvaviY mv`K wbevwPZ nb| cvwU 32 eQi gweKvkgvb wecex kw wnmve GwMqQ Ges ivRbwZK mvKj wekl Ki
evg gnj Zvi ^ xKwZ iqQ| gvKmev`-jwbbevì wfwZ Ges wke`vm Nvli wPv _K wkv wbjI ZvK A AbyKiYi e`j
evsjv`ki mgvR eveZvq weklvwqZ KiB wecex msMvgi Abykxjbi ga w`qB `ji weKvk me nqwQj| Avgvì `ji MVbcwqv,
mvgwiK kvmb, eyRvqv îvPvix kvmb, w-`jxq eyRvqv eweivax Av`vjb mwVK w`K wb`kbv iL msMvg wewk f~wgKv cvjb KiZ
Avgiv mg nqwQ| cvwUi 32 eQii Rxeb cvq 29 eQiB wewfb cwiwwZ gvKvejvq HKe mvsMVwbK KvVvgv I HKe Av`vjb
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wfb gvv hvM KiwQj| 138 Rb wkvweì DcwwZZ 6 w`bi wkv mjb cvwU I dUi GKUv Dj fveg~wZ cwZv KiwQj|
^/ ^/' msKU cm cywKvwU wkK eywRxexmn wkvbyivMx gnj wekl mgvì I ^xKwZ jvf KiwQj hv mdj wkv mjb
nZ mnvqZv KiQ| evOvjx RvZxqZv _K evOvjx RvwZ MVbi BwZnvm, ivggvnb-we`vmvMii bZZ fviZxq ibmvu Av`vjb gymwjg
mgvR Zgb cfve bv djv mI wKfve Av:iwng Wvnix, Ievq`yjvn Ievq`x `jvqvi nvmb ì BnRvMwZK avbaviYv cPvi cmvi
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cw_Kr njb Ges ZviB avivevwnKZvq bRij Gjb; G welq g~jvqb Avgvì AvM G`k KD DcwZ KiQ ej Avgvì Rvbv bB|
wecex `ji A_ msMn cm, evsjv`ki Drcv`b cwZ I ivPwi, ivRbwZK A_kvi c_g cvV, Bmjvgx A_bxwZ, Mvgxb evsK I Wt
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weklY Ges KZeKg wbaviYmn bvbv cwiwwZZ wekl eyjwUb gvidr Avgiv Avgvì wewkZv I mwVK Kgcv wbaviY KiZ mg
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Avgiv Avgvì wPvi I KvhKi c_wb`kbvi kw mvg_i Zzjbvq cKvkbv `yejZvi K_v eevi DjL KiwQ| wK Zv Ggb `yejZv
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// * wkivbvg -//- - /- - ce wke`vm Nvl wK ejQb? wZwb ejQb, wevbi
wKQz welqK K` Ki wewfb mgq wewfb gnj _K `kbMZ bvbv wevw mw Kivi Pv nqQ|... GB cm nvBmbevMi
AvbmviUwbwU wcwc&j-Gi ckwU mevM Gm co| GB AvbmviUwbwU wcwc&jUv wK? wevbi Qviv Rvbb h, gywfs BjKUb ev
gvBvcvwUK&j& Gi Aevb (position) Ges fieM (momentum) ,A_ vr fi x MwZeM(mass x velocity)-GB `ywUK GKB m
with exact precision Rvbv hvq bv| ...GUvK wfw Ki AbK ejZ i Kijb ev P~ov wmv cQjb h some factors are
indeterminate Ges GBfve AvbmviUwbwU wcwcvjK wfw Ki GKUv AwbqZv Ges wevw mw Kijb| G Avgvì gb ivLv
ìKvi, Avgiv h wd wbq AvjvPbv KiwQ mUv AZ mbwmwUf| Kvib, ei m~vwZm~ KYv wbq Gmei Kvievi| dj h cwiwwZZ,
GgbwK h hi mvnvh GBme cixv-wbixv Kiv nq, cwiwwZi we`ygv cwieZb nj Gme Zyjbvg~jKfve GKUv weivU cwieZb
NU hvq| GgbwK Zv Rvbevi welqK (object) cfvweZ Ki| dj, GB aibi mbmwUf wd-G iKg NUbv NUv ^vfvweK| ...ZvB GK
wbq Kvbv aibi wgwwmRg mw Kivi hywmZ KviY bB| Gici wbqg Gi welqwUK Zzj aiQb GBfve h, nvBmbevMi GB
wcwc&jK gv_vgwUKvj BKzqkb-Gi mvnvh cKvk Kiv nq| myZivs GKUv welq evSv ìKvi h, Kvb wbqgB hw` KvR bv Ki, Zvnj
GB wcwc&jK gv_vgwUKj wijkb-Gi mvnvh cKvk Kiv wKfve me? dj GLvb indeterminate factor Gi A_ AvbmviUwbwUi
Kvbv evcvi bB| G K_vUv ejB Avevi ejQb, ay welqUvK GBfve `LZ ne h, wevbi hZ AMMwZ NUe, wekl Ki GB
mg m~vwZm~ eKYvK Rvbevi gZ Dchy hZ m~ hi Avwevi ne, ZZ GBme welq mK gvbyl Aviv DbZ I mg aviYv Avq
Kie| GB mK Kvb m`ni AeKvk bB|[-/ / /, - <,*/-:->,:co] GLvb wke`vm Nvl m~ hcvwZi welqwU
hfve GbQb Zv cvmwK bq| KviY BjKUb ev gvBvcvwUKj Gi Aevb Ges fieMi cii cwic~iK ag _vK h GKBm Gì
cwigvc Kiv hve bv, GUv GKUv eMZ wbqgi AMZ| =# | <<+ < =#<||# (<|+<|-) || >e | |<-| |<
|-<||t+ <t-|<| >< + +|<<||t> |-< t|<-| =- |v-, gvBvcvwUK&j& Gi (hgb BjKUbi) MwZcKwZi wePvi ùvovq,
G ei Aevb I fieM cii cwic~iK ev complementary property h KviY GKB m Gì Aevb I MwZeMi
cwigvc mywbwZ Ki Kiv meci bq| GKB cixvq GKB m gvcZ Mj cwigvci fzji gvvi nidi Ggb ne h Kvb DcvqB
ZvK GKUv b~bZg gvb _K Kgvbv meci bq| GUvB nvBmbevMi AvbmviUwbwU wcwc&j cKvwkZ| hcvwZi DbwZi Dci G welqUv
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mysticism G Avv nqwQjb KLb Kviv Ges Zvi AvjvPbvi dj Zviv wKfve Zv _K gy njb Gi Kvb hywmsMZ `v wK AvQ?
nvBmbevMi ZwUK wevbi wbwiL AviI GKUz AvjvPbv Kivi AvM wKQz cvKK_b DjL Kiv hZ cvi|
divwm evwbK gvK yBm ` jvcvm hyw w`q `wLqwQjb-gnvwek m~Y wbaviYxq (deterministic)| jvcvmi cvebv wQj, Ggb GKQ
wewa _vKv DwPZ hvi mvnvh gnvweki h Kvbv GK mgqKvi Aev hw` m~Yfve Rvbv _vK, Zvnj fwelZ gnvwek wK NUe m
mKI fwelvbx Kiv me ne| D`vniY: m~h Ges Mnwji h Kvbv GK mgqKvi `wZ Ges Aevb hw` Rvbv hvq Ze wbDUbi
wewajvi mvnvh miZi Ab hKvb
mgqKvi Aev MYbv Kiv me| MZ kZvxi c_g
ch wbaviYev`B (determinism) wQj vvW
evwbK Abygvb| jvcvmi GB Zi wecixZ
nvBRevMi AvbmviUwbwU wcwcb wevb RMZK
mg Ki|
1927 mvj cYxZ Rvgvb wevbx Iqvbvi
nvBRevMi AwbqZv ZK wbic Zyj aiv
hvq:
Avgvì `kgvb RMZ h wbqg KvhKi, GKB
wbqg AwZ z` KvqvUvg RMZ (hLvb
BjKUbi fi = 9.1 x 10
31
Kg Ges Avjvi
MwZ = 3 x10
8
Kms
1
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wbqg KvhKi| hgb wbDUbi MwZ m~ `kgvb
ei MwZi KvhKi wK BjKUb- hv
kwkvjx AbyexY hI `Lv hvq bv mLvb
KvhKi bq| Gi A_ GB bq h GB KvqvUvg
RMZ Aq-ARvbv| Zv bv nj KvqvUvg
gKvwb Gi gZv wevbi Avi GKwU kvLv Zwi
nZv bv| GUvI wbqg gb Pj| vbi weKvki
mv_ mv_ G m^ wevbi aviYvI AbK GwMq
hvQ|
wevbx nvBRbevM AwbqZvev`
(uncertainity principle) MVb Kib hvi
mvigg nj, GKwU KwYKvi fwelr Aevb I
MwZeM mK fwelvbx KiZ nj Zvi eZgvb
Aevb I MwZeM wbf yjfve gvcv cqvRb|
Z G KvR Kivi mnR cv nj KYvwUi Dci
AvjvKcvZ Kiv| Zvnj wKQz AvjvK ZiK G
KwYKv wew Ki è Ges Zvi dj Zvi
Aevb wb`k cvIqv hve| wK AvjvKi `ywU
Zikxli `~iZi PvBZ ekx wbfyjfve H
KwYKvi Aevb wbaviY Kiv hve bv|

mRb cqvRb ne n^ Zi`Ni AvjvKcvZ
Kiv, hvZ KwYKvwUi Aevb mwVKfve gvcv hvq|
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cvi KvqvUvg Z: cv 1900 mvj GB Z `b| cvi gZ AvjvK
memgq wbiwewQb bq; c`v_ nZ wewKwiZ kw wewQbfve wbw` GKK
cwigvb (hgb z` kwi cvKU wnmve) ei nq| kwi GB wbw` GKKi
bvg `qv nq dvUb (photon) ev Avjvi GK KvqvUvg kw (quantum,
e ePbquanta)| dvUbi kwi cwigvb (E) Gi wewKiYi `b msLvi
(V)mgvbycvwZK| A_vr
E V GLvb, E=dvUbi GKK KvqvUvg kw|
A_vr E=h V V(wbD) =wewKiYi `b msLv|
h= mgvbycvwZK aeK, hv cvi aeK bvg cwiwPZ
=6.626x10
34
Js
(Ryj-mK)
wevbx jyB wW eMwj 1924 mvj gZ cKvk Kib h, BjKUbi KYv I Zi
Dfq ag AvQ| KLbv BjKUb KYvagx KLbv m Ziagx|
nvBRbevMi AwbqZv bxwZ: cvi KvqvUvg Z I wevbx jyB wW eMwji
Zi avivevwnKZvq 1927 mvj wevbx nvBRbevM GB bxwZ c Yqb Kib|
wZwb ejb h-BjKUb (dvUb) Aevb wbfyjfve wbYq Kiv Mj, fieM
wbY q AwbwZ nq co| fieM wbf yjfve wbY q Kiv Mj Ae vb AwbwZ
nq co|
x x p > h ; x= Aevb wbYqi AwbqZv, p= fieM wbYqi
AwbqZv
[whenx=0],A_vr Aevb wbwZ p>
h
x

h
0
-
A_vr fieM wbYqi AwbqZv cvq Amxgi mgvb| dj Aevb wbwZ nj
fieM wbfyjfve wbYq AwbwZ nq co|
x x p > h ; x= Ae vb wbY qi AwbqZv, p= fieM wbY qi
AwbqZv
[whenp=0],A_vr fieM wbwZ x>
h
p

h
0
-
A_vr Aevb wbYqi AwbqZv cvq Amxgi mgvb| dj fieM wbwZ nj
Aevb wbf yjfve wbYq AwbwZ nq co| GUvB nvBRbevMi AwbqZvi
bxwZ|
AvjvK eenvi me bq, AZc, GK KvqvUvg AvjvK eenvi KiZ ne| wK GB KvqvUvg KYvwUK Awi Ki Zzje Ges
MwZeM Ggb cwieZb Avbe h m mK fwelvbx Kiv hve bv| ZvQvov Aevb hZ wbfyj ne, AvjvKi Zi`NI ZZ z` ne|
myZivs GK KvqvUvg kwi cwigvbI ne DPZi| Zvnj KwYKvwUi MwZeMi wiZK eni kw wewNZ Ki Zzje, Abfve ejv hvq,
GKwU KwYKvi Aevb hZ wbf yjfve gvcvi Pv Kiv hve, Zvi `wZi gvcb ne ZZ Kg wbfyj Ges wecixZ mZ ne (vice versa)|
nvBRbevM `wLqwQjb h KYvwUi fiK Zvi MwZeMi AwbqZv w`q b Ki ZvK KwYKvi Aevbi AwbqZv w`q b Kij bdj
KLbvB GKwU wekl cwigvbi Kg nZ cvibv| GB cwigvb nj cvi aeK (h=6.626x10
34
Js
(Ryj-mK))
Aevb I fieMi AwbqZvK h_vg (x) Ges (p) viv cKvk Kij, AwbqZv bxwZwUK wbic MvwYwZKfve cKvk Kiv hvq,
x xph
GwUB nvBRbevMi AwbqZvi bxwZ| GUv ay gv AwZ z` Ges Avjvi MwZmb BjKUbi KvqvUvg RMZi RbB chvR| `kgvb
RMZ Gi cfve bB| Kvib cvi aeK h Gi gvb Lye z`| `kgvb RMZ hLb Kvb MwZkxj ei Dci Avjv co mB Avjv cwZdwjZ
nq Avgvì PvL Avmj Avgiv mB eK `LZ cvB I mLvb _K Aevb Rvbv hvq| wK `kgvb RMZi Kvb ei Dci Avjv
cojI AvjvKKYv ei MwZi Kvb cwieZb KiZ cvi bv| ZvB GKB mgq ei Aevb RvbjI fieMi Kvb cwieZb nq bv| ZvB
Avgvì cwiwPZ RMZ GKUv ei Aevb Avi fieM h_ wbLuyZfve ei KiZ cvwi|
GB AvjvPbv _K evSv hvq nvBRevMi AwbqZv Z wbq KgiW wke`vm Nvl h cwqvq wmv UbQb Zv h_v_ bq|

>) =# < <| <v, ' < |<||<||' |-<|<<|-< <|-<|<<|-< |-<|+<|-| <|<|
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A_vr j Ae cevwewjwU wke`vm Nvli AvjvPbvi c~e hb wbqwZev`x aviYv wbqB we`gvb wQj| welqwU GKUz AvjvPbv Ki `Lv hZ
cvi| // /--- = <// /< wkivbvg GKB ce KgiW wke`vm Nvl ejb-cvevwewjwUI
mvqwUwdK ewmm-Gi Dci ùvwoq AvQ, A_vr GUvI GKUv mvq| ZvB wevb cvevwewjwU A^xKvi Kivi ckB Avmbv| Avevi Abw`K
_K wWUviwgwbRg ev wWUviwgwb j- hvB ewjbv Kb-ZvI wevb e cixwZ mZ| myZivs, GB `yBqi ga weiva ev msNl _vKZ cvi
bv| ...GLb, Kvb GKUv wRwbmi Avgiv bvg w`wQ A| bvbv NUbv I NvZ-cwZNvZi Dci wbfi Ki cwieZbi c_ GB A bvgK c`v_wU B
nZ cvi, C nZ cvi, D nZ cvi ev Ab GKwU c`v_ icvwiZ nZ cvi| GLvb mgmvUv nQ h, cwieZbUv kl ch wK ne mUv
AvM _K ejv hvQ bv, AZ cwieZb m~Y nIqvi AvM ch ejv me bq|...Avgvì GKUv K_v AvM _K eyS wbZ ne h, kl
ch hLb GB cwieZbUv NUQ, mB cwieZbUv NUQ, mB cwieZbi wK BbwWUviwgwbRg& KvR KiQbv, wWUviwgwbRg&-Gi c_
eqB GB cwieZb m~wPZ nQ|...GB cvevwewjwU w_Iwii mv_ wWUviwgwbRg&- Gi Kvb msNvZ AvQ ej Avgvi gb nqwb| ZvB ejwQ,
cevwewjwU hgb mvq Ges mB KvibB GK A^xKvi Kiv Pjbv, Avevi wWUviwgwbRg&, KR& G Gd wijkbwkc ev j Ae KRvwjwU, h
fvlvZB ewj bv Kb, mUvI wevbi AZ iZc~Y wmv Ges wevbK Mnb Kij Gi boPo nevi Kvb Dcvq bB| [-/ /
/, - <, -//- - /- - ^, */-:-c] GB AvjvPbv _K eySvi Kvb Dcvq AvQ wK h wevb j
Ae cvevwewjwUK K` Ki Ggb Kvb Am~YZv wQj hv wke`vm Nvl bZzb evwbK weklY `~i KiQb| ev wek mvgev`x Av`vjb
GK K` Ki Kv_vq wKfve wbqwZev` RuK emwQj h wek mvgev`x Av`vjb weKvki Zv evav nq ùvwoqwQj hvi _K
DiYi c_ wke`vm Nvl `wLqQb? GLvb g~jZ Zuvi mvgb emv Kgxì KvQ GKUv evwbK Zi evLv KiQb hvZ DcwZ
m`mì Kviv ga GK K` Ki wbqwZev`x aviYv _vKj hvZ Zviv Zvi _K gy nZ cvi| Gi AvRvwZK Zvrch wK?
<||<|Probability Theory $ <|< t| #|+|
Ryqv LjvZ dice (Qv) Gi Z msv mgmvi mgvavb KiZ wMq BZvjxq MwbZwe` MvwjwjI (1564-1642) Probability-i msLvZK
cwigvb ei Kivi Pv Kib| wK m`k kZvxi gafvM Probability Theoryi c_g MvwbwZK wfw c`vb Kib `yRb d
MwbZwe`- eBR cvmKj (1623-1662) Ges cxqi dvgvU (1601-1665) d Ryqvwi I mv ew Pfvwjqvi wW gqvii cvmKji
KvQ `qv wKQz mgmv mgvavb KiZ wMq|
KvwmKvj cvevwewjwUi Dci R.evbvwj (1640-1705) GKwU eB wjLb Treatise on Probabilityhv Zvi gZzi ci 1713 mvj
cKvwkZ nq|
KvwmKvj Probability-i wfwvcK cvmKj, dvgvU, nvBwRb Ges R.evbvwj GKwU iZc~Y cheY Kib| Zviv `Lvb h, Kvb
game K hw` 10evi repeat Kiv hvq, 6 evi hw` KvwLZ dj ( favouiable outcome ) cvIqv hvq Zvnj 11 Zg evi game K
repeat Kij KvwLZ dj Avmvi mvebv ne- 60%
Probability=
no.oI IavourabIc outcomc
no.oI totaI outcomc
x100%=
6
10
x100%=0.6x100%=60%
GfveB m`k kZvxZ MwYZwe` I Ryqvwoì cZ mnhvwMZvq Mo IV KvwmKvj cevwewjwU w_Iwi| 250 eQi ci 1964 mvj KgiW
wke`vm Nvl law of Probability-Gi Dci AvjvPbv Kib| GB AvovBk eQi Probability law Gi Aviv AbK development
nqQ| KqKwU kvLvq fvM nqQ Probability. wevbi mg kvLvq (MwbZ, c`v_, imvqb, Rxewevb, GgbwK mgvR wevbI)
Probability law K eenvi Ki wewfb bZzb law Zwi nqQ| dj ^Ztwm GB welqwU wbq KgiW wke`vm Nvl Kvb bZzb welq
AvjvPbv Kibwb| GmBDwmAvB cvwUi KgiWìProbabilitylawmK aviYv w`qQb gv|

) =# < <| <v <||| < <"
=# / > / // <// / GB wkivbvg GKB ce wke`vm Nvl ejQb, wevb I `kbi GKUv g iZc~Y
welq nj KvhKviY mK, A_vr j Ae KRvwjwU mK mwVK aviYv Mo Zvjv| wZwb Awbwìc mvaviYfve jwRwkqvbì wmvi
K_v DjL Ki ejQb,Plurality of causes is a wrong conception -A_vr GKB KvRi cQb AbK KviY _vKvi aviYv v|
Zuvì ee nj, Avgiv hjvK AbK mgq KR ejwQ, mjv KR ev KviY bq; mjvK ejv DwPZ dvi ev Kwkb| wewfb
NUbv ev cwiwwZi wgjbi cwqvq h g~Z KviYUv cwicZv (Maturity) jvf Ki mB g~Zi Kvh ev GdUvI NU| GB w`KUv
evSvZ wMqB ejv nq, what is cause that is effect, or, cause is the immediate antecedent of effect- hvnv KviY ZvnvB
dj, A_ev, KviY nQ dji wVK AvMi g~Z| ZvB c yivwjwU Ae KR& gb bqvi ckB DVZ cvi bv| ...ay jwRwkqvbivB bb
evwbKivI AvR wevbRMZi cwZwU (fieldG) GB KR&-Gd wijkb ev j Ae KRvwjwU, A_vr KvhKviY mKK gb
wbqQb|[-/ / /, - <, -//- - /- - ^, */-:-:-:--] Gici mvavibfve Kvb
Kvb evwbK Ges weklfve wevbx wW- eMwji bvg DjL Ki Zvì wevw wnmve DjL KiQb, ...GB mg evwbKiv ejb,
cvevwewjwUK gb wbq wWUviwgwbRg gvbv hvq bv| [-/ / /, - <, -//- - /- - ^,
*/-:--] GB welqwU 2 bs cqU Z_v cevwewjwU welq Avgiv AvjvPbv KiwQ| GLb Avmv hvK cause & effect ev Kvh-KviY mK
welq|
Avgiv Rvwb eRMZ I mgvR Rxeb `yUvB MwZgqZvi ga cwieZbkxjZvi ga AvQ| wbj Aevi ga Kvh-Kvib LuvR Kiv Ab_K|
dWvwiK Gjm KvhKvib m^ AvjvPbv KiZ wMq ejb, MwZkxj e weePbv KiZ Mj c_gB h wRwbmUv Avgvì `w AvKlY
Ki Zv nQ c_K c_K ei (bodies) GKK MwZwji ga cviwiK mK, mB MwZwji cviwiK mK, mB MwZwj ciii
viv wbavwiZ nIqv| wK Avgiv `wL h GKwU wekl MwZi ci AviKwU MwZ Avwef~Z nq, ay ZvB bq, Avgiv `wL h cKwZZ h Aevq
GKwU wekl MwZi mw nq mB ic Aev mw Ki mB wekl MwZi D`K KiZ cvwi, GgbwK h MwZ cKwZZ, AZ GBfve bB Avgiv
ZvI mw KiZ (wk) cvwi, Ges Avgiv GB MwZwjK c~e-wbavwiZ AwfgyL I evw w`Z cvwi| GBfve gvbylì mwqZvi gvag,
KvhKviYi aviYvwU cwZwZ nq, GB aviYvwU h GKwU MwZ nQ AviKwU MwZi KviY| GUv wVKB h KZKwj cvKwZK NUbvi wbqwgZ
cvih wbR _KB KvhKviYi avibvwU Rb w`Z cvi : Zvc I Avjv hv m~h _KB Avm wK GUv wKQy mcgvb Ki bv, Ges mBw`K
_K wnDgi m`nev` (scepticism)wVK ejwQj h GKwU wbqwgZ Gi ci KLbvB Gi RbKB cwZwZ KiZ cvi bv| Ze
KvhKviYi ciL (test) nq gvbyli mwqZvq| hw` Avgiv GKwU AeZj (concave) Avqbvi mvnvh m~h iwkwjK GKwU we`yZ
K`xf~Z Kwi I mwjK w`q mvaviY Avbi wkLvi gZv KvR KivB, Avgiv Zv w`q cgvb Kwi h Zvc Avm m~h _KB| Avgiv hw`
GKUv ivBdji ga Mv`v evi` (priming), weviK I eyjU GK Kwi Ges Zvici ivBdj PvjvB, Zvi dj wK ne mB evcvi Avgiv
c~ei AwfZvi Ici wbfi KiZ cvwi, Kvib Avgiv nVvr Mvm cwibZ nIqv I eyjUi Ici mB Mvmi Pvci dj AwMmshvM
(ignition) `vn nIqv , weviY NUvi mgM cwqvwU wek`fve Abyaveb KiZ cvwi| GLvb GgbwK mw`NivI GK_v ejZ cviebv h
c~ei AwfZv GK_v evSvqbv h ciieviI GKB iKg NUe| Kvib , eZ KLbI GKB iKg bv NUZ cvi| Mv`v evi` KvR bv KiZ
cvi, e`yKi bjUv dU hZ cvi BZvw`| wK wVK GBwUB KvhKviY m^K Lb bv Ki cgvb Ki, Kvib h_vh_ Abymvbi viv
Avgiv wbqg _K GBiKg cZKwU wePzwZi Kvib evi KiZ cvwi; Mv`v eviì ivmvqwbK weqvRb (decomposition) , evi`wU
mvZmvZ nq hvIqv cfwZ, hvi dj G KvhKvibi ciL (test) nQ ejZ Mj `yiKgi (adoubleone)|
`kbi gZv cKwZwevb G hver gvbyli wPvi Dci Zvì wqv Kgi cfveK m~Y Dcv Ki GmQ; DfqB GKw`K Kej
cKwZK Rvb Ges Abw`K wPvK| wK cKwZ hgb AvQ ZvB ay bq, weklZ gvbyli viv cKwZi cwieZb mvabB nQ gvbewPvi
mePq cqvRbxq I AeewnZ wfw, Ges h cwigvb gvbyl cKwZK e`jvZ wkLQ mB cwigvb Zvi eywI weKwkZ nqQ| BwZnvm
m^ h cKwZZvwK aviYv (naturalistic conception) , hv D`vniYîc Kgekx cwigvb Wcvi (Draper) I Abvb wevbxì
ga `Lv hvq, h avibv Abyhvqx hb cKwZB ay gvbyli Dci wqvkxj| Ges Kej cvKwZK AevwjB me Zvi HwZnvwmK weKvkK
wbaviY Ki, Zv KvRB GKck Ges Zv fzj hvq h gvbylI cKwZi Ici wqvkxj (reach on nature) , cKwZi m cwieZb NUvq Ges
wbRi AwZi Rb bZzb Aevmg~n mw Ki| RvgvwbK RvwZwj RvgvbxZ emevm KiZ Avmvi c~e mLvb cKwZ h Aevq wQj Zvi
KZUzKzB ev Aewk AvQ! f~Zj, AvenvIqv, MvQcvjv, ccx Ges gvbyliv wbRivI Anxbfve (infinitely) e`j MQ, Ges Gme wKQz
NUQ gvbyli wqvi dj, Abw`K GB mgqi ga gvbyli nc Qvov cKwZ RvgvwbZ hUzKz e`jQ Zv LzeB bMY|...GB mvweK
cviwiK wqv _KB Avgiv mwZKvi KvhKvib mK cQvZ cvwi| c_K NUbvejxK (phenomena) evSvi Rb mvaviY AvtmK
(inter connection) _K mwjK wewQb KiZ ne I mwjK Avjv`vfve weePbv KiZ ne| Ges ZLbB cwieZbiZ MwZjv
`Lv è, GKwU KviY wnmve I AciwU Kvh wnmve|... h KvhKvib m^K A^xKvi Ki, Zvi KvQ cZKwU cvKwZK wbqgB Abygvb gv
(hypothesis), Abwji m wcRgi (Prism) eYQUvi (spectrum) viv gnvKvki RvwZgjxi (heavenly bodies) ivmvqwbK
weklYI| GB `wKvb Ave _vKv wPvi wK AMfxiZvB bv m~Pbv Ki! [ //-=^, */-:-:-:-]
gvKmev`x wevb G welq wek` wevwiZ AvjvPbv iqQ hwj Mfxi gbvhvM `Lj wevw Avmvi K_v bv| QvU `yB GKwU D`vniY
Zzj aiv hZ cvi| hgb,... A phenomenon or group of interacting phenomena which precede another such
phenomenonorgroupandgiverisetoitarecalledthecause.Thephenomenonproducedbytheactionofthe
causeiscalledtheeffect.Causealwayspreceedseffect,butsuccessionintimeisnotanadequatesignofthe
cause. Day, for example, follows night but night is not is the cause of day. The alteration of day and night is
causedbytherotationoftheearthaboutitsaxys....Causeshouldnotbeconfusedwithocassionisanevent
whichdirectlypreccedestheeffect,isnotthecauseitself,butsetitin motion.Thustheassassinationofthe
Austrian Crown Prince Ferdinand in the town of Sarajevo in June 1914 was the ocassion for unleashing the
First World War. The actual cause of the war, however, was the contradictions between the rival capitalist
powers.Causealsoshouldbedistinguishedfromtheconditionsonwhichitoperates.Productivelabouristhe
causeofallsocialwealth.Butforlabourtoproducesocialwealth,anobjectoflabourandtoolsforworkingon
thisobjectareneeded.Neithertheobjectoflabournorthetoolsbringwealthbythemselves,buttheyarea
naecessary condition for mans labor. In the material world causality has a general, universal character. No
phenomenon can exist without cause, for everything has its cause. ... Causality is inherent in reality and
practical activity. ...Everything develops on the basis of natural causes in accordance with objective laws.
...Dialectical materialism is also opposed to the mataphysical seperation of cause & effect. ... Dialectical
materialism asserts that cause & effect are inseperably connected that there is no effect without cause and
viceversa.[MarxistPhilosophyV.Afanasyev,Page:145146.]
gvI m ZzsI Zvi /< ^' AvjvPbvq ejQb, GKUv RwUj ei weKvki cwqvq AbKjv AvQ, Ges Gjvi ga GKUv
^fveZtB cavb hvi AwZ I weKvk Abvb i AwZ I weKvkK wbavwiZ ev cfvweZ Ki|
GBfve wevbmZ evLv _vKvi ciI KgiW wke`vm Nvli evLvZ bZzb mshvRb cvIqv fvi|
s) =# < <| <v, |<|< = <| < <, i|||-+ # -1|<|<,

<-||<<- # |+|-"(|-+)
wke`vm Nvl /, - /- ^ eBq jwbbK DZ KiQb GBfve,AvUvMwbRg Av KUvwWKkb Avi bU AvU
Aj Iqvb Av ` mg| Avvi mvmvwjRg ` dv DBj wWmAvwcqvi ` mK DBj wigBb| ( Ges weiva GB `yUv KLbB GK
bq| mgvRZ c_gUv AwnZ ne, wZxqUv _vKe|) [ */-:::] gvI mZzs K DZ KiQb GBfve, AvUvMwbRg BR Iqvb dg, evU
bU w` Ibwj dg Ae ` vMj Ae AcvwRUm; ` dg yjv Ae AvUvMwbRg Kvb bU we AviweUvwiwj AvcvqW Gfwi nvqvi| (`yB weivax
kwi i GKUv ic nQ weiva| wK Zv GKgv ic bq; weivai dg ~jvK Lqvj LykxgZ me cqvM Kiv hvq bv)| [ */-:::] Gici
wZwb ejQb, cyuwRev`x mgvRi D`vniYK mvgb iL hw` Avgiv wePvi Kwi Ze Zvi cwicwZ cyuwRev`K DrLvZ Kivi ga w`q
c_g mgvRZvwK eevi cbi ga w`q hnZz& GB wekl , A_vr Drcv`b I eUbK K` Ki h wekl weivavZK Zvi Aemvb
NU- mB A_ mUvK mvgwqK ejv nq| Gfve ejvi ga Kbv fzj bB| [ */-::] GLvb jbxq h, AvUvMwbRg BR Uviwi
KUvwWKkb BR cvgvbU- jwbb wKsev gvI mZzs Kviv AvjvPbvq G ee GBfve cvIqv hvq bv| ZviciI G K_vwUK DjL Ki
wke`vm Nvl wePvi mZK _vKvi Rb ejQb, wK jwbb ev gvI Gi GB eeK meRbxb Kij gvivZK fzj Kiv ne| Kbbv Avgiv
hLb ewj , mB Aevb KiQ gvbB nj m AvUvMwbRg (weiva) Ges bb-AvUvMwbRg (wgjb) `yUv wbqB Aevb KiQ| myZivs
mvaviY A_ GK_v ejv fyj ne h, AvUvMwbRg BR Uvivwi KbUvwWKkb BR cvgvbU (weiva nQ mvgwqK, nQ vqx)|Avevi
GK_vI Lqvj ivLZ ne, i ga weiva Ges wgjb GB `yUvB Aevb KiQ BDwbfvmvwjwU Av cvwUKzjvwiwU Ae KUvwWKkb -Gi
(i mveRbxb I wekl ici) gaB| A_vr egq GB RMZ Ggb Kvbv emv bB hLvb bB, NvZ-cwZNvZ bB| [*/-::7]
gvI mZzs ejwQjb i meRbxbZv I mywbw`ZvK Dcjw Kivi ci Avgvì AekB i w`Kjvi AwfbZv I msMvgi ( Identity
and struggle) ckK Aaqb Kivq AekB AMmi nZ ne| AwfbZv, mgvwbKZv, AvtAbycek, AvtAif`, cii wbfikxjZv
(ev AwZi Rb cviwiK wbfiZv), AvtmshvM ev cii mnhvwMZv -GB mg wfb wfb K_vi A_ GKB Ges mjv wbwjwLZ `ywU
welqi cwZ gbvhvM AvKlb Ki: c_gZ, Kvbv ei weKvki cwqvq i `ywU w`Ki ... cZKwU wbRK Zvi wecixZwUZ icvwiZ
Ki| GUvB njv AwfbZvi A_|... eve NUbv njv GB h, Kvbv gvb w`KB wewQbfve AwZkxj nZ cvi bv| wecixZw`Ki AwZ
Qvov, cZKwU w`K wbR AwZi kZB nvwiq dj| fe `Lyb Zv, Kvbv ei ev gbvRMZi Kvbv aviYvi h Kvbv GKwU w`K wK
^vaxbfve AwZkxj nZ cvi? Rxeb bv _vKj gZz _vKZ cvibv; gZz bv _vKj Rxeb _vKZ cvibv| ... eyRvqv kYx bv _vKj
menviv kYx _vKZv bv, menviv kYx bv _vKj _vKZv bv eyRvqv kYx| ... mg wecixZjvB njv G iKgi; Kvb wbw` Aevq,
GKw`K Zviv GK Acii weivax, Avevi Abw`K Zviv cii mshy, cii Af`, cii-Abycwe Ges cii-wbfikxj , Avi
GB ewkK ejv nq AwfbZv (identity)| Kvbv wbw` Aevq, mKj gvb w`Kjvi _vK wfbZvi (Nonidentity) ewk Avi m
KviY ZvìK ejv nq h Zviv iZ| [ , */--c--:] GQvov gvKm-Gjm, jwbb-vwjbi g~jK
eev` welqK mvweK AvjvPbvq gbvwbek Kij KD wbRì gbMov evLv ùvo bv Kivj AmwZ LyuR cvIqv hvebv| hv wke`vm Nvli
cviwK eei gaI iqQ| dj Z bZzb mshvRb ev wevwi nvZ _K ZK gy Kivi Kvb bRxi wK wZwb vcb Kijb?
wZwb ZK evLv Ki Zvi AvjvK mgvRi msNvZK eySevi gb Zwi Kivi Rb AvjvPbv KiQb|

c) =# < <| <v #-||-|< <|<| ||<"
BbwdwbwUi aviYv AvcwK| GB welq KgiW wke`vm Nvl-Gi AvjvPbv c_g ev bZzb bq| m`k kZvxZ BbwdwbwU welq MvwbwZK
aviYv weKvk jvf Ki| #/#/# // bvg KvjKzjvmi GKwU kvLv cwYZ nq| cieZxZ ( //'-// :-:
/ :--: /) Gjm BbwdwbwUi AvcwKZv mK `vkwbK evLv Dcvcb Kib|
cKwZi vwKZvq dWvwiK Gjm BbwdwbwUi aviYv h AvcwK G welq wek` AvjvPbv KiQb| enr Gi w`Ki Amxg (+), zì
w`Ki Amxg (-) Ges G `yqi mv_ k~Y (0) Gi mK wbqI Gjm AvjvPbv Kib|
Gjm ejQb, Kej cw_ex bq, MvUv miRMr Ges miRMZi wewfb Aski gaKvi `~iZ Acwimxg z` ej gb nq hw`
Uwjvci gvag `kgvb h RvwZgj Zvi cwigvcUv nq AvjvKel Gi viv| myZivs G Avgiv GKwU AmxgK cvwQ, Kej
c_g bq wZxq gvbi AmxgK cvB| [ //, */-::>]
hgb- cw_exi cwiwa = 40 nvRvi 70wKjvwgUvi
ev cw_ex _K m~hi `~iZ = 14 KvwU 95 j wKjvwgUvi
wK RvwZgjxi cwigvci GKK nQ AvjvKel| GKwU RvwZ _K Ab RvwZi `~iZ KqK nvRvi KvwU AvjvKeli
`~iZi mgvb|
1 AvjvKel = 3x10
8
x60x60x24x30x12wgUvi
= 93312x10
11
wgUvi
= 93312x10
8
wKjvwgUvi [A_vr 9 KvwU 33 j 12 nvRvi j]
dj miRMZi hKvb Aski `~iZ AwZ z` ej gb ne RvwZgji h Kvb `~iZi KvQ| GUv wZwb AvjvPbv KiQb enr-Gi
w`K Amxgi AvcwKZv welq|
Avevi wZwb `wLqQb zì w`Ki AmxgI AvcwK| z`Zg Abyi evm GK wgwjwgUvii cvk wgwjqbi GKfvM| wK hw` eng ei
evm GK wgwjwgUvii cuwPk wgwjqb fvMi GK fvM Kiv nq, ZvnjI Zvi AvqZb Acwimxg z` _K hvq mB ei Zzjbvq hv wbq
ejwe`v, c`v_we`v A_ev imvqbkv AvjvPbv Ki| [ //, :-::>]

dj BbwdwbwUK K` Ki Ggb wK RwUjZv AsK kv ev wevbi RMZ Zwi nqwQj hv KgiW wke`vm Nvli AvjvPbvi ga w`q
`yixf~Z njv?

e) =# < <| <v- |< <i|t +< |<<+ <+<< |<# + || + <-, =| +|- |<<
< |v <+ <, <| "
KgiW wke`vm Nvl weM evs Z wbq wKQy ejbwb| wZwb wek i i ev kl welq 1967 mvj GmBDwmAvB-Gi bZvKgxì mvgb
AvjvPbv Kib- Avgiv Rvwb, cwZwU wekl wRwbmi mw AvQ, weKvk AvQ Ges mB c_B Zvi Aejywi ck AvQ| cZKwU wekl ei
GKUv Mvov AvQ, GKUv kl AvQ| Avevi GB Mvov I kli aviYvI AvcwK| A_vr wekl GKUv eK ai Zvi Mvov Ges kli
aviYv Avgiv KiZ cvwi| wVK GKBfve GKRb wekl gvbyli GKUv wekl AevbK ai Zvi mvgb ev wcQbi aviYv Avgiv AwZ mnRB
KiZ cvwi| wK MvUv eRMZi Mvov ev kl, A_ev mvgb ev wcQbi ck AevwbK| A_vr MvUv eRMZi B hw` KD ej, Gi
mw AvQ, Aejyw AvQ, Zvnj m wPv wbtm`n wevb weivax wPv| Zvi mv_ evei KvbI mK bB| cKwZ wevbi cwifvlvq
GUv cwieZb| GB cwieZbUv Gw`KI Amxg, Iw`KI Amxg| AbK ejQb, GB cwieZbi wcQb PZbvi f~wgKv AvQ| [-/ /
/, - /- ^, <, /, */-:::]
KgiW wke`vm Nvli G AvjvPbv bZzb Kvb w`Kwb`kbv bq| Mayer and Joule kwi Awebvkx Z `b 1842 mvj|
hLvb ejv nq, e ev kwK mw ev asm Kiv hvq bv, icvi Kiv hvq gv|
weki mw I asm welq Gjm ejQb, ...Avgiv MxK `kbi gnvb cevì `wfxZ cZveZb Kijvg, mB `wfx hv
Abyhvqx z`Zg _K eng c`v_ (element), evjyKYv _K m~h ch, cvwUv _K gvbyl ch, mewKQziB AwZ nQ wPib mwRZ
nIqv I web nIqv, weivgnxb cwieZb, wekvgnxb MwZ Ges icvi| Kej GBUzKz g~j cv_K h MxKì hv wQj GKwU Dj A`w,
Avgvì Zv KVvifve AbymZ evwbK MelYvi AwfZvj dj, Ges mBRb Zv AviI mywbw` I ^Qfve DcvwcZ| [
// (:-:-:--: -/ ), */-:c]
dj G welq KgiW wke`vm Nvli bZzb wK mshvRb Zv Avgvì evaMg bq|
Gcvws BDwbfvm (mmviYkxj wek) mK KgiW wke`vm Nvl ejQb, Avgiv Wfjvwcs BDwbfvm-Gi (weKvkkxj
weki) h K_v ewj mB aviYv ev gZUv wVKB AvQ| Gi A_ nQ, AvM e wRwbm wQj bv, wK cwieZbi cwqvq e bZzb wRwbm Gm
MQ| weKvkkxj wek ejZ GUvB evSvbv nq| Gcvws BDwbfvm (mmviYkxj wek) ejj ^vfvweKfve hUv Pj Avme, Zv nQ,
wek GLb hv AvQ, AvM Zvi Pq QvU wQj, Zvi AvM AviI QvU wQj, Gfve hZ hZ MvUv weki Mvovi ckwU Gm hZ eva, h
aviYv AevwbK Ges g~jK eevì wmvi weivax| [-/ / /, /, - /- ^,
<, */-::-]
weMevs Ges Gcvws BDwbfvm GLb cgvwYZ| Avi weMevs NUjB mgM gnvwekivwR k~b _K i Zv evSvq bv| k~bZv gvb
AvwiK A_ k~b bq, Zvi m~ i memgq bvbvb cwqv NU PjQ| Avevi GKwU gnvweki i ev kl _vKZB cvi ZvZ mgM
gnvwekivwR i ev kl nq hvq bv| dj G mK KgiW wke`vm Nvli AvjvPbv h_v_ bq| Gcvws BDwbfvm mK AviI GKUz
AvjvPbv Kiv hZ cvi|....
Ab gnvweki aviYv wK AbK cyivbv| mB h cvPxb `vkwbK wRI`vbv ebv (1548-1600 Lxv)i K_v Avgiv Rvwb, whwb
KvcvwbKvmi m~hKw`K Z mg_b KiZ wMq PvPi weivMfvRb nqwQjb, Avi hvK GB evBej weivax Z mg_bi Aciva Ckicyi
`j Rxe cywoq giwQjv, wZwb 1584 mvj GKwU eB wjLwQjb DelInfinito Universo et Mondi bvg, hvi evsjv Kij ùvove-
Ab gnvwek Ges e wek wbq mLvb wZwb Ab gnvwek _vKvi Rvivjv mvebvi evcviwU Zzj aiwQjb| wZwb ejwQjb cw_ex Zv
miRMZi K` bqB, GgbwK GB gnvweki msLvI GKwU bq, eis Gi msLv nZ cvi Ab Amxg| ebv Aviv ejjb, GB gnvweki
Abvb MnI cvYi AwZ _vKv me| Avevi, miKg cvYIqvjv GKvwaK Mn _vKZ cvi Ab gnvwekI| GiI AvM AvwiUj c_g Ab
gnvweki aviYv w`qwQjb|
AvaywbK c`v_weì wKQz MelK AbKw`b aiB AvjvgZ cvwQjb h, Avgvì cwiwPZ gnvwek-GwU Kvb Abb ev BDwbK wKQz
bq, eis Ggwb aibi nvRviv gnvwek nqZ Qwoq AvQ hjv mK Avgiv GK`gB IqvwKenvj bB| weM evs Z cwZwZ nq hvevi ci
Avwki `kK Bbdkb ev xwZZ wbq c`v_wevbi cvwK MwYZjv mgvavb KiZ wMqB GB evcviUv ewiq AvmwQjv gk|
wUqbi aviYv Abyhvqx Avgvì gnvweki De nqQ k~bvev _K eo mo GK fvKyqvg d vKPzqkbi ga w`q| Avmj
KvqvUvg Zvbyhvqx k~bZvK AbK Zvrchc~Y ej gb Kiv nq| k~bZv gvb AvwiK A_ k~b bq- c`v_ wevbxì gZ h k~b`kK
AvcvZt `wZ kv, mgvwnZ gb nQ, Zvi m~ i memgq bvbvb cwqv NU PjQ| Gi ga wbwnZ kw _K c`v_KYv ^ZtzZfve
Zix nQ, Avevi Zviv wbRK m kwZ wejxb Ki w`Q| hgb, k~bvev _K mvgvb mgqi SjKvwbi ga BjKUb Ges cwRUb
(c`v_-cwZ c`v_ hyMj) _K c`v_ Zwi nq Avevi Zv k~bZvq wgwjq hZ cvi| BjKUb Ges cwRUbi gaKvi eeavb _vK 10
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nqQ Ges mejvZB GB Z AZ mvdji m G ch DxY nqQ| AviI gRvi evcvi njv, Bbdkbi dj ay h GKevi
weMevs ev gnvweviY NUQ Zv wK bq, GiKg weMevs wK nvRvi nvRvi, KvwU KvwU GgbwK Amxg msLKevi NUZ cvi; Zwi nZ
cvi AmsL cKU gnvwek| Avgiv meZt Ggb GKwU cKU-gnvwek Aevb KiwQ evwKjvi AwZ m^ vZ bv nq (welqwUK
gvjwUfvm ejv nq)| wbPi QwewU `Lj wji mvwZK xwZ ZwU (hwUi bvgKiY Kiv nqQ Chaotic inflation) wK ejZ PvBQ
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GB AvjvPbv _K evSv hvq, KgiW wke`vm Nvl Gcvws BDwbfvm wbq h AvjvPbv KiQb Zv h_v_ bq|

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vwKZvevì mvaviY Pwi Mo ZzjZ ne GKwU AvmKmg~ni (interconnection) wevb wnmve| myZivs cKwZ I gvbe mgvRi
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evSvq| welqUv gvUB m iKg bq| GLvb hwÌ cvwb, eid I ev BZvwì D`vniY GK Aevb _K m~Y wfb AevZI Avbv-
bIqv Kiv hvq| wK mKj bMZ icvii Zv nqbv| Avi cwigvbMZ _K bMZ icvii h `v Gjm DjL KiwQjb Zvi
cybijL Ki wke`vm Nvl ejQb , Rj _K ev cwibZ nIqvi h D`vniY Ìqv nqQ ZvK mvgb iLB GB fviwm-fvimv
welqwU AvjvPbv Kiv hZ cvi| wevbi Qviv Rvbb h, 100 wWwM mwUMW Zvcgvvq bv cuQvj cyiv RjUv ev cwibZ nZ cvi
bv| wK welqUv Ggb bq h, cyiv RjUv ev cwiYZ nZ bv cvijI Rji Kvb AYy (molecule) Zvi AvM evxf~Z nq bv, ev nZ
cvi bv| ...A_vr Rji wekl wekl AYy mgM Rj 100 wWwM mwUMW Zvcgvvq cuQvevi AvMB evxf~Z nZ cvi- hLvb mLvb
100 wWwM mwUMW Zvcgvv mw ne| myZivs Rji Zvcgvv hgb hgb ew cvq, hvK cwigvbMZ cwieZb ejv nq- mB cwigvbMZ
cwieZbi cwqvi gaB Avevi Rji wKQz wKQz AYyi mgMRj 100 wWwM mwUMW Zvcgvvq cuQvbvi AvMB bMZ cwieZb
mvwaZ nq| GUv wevb ^xKZ| Avevi wekl wekl AYyjv GBfve hgb hgb evxf~Z nq mUv Avevi Rji Zvcgvv ew Z_v
cwigvbMZ cwieZbK `Z KiZ mvnvh Ki| GUvKB fvBwm-fvimv ejv nq| [-/ / / /, - <, -//-
- /- -, */-:c>-::o] GB evLvq Gjm ewYZ cwigvb I bMZ cwieZbi fvBwm-fvimvi aviYvi Zgb
Kvb gwjK cwieZb NUbv|

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Avevi GK_vI wVK, Avivni ga Aeivn AvQ Ges Aeivni ga Avivn AvQ| G ch meB wVK AvQ| mg hywwe`B Gjv gvbb|
wK hywwe`ì KvQ Avgvi ck nQ, GB Avivn Ges Aeivni cwqvi ga cvqwiwUi aviYv ej wKQz AvQ wK? A_ vr GB `yUv cwqvi
ga Kvb cwqvq gvbyl wPv KiQ c_g? A_vr iUv KvbUv-Avivn bv Aeivn? K_vUv GLvb mfveB eySZ ne| cvqwiwUi GB ckUv
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msNvZi cwqvZB wPvi weKvk nq| gvbyl Avmvi ci wPv cwqv i nIqvi GKevi c_g Aevq Zvi mvgb KvbI wKQzB Rvbv wQj
bv| Ges ^vfvweKfveB wPv cwqv i nIqvi mB c_g Aevq gvbyli mvgb Ggb KvbI mvaviY mZ aviYv Mo IVwb hvi mvnvh ev
AvjvK m wekl wekl NUbvK wePvi KiZ cvi| dj, mfZvi iZ, Avgvi gZ, gvbyli wPvcwqvZ jwRKi h wePvicwZ c_g
KvR KiQ mUv cavbZ Avivn| [-/ / / /, - <, */-:o] gvbyl Zvi cBw`qi mvnvh Pvwicvki RMZ Z_v
emvgMx I NUbvcevni mv_ gw bvgK ei wqv-cwZwqvi ga w`q fvebv ev wmv cuQvq| iZ GKUv wekl e ev NUbv
gbhvMi K`we`yZ AvmZ cvi wK GB wekl e ev NUbv P~ov bq, Zv em~ Acivci emvgMxi mv_ mwKZ| mRb Avgiv hw`
ai bB AvivnB i Zv wK mvaviY ev Aeivni _K m~Y hvMm~nxb _vK bv| mRb GB wewQbZvi wU DjL KiZ Ges
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Avgiv Avivn cwqvi m^ cwivi aviYvi avi KvQ (to the point) cuQZ cvie bv| GB cwqvi weklYB Kej GUv mv`b
KiZ cvi- Avivn I Aeivn cwZ AvewkKfve mg^q (synthesis) Ges weklY (analysis) wnmve GK weivR Ki| Gì ga
GKwUK AbwU Rjvjx w`q, GKckfve evnev w`q AvKvk Zvjvi Pq, Avgvì DwPZ cZKwUK h_vvb cqvM Kiv Ges mUv
Kiv hvq Kej GB K_v gb ivLj h `ywU GK-Mw_Z, Dfq Dfqi cwic~iK| [ //, =^, */-:--] Avivn i wKbv
wVK GBfve bv njI Avivn AeivnK K` Ki GKUv weZK h Gjm-Gi AvMI wQj Zv eySv hvq hLb wZwb ejb, Avivnev`xì
gZ, Avivn cwZ GKwU Av cwZ| GUv GZ Kg Av h Gi AvcvZ mwVK Avweviwj cwZw`bB bZzb Avwevii viv evwZj nq
hvQ| Avjvi KwYKv (corpustles) I Kvjix (calorie) wQj Avivn cwZ viv j| mwj GLb Kv_vq Mj? Avivnx cwZ Avgvì
wkwLqQ h me gi`x cvYxiB GKwU K`xq vqzZ AvQ hv gw I giì ga c _KxKZ Ges gi`wU big nvoIqvjv
(cartelaginous) ev nvoIqvjv KkiKvi (Vertebrata) ga AewwZ-h fviwUev k _K Avmj fviwUeU bvgwU GmQ| Zvici
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cwZZ `Lvbv njv h gvQiv nQ mBiKg gi`x cvYx hviv mvivRxeb Kej dyjKvi (gills) mvnvh wbtkvm bq| Zvici Ggb
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mvZvii _wjZ (swim bladder) GKwU AcwiYZ (potential) dzmdym _vK| Kej weeZb Zi `ytmvnmx cqvMi viv wnKj
Avivnev`xì DviKvh KiwQjb, huviv GBme ^weiva wbq ek ^Q`B wQjb| hw` Avivn cwZ GZB Av ne, Zvnj RxeRMZi
kYxwefvMi cii GZ `Z GZ Avg~j cwieZb (revolution) Kv_v _K Gjv? mwj nQ Avivnx cwZi me _K ewkc~Y
Ae`vb Ges ZeyI mwj ciiK asm Ki| [ //-=^ :---:-c]
KgiW wke`vm Nvl hwÌ AvivnK GKgv cwZ ejZ Pvbwb, wK Avivn cwZK cvqi ejQb| GZ Avivn-Aeivni AvtmK,
cviwiK mswkZvi welqwU DcwZ nq wevwI mw nZ cvi| KviY iiI Zv i AvQ| Kvb wekl welqi i w`q Zv mgM
iK evLv Kiv hvq bv|

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Avgiv h gewj Kwi, Zv m wekl wekl NUbv mKB nvK ev mvavib wmv mKB nvK, mwji AwaKvskB nqZ wKQz wbw`
Dki LvwZi mZ, wK ge I eveZvi ga cig mvhyRi A_ Zviv ZLbI cig mZ bvI nq DVZ cvi| eis wecixZc bZzb
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MwZ I AvhvMvhvMmg~n eZgvb mwj ZvìB Abyic| ZeyI wevb Ggb weavb Lye KgB cwZv KiQ hv cig mZi `vex KiZ cvi|
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GB ùvovq h, mwj cig mZ bq| wK mB KviYB Avgiv GK_v ewj bv h wPivqZ ejwe`v GLb f~j cgvwYZ nqQ| G welq wPivqZ
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MwZi m mwZ eRvq ivL Zv-B bq, wPivqZ ejwe`vi weavbwjKI Zv mxgveZvi D`vniY wnme Afy Ki; wK ZvnjI KvbI
evwbKB Ggb `vex Kieb bv h, AZGe Kvqvb&Uvg& ejwe`vB nj cig mZ|
mvaviYfve, cig mZi cwZ wevbi KvbB AvMn bB| evweKc, GKevi hw` Kvb cwZvK cig mZ ej `pfve NvlYv Kiv nq
Zvnj mLvb hveZxq bZzb Abymvbi Aemvb NU, KviY cig mZKB hw` Rvbv nq hvq Zvnj AwZwi Abymvbi Avi Kvb myhvM
_vK bv| AZGe, cKZc cig mZ cwZv Kivi `vex wevb-weivax, KviY IiKg `vex Avgvì AekB AviI DbZ aiYi Abymvb
Kiv _K, Avgvì vbK AviI GwMq wbq hvIqv _K, mZi Kg mwbKUeZx Aev _K ekx mwbKUeZx Aevq Gbv _K, GK
K_vq wevbi c_ AbymiY Kiv _K weiZ Kie| [-- /-, - / -- </, */-:>--:>c]
G cm Gjm wjLwQjb, myZivs cKZ A_ hwj evwbK MelYv Kg mwj mvaviYZt fzj I mZ, Gic gZv bwZK
kwjK Gwoq Pj, wK GB kwji `Lv meB Avgiv cvB mB mg M... hLvb Amvi evMvoî wbRK mvefg wPvi mvefg
dmjic Avgvì Ici Rvwni KiZ P Ki| ...m~Y wecixZ giZ AevbKvix mg aviYvi gZ mZ I g GB `ywU aviYviI
Kejgv AZ mxwgZ B Pig wmZv we`gvb|...Avgiv h gyn~Z mZ I gi weivaK H msKxY Mxi evBi cqvM Kwi...(mB
gyn~ZB) weivai `ywU giB Zvì wecixZ A_ cwiewZZ nq, mZ nq co g Avi g nq co mZ| [=-: (:-:-:--:
-/ ), - , - </]
G cm vwjb ejwQjb, Z Avgvì GB K_vB ej h RMZi Kvb wKQzB kvkZ bq, RMZi cwZwU eB Yvqx I cwieZbxq;
cKwZ e`jvq, mgvR e`jvq, Afvm I c_v e`jvq, bvqi aviYv e`jvq, mZ wbRI e`jvq-GB KviYB Z cwZwU eB I NUbvKB
hyw w`q wePvi Ki; GB KviYB Zv gv GKevi cwZwZ mZi Aw ZK A^xKvi Ki| [bivRev` bv mgvRZ?, c_g Aavq]
KgiW wke`vm Nvl 1967 mvj G ee ivLb (vbZ, g~jK eev` I wecex Rxeb cm)| dj GUvK bZzb mshvRb ewj wKfve?

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ag wPv ev agxq Abykvmb-weavb mgvRweKvki wewfb ce mvgvwRK Kvb bv Kvb kYx ev Mvx ^v_K K` Ki Avwef~Z nqQ|
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wjLwQjb| ag nj wbcxwoZ Rxei `xNkvm, `qnxb RMZi `q, wVK hgb mUv nj AvZvwenxb cwieki AvZv| Avevi GKB m
ejvnqQ, ag nj RbMbi Rb Avwdg|...gvbyl ag Zwi Ki, ag gvbylK Zwi Kibv| h-gvbyl nq GLbI wbRK LyuR cvqwb wKsev
wbRK Avevi nvwiq djQ BZvga, ag nj Zvi AvZPZbv Ges AvZmvb| wK gvbyl Zv RMZi evBi Zuvey LvwUq _vKv Kvb weg~Z
mv bq| gvbyl nj gvbyli RMr, iv mgvR GB iv GB mgvR cq`v Ki ag,...[<- ^, -/-=^ */--o] Religious
suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering.
[CritiqueofHegelsPhilosophyofRightMarx]
Gjm AvwU Wzwis (KqKUv Ask) Z wjLQb, ...Lag Kej GKUv welq mg gvbyli mgZv ^xKZ wQj: mUv nj GB h,
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ebv evDqi Ges Mvovi LagZ Gjm jLb, h ag ivgK wek mvvRUvK Aaxb KiwQj Ges 1800 eQi ai mf wekRbi
GKUv eo Aski Dci AvwacZ PvwjqwQj mUvK Kej cZviKì Rov Kiv A_nxb wRwbmi c ej PzwKq Ìqv hvqbv| h
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Kijb A_nxb wRwbmi GB agUv Mnb KivB ivgK `ywbqvi GKQvwacwZi Avmb wbRK gwngvvw^Z Kivi mevg Dcvq| GBfve
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msMvg Rj DVwQj, ZLb _K eev`B `Lv w`qQ GKgv mwZcivqY `kb wnmve, hv cvKwZK wevbi mg wmvi cwZ wek Ges
Kzmsvi, fvwg cfwZi k| MYZi kiv ZvB eev`K Lb Kivi Rb, ZvK a~wjmvr I wbw`Z Kivi AvcvY Pv KiQ Ges mg_b
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gvKm I Gjm& AwZ `pZvi m `vkwbK eevì mg_b KiQb Ges GB wfw _K cZKwU wePywZB h Kx `viY fzj Zv evievi
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: eBZ| - #-/'-Gi gZ G eB `yLvwbI cZKwU mPZb kwgKi KvQ wbZcvV|
Av`k kZvxi eev`B wK gvKm _g hvbwb, `kbK wZwb AMmi Ki MQb| G `kbK wZwb mg KiQb Rvgvb wPivqZ `kbi
m` w`q, wekl Ki nMjxq Z w`q, hv Avevi cuwQqQ dqi&evLi eev`| GB me mì ga cavb nj vwK Z, A_vr
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dj mgvRRxeb GKwU eev _K De nq DPZi eevi -`vîc, Kx Ki mvgZ _K weKwkZ nq cyuwRev`|
gvbyli vb hgb gvbyli AwZ-wbic cvKwZK RMZi, A_vr weKvkgvb c`v_i cwZdjb, Zgwb mgvRi A_bwZK eevi
cwZdjbB njv gvbyli mvgvwRK vb (A_vr wewfb `vkwbK, agxq, ivRbwZK cfwZ gZvgZ I Z)| ivRbwZK cwZvbwj njv
A_bwZK ewbqvì DcwiKvVvgv| `vîc `Lv hve h AvaywbK BDivcxq ivwji ivRbwZK ic hvB nvK, Zvi KvR njv
cjZvwiqZi Ici eyRvqv cfzZ msnZ Kiv|
gvKmi `kb njv, mym~Y `vkwbK eev`-Zv _K gvbemgvR wekl Ki kwgK kYx Zvi vbvbkjvKv jvf KiQ| GB vbvbkjvKv
wK mZvbymvbi `kb bq? jwbb hLb Aviv ejb, ...G gZev` mym~Y I mymgm| Gi KvQ _K h mvgwMK wek`w jvf Kiv hvq...
Mvxev` ejZ hw` evSvq GKUv AvZe wkjxf~Z gZev`, hvi D`q nqQ wekmfZv weKvki ivRc_ _K e`~i, Ze `kb I
mvgvwRK wevbi BwZnvm _K AwZ cwivi Ki `Lv hvq h, gvKmevì ga Zgb Kvb wKQzB bB| eis, gvKmi mgM cwZfvUvB
GBLvb h, gvbe mgvRi AMYx fvebvq h me wRvmv AvMB `Lv w`qwQj gvKm ZviB Reve w`qQb| mvgwMK wek`wfw jvf Kivi
evwbK fvev`k njI Kb kwgKkYxi fvev`k wnmve ZvK Mnb Kiv nq Zv ejZ wMq jwbb ejb, mf `ywbqvi me eyRvqv
wevbi (miKvix Ges D`vibxwZK Dfq cKvi) c _K gvKmi gZevì cwZ P~ov kZv I Avvk `Lv hvq| gvKmev`K Zviv `L
GK aibi welv Mvx wnmve| AekB Ab gbvfve Avkv Kiv e_v, Kbbv kYx-msMvgi Ici Mo IVv mgvR wbic mgvRwevbi
AwZ Ame| me iKgi miKvix I D`vibxwZK wevbB Kvb bv Kvbfve `vmZi wei gvnxb msMvg NvlYv KiQ gvKmev`| cuywRi
gybvdv Kwgq kwgKì gRyix evovbv DwPZ bq wK-GB cki wgj gvwjKì KvQ _K wbicZv Avkv Kiv mgvb evZzjZv| [- -/-
-// - -//- ^- /# , :-:,:--,:-:]| gvKmev` mK Gjm ejb, The
science of the general laws of motion & development of nature, human society and thought (c KwZ, gvbemgvR
Ges wPvi MwZ I weKvki mvaviY wbqgmg~ni wevb)|

:>) =# < <| <v , |< =<|-|<||+"
hwÌ mvi bvg GKwRmUwkqvwjRg Gi mv_ hy ZeyI wKqKMvWK mvaviYfve GKwRkUbwkqvwj wdjvmdvi ejv nq| Zvi gZ
cwZwU gvbyl Zvi Rxebi Rb `vqx (Each individualnot society or religion is solely responsible for giving meaning to
lifeandlivingitpassionatelyandsincerely)
wZxq wekhyi ci G aviYv AviI Rbwcq nq IV| wKqKMvW, `qfw, wbrm Ges mvK GKwRmUbwkqvwj aviYvi DMvZv gb
Kiv nq|
eyRvqv mgvRi wewQbZv, nZvkv, kvlYRwbZ ebv, Rxebi j m^ w`kvnxbZvi mgq G aviYvi Rb| KgiW wke`vm Nvl G welqwU
Zvi `ywU eZvq AvjvKcvZ KiQb| G mgmvi MfxiZv Ges Zvi djvdj wbq AviI wek` AvjvPbvi AeKvk AvQ| mgvR Kb
wewQbZv `Lv `q, wecei gvag gvbyl wKfve Zv _K gy nZ cvi G `vkwbK AvjvPbv GLbI PjQ AviI Pje|

:) =# < <| <v 'i||<|-' | |<-| |< =< i||<|- -1|<+ <<i< <|+
t<v-
: : //- ce wZwb ejb, cyuwRev`x A_bwZK eevi Drcvw`Kv I mvgwqK kw ewi eve ZvwM` GKw`K
wevbi UKwbKvj (KvwiMwi) w`Ki PPv nBZQ, Aciw`K fveevPi wewfb hywwevbweivax w_Iix Ae wewjd-Gi wfw Kwiqv
AwZcvKZev`, Ckiev`, Zev` cfwZ bvbv cKvi fveev`x `kbi PPv PwjZQ| GKB mv_ UKbvjwRKvj (chywMZ) DbwZi
wevbi PPv Ges wk, mvwnZ I g~jeva cfwZ gvbyli fveivRi cwZwU AvavZevì PPv `k cyivcywi dvwmev` Mwoqv DVvi
BwZB enb KwiZQ| Avgvi gZ `kb I mswZi dvwmev` nBZQ AvaywbK wevb I AavZevì GK AzZ mswgkY| (1949
mvji ee _K DZ) H cei Ab ejv nqQ, MvxBRg BR G mvewjgwUK Uvdigkb Ae eyRvqv Kvm BwUs, AwiRbUW _ y
` cmm Ae wdDkb weUzBb ` m Ae eyRvqv wnDgvwb givj fvjyR Av AvwU-IqvwKs Kvm wdqvi Kgc Ae ifwjDkb Ae
MvxwR| (H)
dvwmev` ki Drcw BZvjxi ewbZv gymvwjwb KZ K c_g 1919 mvj dvmwm hvi AvwiK A_ Kzoji djvi Zjvq AvUKvbv GKMvQv
jvwV hv GKZv I kwi cZxK| GZ GKUv ivRbwZK MvxI eySvbv nq| ci 1921 mvj dvwm cvwU MVb Kiv nq| hvi _K dvwmev`
GmQ| hwÌ GB dvwmev` kwUi mv_ GWj&d wnUjvii bZ Z bvkbvj mvkvwj IqvKvm cvwU-Rvgvb msc bvrwm cvwU
(GbGmwWwc) Gi bvgwUI RwoZ| wekcuywRev` GKPwUqv cyuwRev` A_vr mvvRevì i DV h A_bwZK msKUK Mfxi _K MfxiZi
KiZ _vK Zvi nvZ _K iv cvIqv Avi Abw`K kwgK kYxi wecex kw I msMvg weKvki AcwZnZ MwZ wKsev gZv `Lji mvebv
iLZB g~jZt dvwmevì Avwefve NUwQj| BZvjx I Rvgvbxi dvwmev` wekbRi Avm wZxq wekhyKvjxb mgq AvRI dvwmevì
Pnviv H `yB `kK K` Ki eo AvKvi `vwoq _vKjI ay H `yB `kB dvwmev` Kvqg nqwb| Aw qv, nvixmn AbK `kB Zv
`Lv w`qwQj| AbK vbB Zv Yvqx wQj ej Zgb MY nq bv| Avevi dvwmevì BZvjx-Rvgvwb-Rvcvbi mv_ icMZ cv_K _vKjI
AvRKi `ywbqvq eyRvqv kvmbi ici gvS dvwmev` c avb ceYZv wnmve weivR KiQ| Avevi `k `k dvwmevì ic cKwZi wfbZvI
iqQ| hgb BZvjx Ges Rvgvbxi dvwmev` Zvì Drm Ges cKwZi cv_K wbqB Mo DVQ hwÌ GKPwUqv cyuwRevì Rxeb iv I
kwgK kYxi RvMiY I wece cPv asm Kivi w`K _K Dki wgj iqQ| 1932 mvj BZvwjqvb GbmvBKvwcwWqvi dvwmevì Z (
Doctrine of facism) Qvcv nqwQj| `vkwbK wRIfvwb RwUji gymvweav P~ov Ki gymvwjwb Zvi P~ov ic `b| BZvjxZ BZvga
wdqvU, Awjfw, wciwji gZv GPwUqv abKzei Mvxi wk cwZvb Avw_K g`vi myLxb Abw`K kwgKi Afvebxq `vwi` eKviZmn
weviYgyL Aev mvgvj w`Z dvwmev`x Z Avi ivgmn ga BZvjxi cvq cyiv Ask cvc Ges fvwUKvbì agxq fvev`kMZ cfvi
wevi cqvRbxq nq DVwQj| RvgvbxZI c_g wekhy civRqi Mvwb, Avw_K wZ I RvZxq AQ` BZvwì cvkvcvwk GKPwUqv
Kvievwiì `Z DV `vovbvi mv_ kwgK wecei mvebvK asm Kivi cqvRb Rvgvb RvZi kZ I B`x agvej^xì cwZ Zxe agv
mv`vwqK NYv mw Kiv nqwQj| BZvjx I Rvgvbxi dvwmevì `vkwbK Drm divmx `kb wPvi ga LuyR cvIqv hve| BZvjx AbymiY
KiQ divmx ivwWKvj wmwKvwj RR mviji fveev`x mgvRZ Ges widKkb Ab fvqvj (Reflection on Violence) K
Abw`K Rvgvb bvrwm gZv`ki Drm AvQ divmx RvZxqZvev`x Av_vi Mvweb, wfjdWv cviUv, gwim evim Ges AvKkb dv
Av`vjb BZvw`| Ze Dfq `ki B wbrmi cfve wQj Mfxi| wbrmi AwZgvbe (Ubermensch) Ges gZvi BQv (The will
power)| kYxi cwieZ AmvaviY gvbylì wbaviK f~wgKvi K_vB wbrmi cwZcv`| G cm wbv AvjvPbvwj weePbvq AvmZ
cvi:
Facism is the open, terrorist dictatorship of the most reactionary, most chauvinist and most imperialist
elements of finance capital. Facism tries to secure a mass basis for monopolist capital among the petty
bourgeoisie,...alsotryingtopenetratetheworkingclass.[ThesesonFacism,theWarDangerandtheTasksof
the Communist Parties; 13
th
Plenum ECCI; In J.Degras (Ed): The Communist International: 19191943;
Documents,Volume3;Oxford,1965;p.296].
Facismmeansthedestructionofallthedemocraticrightswonbythepeople,theestablishmentofakingdom
of darkness and ignorance and the destruction of culture; it means nonsensical race theories and the
preaching of hatred of man for man, for the purpose of kindling wars of conquest. [G.Dimitroff,...Spain and
thePeoplesFront]
TheProgramoftheCommunistInternational.CominternSixthCongress1929:
A) Sidebysidewithsocialdemocracy,withwhoseaidthebourgeoisiesuppressestheworkersorlulls
their class vigilance, stands Facism. The epoch of imperialism warled to the bankruptcy of
parliamentarism.Hence,theadoptionof`newmethodsandformsofadministration(forexample,
the system of inner cabinets, the formation of oligarchical groups, acting behind the scenes, the
deteration and falsification of the function of popular representation, the restriction and
annulmentofdemocraticliberties,etc.).
B) Under certain special historical conditions, the progress of this bourgeois, imperialist, reactionary
offensiveassumetheformofFacism.ofconsiderabledeclassedsocialelements,thepauperisation
ofbroadstrataoftheurbanpettybourgeoisieandoftheintellegentsia;discontentamongtherural
pettybourgeoisieand,finally,theconstantmenaceofmassproletarianaction.

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< <|-<+|< |+ |< <|<| t"|+ - v|$| < - <|<| + <|<|< <| <<+ |< -| =<t <|<| t"|+ <+ |<
<||< +| |-- -|< <|-|-, <| <+<< |<-| |< |--< |t|< |<" + < <-+ << -|<v-"
hyejxMi KZe AvjvPbv KiZ wMq jwbb ejQb, GB K_vwU Avgvì AekB gb ivLv DwPZ, D`vniYîc, hLb Avgiv menviv mswZ
mK K_v ewj
**
, G mgmvwU mgvavb KiZ Avgiv mg ne bv hw`-bv Avgiv myfve GUv `qg Kwi h, gvbeRvwZi mgM weKvki
viv m mswZ mK GKUv h_vh_ vb Ges Zvi icvi mvabB GKgv GKUv menviv mswZ mw Kivq Avgvì mg_ Ki Zzje|
menviv mswZ AvKvk _K co bv| hviv wbRì menviv mswZ mK wekl ej AwfwnZ Ki _vK Zvì Kvb ^KwZ DvebI
Zv bq| Zv GKevi evR K_v| cyuwRev`x, Rwg`vix I AvgjvZvwK mgvRi Rvqvji Aaxb gvbeRvwZ h vb fvvi mwZ KiQ menviv
mswZK nZ ne ZviB hwK weKvk| GB mg c_B cwiPvwjZ nqQ Ges AevnZfveB cwiPvwjZ ne menviv mswZi w`K, wVK
hgb gvKm KZK Xj mvRvbv ivRbwZK A_kv Avgvì `wLq w`qQ gvbe mgvRK Kv_vq cuQvZ ne| hgb `wLq w`qQ kYx-
msMvg AwfgyLx, menviv wece AwfgyLx c_|... h vbi bq-`kgvsk njv AcqvRbxq Avi GK-`kgvsk njv weKZ, mB cf~Z cwigvb
vbi viv Zibì gwK fvivv Ki `qvi cwZwU Avgiv AekB MnY Kie bv| wK Zvi A_ GB bq h, Avgiv KwgDwb
wmvB mxgve _vKZ cvwi Ges KwgDwb kvMvbB Kej wkLZ cvwi| m cvq KwgDwbRg Mov hvq bv| GKgv ZLbB Zvgiv
KwgDwb nZ cvi hLb gvbeRvwZ KZ K m mg vb fvvi w`q Zvgvì gwK Zvgiv mg Kie| Avgvì gyL-we`vi Kvb
ìKvi bB, wK gwjK Z_i (fundamental facts) vb w`q cwZwU wkv_xi gbi weKvk I c~YZv mvab Avgvì KiZ ne|
wkv_x h mg vb ARb Ki Zv hw` m Zvi gbvRMZ nRg KiZ bv cvi Zv nj KwgDwbRg nq ùvove GK duvKv K_v, wbQK GK
mvBbevW, Avi KwgDwbiv nq ùvove wbZv `vwK| menviv mswZ I bwZKZv evaK jwbb AvPiYevw`Zv _K gy ivLvi evaKI
kvwbZ KiQb| Avgiv Rvwb mgvR Afi A_vr mgvRi ecweK eveZvi gvS h wbqgbxwZ wqvkxj _vK Zvi mv_ mwZc~Y
RxebvPiY I msMvgi ga w`q menviv bwZKZvi cKvk NU| jwbb ejQb, Avgiv ewj Avgvì bwZKZv cyivcywifveB menviv kYxi
kYx msMvgi ^v_i Aaxb| Avgvì bwZKZvi Drm njv menviv kYxi kYx msMvgi ^v_|...m KvibB Avgiv ewj gvbemgvRi
evBi AewZ bwZKZv ej Kvbv wKQz Avgvì bB, Zv njv ZvK cZviYv| Avgvì KvQ bwZKZv njv menvivi kYx msMvgi ^v_i
Aaxb| mw Ges mwi aviYvgy bv nq menviv mswZ Avq Kiv KwVb, m welq DjL Ki jwbb ejb, RviK Zvwoq `qv
KwVb wQj bv Zvi Rb gv KqK w`bB jMwQj| Rwg`viK weZvwoZ KivI Lye GKUv KwVb wQj bv- gv KqK gvmB Zv mb nqwQj|
cuywRcwZì Zvovbv Lye GKUv `yin wQj bv| wK kYxi wejvcmvab AZzjbxq icB AwaK KwVb, kwgK I KlKi wefwUv GLbI
Avgvì AvQ| KlK hw` Zvi RwgZ AwawZ nq em Ges Zvi D kl AvZmvr Ki, A_vr Zvi wbRi Rb ev Zvi Mi evQzii Rb
jvMQbv Ggb km m hw` AvZmvr Ki A_P evwK jvKiv QzwU Qvov w`b KvUvq Zvnj KlK nq ùvovq kvlK|... kYx msMvg AevnZ
iqQ Ges Avgvì KZe njv mg ^v_K m-msMvgi Aaxb Kiv| Avgvì KgDwb bwZKZvI mB KZei Aaxb|... jvK hLb
Avgvì mvgb bwZKZv mK K_v Zvj, hLb Avgiv Avgvì mvgb bwZKZv mK K_v Zvj, hLb Avgiv ewj: GKRb KwgDwbi
KvQ mg bwZKZvB wbwnZ iqQ kvlKì wei GB HKe kLjv I mPZb MY-msMvgi ga| kvkZ bwZKZvq Avgvì wekvm
bB Ges bwZKZv wbq mg Avlvp Mi cZviYvi gyLvk Avgiv DbvPb Ki w`B| DPZi i gvbemgvRK DbxZ Kivi jiB mev
Ki bwZKZv|
** =</ '/' (proletcult) /- = /< - :! / > :>: / -/ /- -
> = :! > !-/ / -!/* -/ // 7/ - /< / /- =: =
/ -// / + -/;/ =# :! // +/ ^ + : / /- - =/ - ^
-+ /: /</ / ! -< /: ^/- / -/ - /
:!/- - > /</ >- =: < r '-// :' */ / ^ //
'/'= </ / !-/ -< -//- /;/, ^ /-< //- / // '/' =
-< // +/ - > - -/ // / -> // / / -/ /: / /-/
/ / :>:> / - / / / :>:- / / /:! -/ /
jwbbi Aviv wek` evLv QvovI gvKmev`x `vkwbKì bvbv w`K h_ evLv weklY iqQ hv _K eySv hve h menviv mswZ I
bwZKZv welq wke`vm Nvli AvjvPbv I Dcjwi h_ g~j _vKjI gvKmev`x Av`vjb h_v_ vb I Dcjwi Zgb NvUwZ wQj bv|

:c) =# < <| <v, <+<< |<-| |< -|<v- |<<| + <+ |-- < <|-|+<
< -|+< + <||-|- |<-< < +|<<|-| |<|-< <| << t|+< |<| ? =<| |+|< |-< |<++<
<|<v- <|<| |<<| <+ < ||<i| =+ #<|-|+< |<<| +- <<+| +|-< |<=|| -|< |<-| |< <-, +|<<|-<
|<- t|+ ||< -| << <| <|+<|- t|< - <<| <|< -|"
GLvb wevw `~i Kivi Rb jwbbi DZ eeUvB h_ wQj| jwbb ejb, Avgiv Avgvì Kgxì ivRbwZK bZv wnmve wkwZ
Ki Zzje hvZ Zviv mevxb msMvgi cwZwU AwfewK c_ c`kb KiZ mg nq| [ -#- ]
Gjm hLb ejb,Ourdoctrin...isnotadogma,butaguidetoaction.
Gi viv wK mevxb Rxeb msMvgi w`K wb`kbv cvIqv hvq bv?
menviv bwZKZv mK hyejxMi KZe cywKvq jwbb AviI AvjvPbv KiQb|

:e) =# < <| <v, =<| - |<<| - -< |, |<-| |< -|<v-, |<-<
< <i| << +|<<|-< |< <|< +<i |-< |-+ |-|- $ + +|<# ||+ |-+ <|-<+| | +|t|-+|+,
+|t|, +-|<t|< <|<|, +-<+i+|-+| $ ++ < |+|- |<< -|<v-, < -+| =<t <+|< <|-< <- -< <|t
"<< =<- -+|< +<i |-< << <i|<< , +-# <| <|<, < -++< i|- v"
GKUv `j Movi cwZce, MVbKvj Ges kYx I `ji AejywKvj Z_v cyuwRev` _K mvgevì MvUv chvq Ryo wfb cwiwwZZ wfb gvvq
wecex Pvwn`v I cqvRbi wbwiL GB msMvg Pvwjq hZ ne| menvivi MYZ I vwK Kw`KZv wgj MYZvwK Kw`KZvi PPv I gvb
Pjgvb msMvg I msMvg weKvki gvSB Db xZ nZ _vK| G c m jwbb ejb, The Party is the vanguard detachment of the
proletariat and to direct the struggle of working class effectively, it must be armed with Marxist Theory, and
theknowledgeofthelawsofsocialdevelopmentandthelawsofclassstruggle.Anorganizeddetachment,the
party is the highest of all forms of organisation of the proletariat. It can and should guide all the other
organizationofworkingclass.Itmustmaintainclosecontactwiththebroadmassesandwintheirconfidence.
Itsorganizationmustbeorganizedontheprincipleofcentralism.[Onestepforward,twostepback]
`ji bZZ ev A_wiwU A_vr `ji h_ vbi weklxKZ ici cKvk| GK mekic bv ej `ji cwiPvjbv I wecex msMvg weKvki
cqvRb meAMMY Aevb bZZ `vb mg ewZK eySj meb, mevb bv^xZ GKK ewK gwngvw^Z Kivi ev iev`x SuvK
AePZbfve njI Avmvi ceYZv iva Kiv hZ cvi|

:) =# < <| <v, Constant common association, constant common
discussionandconstantcommonactivity "
A_vr wke`vm Nvl h_Zv wbgvYi Rb G welqjv ejQb| Avgiv !/ - wkivbvg - / :! -
eBZ jwbbi ee `LZ cvB, KwgDwb cvwU msMVb MYZvwK Kw`KZv AekB ne Kw`KZv I menviv MYZi mswgkY
(wdDkb)-Dfqi wgjbi cKZ wbhvm| GB mswgkY, mgM cvwUi ga me`v GK KvR, me`v GK msMvgi Za w`qB GKgv ARb
Kiv hvq|KwgDwb cvwU msMVb MYZvwK Kw`KZv AvbyvwbK ev hvwK Kw`KZv bq; GB Kw`KZv nj mvgev`x KgKvi Kw`KZv,
hvi A_ nj, Ggb GKwU my`p kwkvjx bZZ Mo Zvjv hv wecex hyi Rb me`v cZ, Avevi GKB mv_ h KvbI cwiwwZi
gvKvejvq cvi`kx| h_ m K_vwU Qvov evwK meB GLvb AvQ| GB h_ m hw` nq kwgK kYx, kvwlZ kYx , wbcxwoZ kYxmg~ni
mv_ Zvì msMvg wbZ m Ges ZviB GKUv Ask wnmve msMvgx gvbylì m Zvnj Zvi GKUv gvb ùvovq| Zv bv nj Gi GKUv hvwK
aviYv Zwi nZ cvi hv MYwewQb AvPiYev`x mwqvi Rb w`Z cvi|

:) =# < <| <v, |<-| |< -|<v-, '|<|' <| -++ -1< +|<<|-| <|<|<
| <<|-< <|- |+ -#"
!/ - wkivbvg - / :! -Z jwbb ejb, KwgDwb cvwU msMVb MYZvwK Kw`KZv AekB
ne Kw`KZv I menviv MYZi mswgkY (wdDkb)-Dfqi wgjbi cKZ wbhvm| GB mswgkY,mgM cvwUi ga me`v GK KvR, me`v
GK msMvgi ga w`qB GKgv ARb Kiv hvq| KwgDwb cvwU msMVb Kw`KZv AvbyvwbK ev hvwK Kw`KZv bq; GB Kw`KZv nj
mvgev`x KgKvi Kw`KZv, hvi A_ nj, Ggb GKwU my`p kwkvjx bZZ Mo Zvjv hv wecex hyi Rb me`v cZ, Avevi GKB mv_
h Kvb cwiwwZ gvKvejvq cvi`kx| AvbyvwbK ev hvwK Kw`KZv nj cyuwRev`x AvgjvMvxi nvZ gZvi (cvIqvi) Kw`KZ~Z KiQ
h KwgDwb cvwU, Zv wecex menvivi Dci Zvi kvmb Kvqg Kivi Pv KiQ-GK_v GKgv KwgDwbì kivB Rvi Mjvq cPvi KiZ
cvi| GwU GKwU wg_v cPvi| cvwUi Afi KvbI cKvi gZvi ev AvwacZ wbq KvbI cKvi cwZhvwMZv-Gme KwgDwb
AvRvwZK KZK MnxZ MYZvwK Kw`KZvi gj bxwZwji m~Y weivax| ...GKwU mgvRZvwK MYcvwUK KwgDwb cvwUZ icvwiZ
Kivi KvR KLbI cyibv KgixwZK AcwiewZZ iL Kejgv mB cvwUi K`xq bZZi nvZ gZvi (A_wiwUi) K`xfebi ga
mxgve nZ cvi bv| K`xKZv Kejgv KvMR-Kjg _vKj Pjebv, eve ZvK cqvM KiZ ne| Ges Zv GKgv ZLbB Kiv me
hLb evvcKfve m`miv Abyfe KiZ cvieb h GB A_wiwU Zvì mwwjZ KgKv I msMvg mevg hvMZvmb GKwU nvwZqvi|
Ab_vq RbZvi KvQ GB weK`xf~Z bZZ cvwUi Afii GKwU AvgjvZicB `Lv è Ges Gi dj Zv mKj cKvi, Kw`KZv,
mKj aiYi bZZ I mg iKg KVvi wbqgvbyewZZvi weiZv Kivi gvbwmKZv RvwMq ZzjZ cvi| AvgjvZvwKZvi wecixZ giZB
bivRevw`Zvi Aevb| GQvovI Ab bZZ mwKZ AvjvPbvq Avgiv `LZ cve h menviv kYx `ji bZZ-Kw_Z iev`x aviYvi
mv_ Kvb AevZB GK mv_ hvqbv|

:o) =# < <| <v, |<|-| - |<< < <|+<|- t|<< <-+ +|-
-< -i =<t |<<< < +|+< =|< |-< <|<<|< -i < <i|+ -1| |<+i| <<|# -< |<-< < <i|+
-1||+ +|-|<+| < + < |, - < |<<< | =<|+, + <"
GLvb -/ /- - / c/ eBZ -c : */ Avgiv `LZ cvB vwjb ejQb, Avgvì `k
mgvRZvwK Av`kiB cvavb iqQ, hvi AcivRq wfw nj gvKmev`-jwbbev`| wK eyRvqv fvev`ki Aekl (vestiges) AvRI
Avgvì `k AvQ| ew mwK wfw Ki Mo IVv bwZKZveva I gvbwmKZvi asmvekl (relies of privateproperty
mentality and morality) AvRI wUK AvQ| GwU KLbI Avcbv AvcwbB kl nq hve bv; Gwji wei `pZvi mv_ msM vg cwiPvjbv
KiZ ne| KwgDwb cvwUi KZe cm fvlY eyjMixq IqvKvm cvwUi bZv RR wWwgUd ejwQjb, Avgvì cvwUK Zvnvi
HwZnvwmK KZe cvjb KwiZ nBj GBfve mKj mg_b I wbqg gvwbqv Pjvi Afvm Qvov Dcvq bvB| mB RbB eywSZ nBe h
cvwUi Dk I KZei Dci ewMZ Kvb BQv AwbQv, wekl Kvb ^ v_ ev aviYvK vb `qv Pwje bv| cvwUi ga h c`B Avgiv
AwawZ _vwK bv Kb, Avgvì ga ewMZ hvnv wKQz AvQ, Zvnvi meUvKB cvwUi ^v_ I RbMYi ^v_i KvQ wemRb w`ZB nBe|
G cm 8 Rvbyqvwi 1905 mvj `qv KgiW vwjbi ee cwYavbhvM hnZz cvwU njv bZvì msMVb, mnZz GUv h GKgv
ZvìB GB cvwUi I msMVbi mf ej MY Kiv Pj hviv GB msMVb KvR Kib Ges ^fveZtB cvwUi BQvi m wbRì ewMZ
BQvK wgwjq ÌqvK Ges cvwUi m GKvZ fve KvR KivK Zvì KZe ej gb Kib|
Zvnj `Lv Mj h, `ji mv_ GKvZ nevi msMvgi K_v Kvb bZzb aviYv bq|

>) =# < <| <v, <|<| + < <|<| +< +<i <||< |<i +| -|-
<+<< |<-| |<"
KgiW jwbb KvDUwi LuvwU MYZi aviYvi weivwaZv KiZ wMq jLb, mvaviY eyw-weePbv I BwZnvm wbq hw` Avgiv Vvv-we`c
KiZ bv PvB, Zvnj GUv ^Zt h, h ch wewfb kYxi AwZ we`gvb iqQ, m ch LuvwU MYZi K_v Avgiv ejZ cvwi bv;
Avgiv Kej ejZ cvwi kYx MYZi K_vB|...AvaywbK ivjvi gwjK AvBb-Kvbyb jvi K_v aib, Zvì ckvmb eevi K_v aib,
mgveki ^vaxbZv, msev`ci ^vaxbZv, A_ev AvBbi `wZ mKj bvMwiKi mgZvi K_vB aib, Avcwb cwZ c` eyRvqv MYZi
avvevwRi cgvbB `LZ cveb, hvi mv_ cwZwU mr I kYx mPZb kwgKB cwiwPZ| hZ MYZvwKB nvK bv Kb, Ggb Kvbv ivi
mvvr wgjebv hvi msweavb, Z_vKw_Z RbkLjv jNbi , Avi evweK c kvwlZ kYx KZK Zvi `vmZg~jK Aevb jNb I
A`vmmyjf AvPiY c`kbi cPvi , eyRvqv kYxK kwgKì wei mb ciY, mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi Kiv, BZvw` BZvw` myhvMi
wbqZv c`vbKvix duvK-dvKo ev ivKeP c`vb Kiv nqwb| KvDUw wbji gZvB eyRvqv MYZK Ajvi f~wlZ KiQb Ges D`vnib
îc AvgwiKv I myBRvijvi mePq MYZvwK I cRvZvwK eyRvqviv agNUx kwgKì mv_ wKic AvPiY Ki Zv DjL KivUv ev`
w`Qb| ... menviv MYZ h Kvb eyRvqv MYZ _K j b AwaK MYZvwK; mvwfqZ gZv mePq MYZvwK eyRvqv cRvZi
PqI j b AwaK MYZvwK|...hviv GUv `LZ e_ nq Zviv wbcxwoZ kYxi `wKvb _K welqwUK DcwZ KiZ Ag: `ywbqvq
Ggb GKwU `kI wK AvQ, hLvb MocoZv mvaviY mvwii kwgK, MocoZv mvaviY mvwii Kwl-gRyi, ev mvaviYfve Mvgxb Avav-menviviv
(A_vr wbcxwoZì, RbmvaviYi wecyj msLvwaK Aski cwZwbwaiv) Ggb Kvb ^vaxbZvi KvQvKvwQI cuuuQvZ ciQ hvZ Zviv mevg
AvwjKvjvZ mfv-mwgwZ KiZ cvi, Ggb Kvb ^vaxbZv wK cqQ hLvb wbRì fvev`k cPvii I wbRì ^v_ iv Kivi Rb
mePq eo QvcvLvbvjv I KvMRi gRyZjv eenvi KiZ cvi, Ggb Kvb ^vaxbZv wK cqQ hLvb ^-kYxi bvix cyilK kvmbKvh
cwiPvjbv I ivK Mo wcU ic`vb Kivi KvR DbxZ KiZ ciQ, hgb nqP mvwfqZ ivwkqvq?...eyRvqv msev`cmg~ni UzKiv
cwigvb ^xKvivw _K hZUyKz bQ ZvZB MvUv weki kwgKiv, mnRvZ gbvfve _KB mvwfqZ cRvZi cwZ h mnvbyf~wZ `Lvq
h_vh_ Zvi KviY nj Zviv GUvK menviv MYZ, Mixei Rb MYZ ejB gb Ki-abxì MYZ bq| hgbwU nj eveZ cwZwU eyRvqv
MYZB, GgbwK mek eyRvqv MYZI|
wZwb AviI ejb,iv AvQ ^vaxbZv Ges mKji ^v_K iv KivB Zvi cwe Dk-GB eyRvqv wg_vPviwU Kej h vbcvcx, wevbx
I cyivwnZivB Zzj ai I mg_b Ki Zv bq, eis hviv cyivbv KzmsviK gb-cvY AuvKo _vK I hviv cuywRev`x mgvR _K mgvRZ
DiYK eySZ cvi bv, mB me e jvKI Zv Ki _vK|
mvwfqZ cRvZ hLb cwZwZ nq ZLbB m Gme eyRvqv wg_vPviK cZvLvb Ki Ges cKvkB NvlYv Kit Zvgiv ejQ Zvgvì
iv ^vaxbZv AvQ, wK eve, h ch ewMZ mw _vKe m ch, MYZvwK cRvZ njI, Zvgvì iv kwgKì `gb Kivi Rb
cuywRev`xì nvZi h Qvov Avi wKQzB bq,...|
cRvZ h AveiYB aviY KiK bv Kb, Ggb wK Zv mePq MYZvwK cRvZ njI, hw` Zv nq GK eyRvqv cRvZ, hw` Zv Rwg, wgj I
dvixi Dci ew-gvwjKvbv eRvq ivL, Avi ewMZ cuywR hw` MvUv mgvRK gRyix `vmZ Ave ivL,...Zvnj GB iv njv GK `j
jvKK `gb Kivi Rb Ab `ji nvZi h|
jwbb Gi weklY _K wK GUv nq bv h, eyRvqv I menviv MYZ mK wZwb aviYv w`qQb?

>:) =# < <| <v, <|+<|- |-|-< i< |||+< -++< <|<
-< |||< +<i ||< -1<< |<<+ < <||< -1< +|< |<||<< |<-| |< |-<|v- (:os)"
wke`vm Nvli GB eewU h_v_| KviY RvZxq wKsev AvRvwZK mvgev`x Av`vjb mvaviYfve hvwKZvi GKUv aviYvi cvkvcvwk
mywbw`fve Kvb cwiwwZZ wKfve GB gbvfvei cKvk cqwQj, wK Zvi Av`wkK-mvsMVwbK wfw ev wK wQj eveZvi mxgveZv Ges
Zvi _K eivevi Av` Kvb D`vM ev msMvg wQj wKbv, _vKj Zvi cKwZ wK, mvdj KZUzKz ev e_Zvi cwiYwZ djvdj BZvw` AbK
wKQzB Aviv LuywUq LuywUq BwZnvmi Kvjcei wePvi Avgvì `LZ ne| hvZ AvgivI AvRvwZK m^ mKi hvwK `wfwi
wkKvi bv nB| G cm AZxwZi wZ AwfZvi K_v Avgiv iY KiZ cvwi| hvwKfve gvcx, wcwKscx nIqv ev Pxbi Pqvigvb
Avgvì Pqvigvb ej kvMvb `qvi cwiYwZZ evg cx Av`vjb A AbyKiYi PvivMwjZ wbw nqwQj|

>>) =# < <| <v, |<t|+ <t< |<|< <- t|-< || |--- ||-<v,
<+<< |<-| |<# -|- <, =# |<t|+ <t <||+ + < i||- |<<|<| - |+i<|-| |-|- t|<-<|-< -<|
-<, +|+< |<- <<< <+<< |<-| |< <-, <|<| ||+< <|<< +<i |-< +|+ |<-|"
6 mî 1963 mvj #' ' /! cwKvi mv`Kxq wbe Avgvì m mvwfqZ BDwbqbi KwgDwb cvwUi
bZZi gZ cv_Ki m~Pbv I weKvk wmwcGmBDi K`xq KwgwUi Lvjv wPwV c m geZ Pxbi KwgDwb cvwU GKwU cev` evK-
GKw`bB b`xZ wZbdzUi ekx Rj Rg eid nZ cvi bv DjL Ki `vwe KiQb h, mZwU nQ GB h AvRvwZK KwgDwb
Av`vjb wbq mvgwMK gZcv_K i nqwQj mvZ eQiiI ewk mgq AvM _K| AviI wbw` Ki ejZ Mj Zv i nqwQj 1956
mvj wmwcGmBDi 20 Zg KsMm _KB| wmwcGmBDi 20 Zg KsMmB wQj mskvabevì c_ wmwcGmBD bZZi c_g c`c|
Avgiv `wL, jwbbi beBZg RbevwlKx Dcj 1960 mvj cKvwkZ Pxbv cvwUi K`xq KwgwUi gyLc ' /!' mvgwqKxZ jLv
nqQ, 1957 mvji bfî gvZ AbywZ mgvRZvwK `kmg~ni KwgDwb I IqvKvm cvwUwji cwZwbwaì NvlYvq `wLq Ìqv
nqwQj h, mskvabevì AvfixY Drm nQ eyRvqv cfvei Aw Avi Gi ewnt Drm nQ mvvRev`x Pvci KvQ AvZmgcb|
hLvb cyivZb mskvabev` Pv KiwQj gvKmev`K APj cgvb KiZ, mLvb AvaywbK mskvabev` Pv KiQ jwbbev`K AKRv cgvY
KiZ| hyMvkvwfqvi gvkvj wUUvi kvabev`K K` Ki Aviv ejv nq, weMZ eQii kl w`K wUUvi GKwU eZvq evi evi DjL Kiv
nqQ hvK AvaywbK mskvabev`xiv ej _vK bZzb hyM Gi K_v| wZwb ejQb, AvR wek Ggb GK bZzb hyM cek KiQ hLvb
RvwZmg~n Abvqvm weivg KiZ cvi Ges AvfixY wbgvY Kgi KZe wbRì ^wZ wbqvwRZ KiZ cvi| [/, /! -
/, :- :>c>] wZwb AviI ejQb: Avgiv GK bZzb hyM cek KiwQ hLb mvgb iqQ bZzb ck, hy I kvwi ck bq, eis,
A_bwZK I Abvb cvq, mnhvwMZvi ck, Avi hLb A_bwZK cwZhvwMZvi K_vI iqQ|
mvwfqU BDwbqbi KwgDwb cvwUi weskwZ KsMmi wicvU cm KgiW wke`vm Nvl kvabevì îc bvbv w`K _K DbvPbi Pv
KiQb| Zv mI wZwb cwic~Y wmvi RvqMvq cuQvZ cvibwb| 20 RyjvB 1956 mvj wZwb ejb, Avgvì hyM nj mvvRev` I
menviv wecei hyM, mgvRZ I mvgevì weRqi hyM-GB mymZ gvKmev`x I jwbbev`x w_wmmK evwZj Kivi cPvq GB `jZvMx ew
weki eyK kYx- I kYx-msMvgi ckK cwic~YfveB gyQ djQb|
wK Avgvì GB mgvjvPbv _K Ggb wmv wVK bq, h eZgvb bZZ BwZgaB gvKmev`- jwbbevì g~jbxwZ nZ wePzZ nqQ| m
wPv v| ZvB hviv ck KiQb h, wm wc Gm BD-i eZgvb wUK j Kij mwZKvii KwgDwb cvwU Mo Zvjvi ^v_ wm wc Gm
BD-K fvOvi cqvRb AvQ wKbv, Zviv fzj KiQb| G wPv gvKmev` weivax UUwev` viv cfvweZ|
c_gZ, AvMB ejwQ h, Gì gvKmev`-jwbbevì g~jbxwZ nZ gwjK wePzwZ NUwb| wZxqZ, mvwfqU KwgDwb cvwUK gwjK
wePzwZ _K iv Kivi mvwfqU RbMYi f~wgKvK A^xKvi KiZ cvwi bv| RbMYi f~wgKvi aviYv Avgvì `ki AbKUvB
ewb bq (subjective) wK mvwfqU BDwbqb Zv eve mZ| Avgvì GB mgvjvPbvi Dk eZgvb bZZi wU mskvab Ki
ZvK kwkvjx Kiv|
weskwZ KsMm mK AvjvPbv KiZ wMq hw` aygv mvwfqU bZvì fzj `LvZB mP nB, A_ev Zvì Ae`vb `wL Ges ewj mg
wKQy B mg_bhvM, A_P Zvì wU-wePzwZ m^ wKQz bv ewj, ZvnjI fzj ne| GB `yUv `wfwB wVK bq| hnZz cvwUUv mvwfqU
KwgDwb cvwU, myZivs Zvì fzj nZ cvi bv-G hyw ievì mgZzj| mw`K _K mvwfqU bZvivI Avgvì eeK axifve
weePbv Kieb ejB Avgvì wekvm|
cwikl Avwg eje h, weskwZ KsMm AvjvwPZ kvwc~Y mnvevb bxwZ, hyi vwbevhZvi wbqg Ges AvRvwZK kvw Av`vjK gvKmev`x
`wKvb _K cwiPvjbv Kivi Gì evLv cavbZ mwVK Ges ZvB mg_bhvM| Gw`K _K wePvi Kij eZgvb bZZi gvKmev`-
jwbbev` _K Kvb gwjK wePzwZ NUwb| ZeyI Avgiv ejZ eva h, Zvì evLvi wKQz wKQz w`K AZ iZi wUc~Y| myZivs mg
welqK AveMgy gb axifve LuywUq wePvi Kiv ìKvi| iZB ejwQ h, Avgvì mgvjvPbv hb ezZc~Y mgvjvPbv wnmveB mKj
MnY Kib| eZgvb bZZi `yejZvK `~i Ki ZvK kwkvjx KivB Avgvì GB AvjvPbvi GKgv Dk|
G ee _K wK evSv Mj h KgiW wke`vm Nvl mskvabevì wmsnvi DbvPb welq wKQz ejQb? eis Avgiv bRi w`Z cvwi Pxbi
cvwUi eei w`K:
1957 mvji bfî gvZ AbywZ -// --- - // / <- //q `wLq Ìqv
nqwQj h, mskvabevì AfixY Drm nQ eyRvqv cfvei AwZ, Avi Gi ewnt Drm nQ mvvRev`x Pvci KvQ AvZmgcY|
hLvb cyivZb mskvabev` Pv KiwQj gvKmev`K APj cgvb KiZ, mLvb AvaywbK mskvabev` Pv KiQ jwbbev`K APj cgvb
KiZ| -/ //q ejv nqQ:
AvaywbK mskvabev` Pvq gvKmev`-jwbbevì gnvb wkvK cjc w`q XK w`Z, NvlYv Ki h Zv nj APj Ges AwfhvM Ki h
mvgvwRK cMwZi Rb Zv ^xq Zvrch nvwiq djQ| mskvabev`xiv gvKmevì ecweK AvZvK gi djZ Pvq, kwgK-kYxi Avi
mvaviYfve gnbwZ RbMYi ga mgvRZi cwZ wekvmK wZM KiZ Pvq|
G ee wK h_ iZen bq?

>) =# < <| <v, t|<-<|-| |<ti|+< <|< ||< |+|-# (|<-| |<) + <|<|
<i|<|- < t+-|< |-t +|-< -|<| <<-"
G Avgiv 1933 mvji 7 Rvbyqvwi, 10 gvP 1939 vwjbi ee _K RvbZ cvwi, gvKmev`x wnmve Avcbvì Rvbv DwPZ, mgvR
weKvki c_ A_bwZK AMMwZi Zzjbvq gvbyli PZbvi i AvcwK A_ wcwQq _vK| h_ Lvgvii m`mì A_bwZK AevbwU wK?
AvR Avi Zviv GK GKRb ew-KlK bb, Zviv AvR h_-Lvgvi Av`vjbi mwq Kgx| wK Zvì PZbv mB cyibv iB gvb ew
gvwjKvbvi wfwZ Pvl Ki h Pvlx Zvi iB AvRI co AvQ| dj, GiB myhvM wbq, gZvPzZ kvlKkYxi h me cwZf~iv AvRI
iqQ, Zviv h_ Lvgvii Pvlxì ewgvwjKvbvi Afvm Bb RywMq RbMbi m` jyb I mvwfqZ ivi wfwg~j AvNvZ Kivi
KvR jvMvQ|...hw` `ji cPvii KvR Kvb bv Kvb KviY Lyuwoq Lyuywoq Pj, hw` `ji Kgxì gvKmev`-jwbbevì Uwbs `yej nq
hvq| hw` cvwU Kgxì ivRbwZK I ZMZ PZbvi gvb DbZ Kivi KvR hw` e Ki `b Ges Av`knxb msKxYgbv KvRi h cwiYZ
nb| Ai gZ hvwKfve ay Dcii wb`k cvjb Ki Pjb, Zvnj Avgvì cvwU I ivi mg KgKvB Awbevhfve `yej ne, ZvZ
q aie|
GK_v ae mZ ej Rb ivLZ ne h, cvwU I ivi h wefvM hviv KvR Kib bv Kb, Kgxì ivRbwZK PZbvi gvb Ges gvKmev`-
jwbbevì Dcjw hZ fvjv, hZ DbZ ne, Zvì KvRI ZZ myì ZZ djcm~ nZ eva| wecixZ w`K Kgxì ivRbwZK PZbvi gvb
hZ bxPz ne, gvKmevì Dcjw hZ Kg ne, KvRi wZ I e_Zvi mvebvI ZZB evoe| ZZB Kgxì wPv I Pwii MfxiZv
b ne|...Ggb GKwU wevb AvQ hv mgvR weKvki wbqg, menviv wecei Rqhvvi wbqg, mgvRZvwK MVbKvhi AMMwZ Ges mvgevì
P~ov weRqi j cuQvbvi c_wb`kK wevb| GB wevb nj gvKmev`x-jwbbev`x wevb, hv mKj ejkwfKiB Rvbv Aek
KZe|...cKZ jwbbev`x nZ nj...ZvK mvgvwRK I ivRbwZK Kgx nZ ne| `ki fwelr mK cej AvMnx nZ ne, mgvR
weKvki wbqgwj RvbZ ne I Zv eve cqvM Kivi gZv ARb KiZ ne Ges `kK ivRbwZK bZZ Ìqvi mwq f~wgKv
cvjb Kivi Rb mP nZ ne|...Zvi RbB gvKmev`x-jwbbev`x Uwbs|
dj Av`kMZ PZbvi wbgvb Ges Zv _K DiYi evcvi cvwU Ges vwjb e c~e _KB mZK wQjb|

>s) =# < <| <v, '+|+||< <i|<|-' | +|+< < <i|| |<|| <
<i|"|< <|<| |<-<| +|+||< <i|<|- < |i||<+ <<v- <+<< |<-| |<
Avmj G welqwU mK mvwfqZ bZZ mRvM wQjb| h ew mwi Dci cyuwRev`x mgvR ewgvwjKvbv Zvi ik ai GKB ewev`
wfb ic cKvk cve GUvB ^vfvweK| GK mgvRZvwK mgvRi eyRvqv evwev` ejj AviI mZ nq| Avgiv AvMB DjL KiwQ
vwjbi ee hLvb ivLv nqQ, ew mwK wfw Ki Mo IVv bwZKeva I gvbwmKZvi asmvekl (relics of private
property mentality and morality) AvRI wUK AvQ|...Gwji wUK _vKvi gZv Lye ewk Ges Giv wbRiv wbRì cfve
kwkvjx KiZ cvi|...Avevi evBii cyuwRev`x `kwj Ges Avgvì `ki wfZiKvi mvwfqZ ivweivax Mcwji Aewkvsk-hv
m~Yfve wbg~j Kiv hvqwb-GB Dfq kw _K mgvRZweivax wPv, fvebv-aviYv Ges gvbwmKZv mvwfqZ BDwbqb Abycek Kiebv-
Ggb MvivwUI Avgvì KvQ bB| GK_vI fzj hvIqv Pjbv h, mvwfqZ BDwbqbi kiv Avgvì mgvRi `yej (unstable) gvbylì
ga A^vKi wPv cek KivZ, mwj D w`Z I ZvZ g`Z w`q evwoq w`Z Aweivg Pv Pvwjq hvQ|
mgvRZvwK mgvR mvgev` DiY NwUq A_vr iv I kYxi wejywi ga w`q mw I mwRvZ gvbwmKZvi wfwf~wg I DcwiKvVvgv
Aejy Kiv hve| ZZw`b bvbv cKvi enr _K m~, cKvk _K Mvcb bvbv ic Zv AvmZ _vKe Ges mPZb msMvgi gvag Drcv`b
eevi Avg~j icvi cwqvq Zv gvKvejv Kiv hve|

>c) =# < <| <v, |<-| |< -|<v- <, +|+||< <i<"|< <-|+ <|< <
<i|"| =<t |+||< "|< |<<|<|+,< < |+-|+,< <||<+ <<|< <<# <|?< <|< | <+||+|< |$+"
/ eBZ jwbb `Lvb gvKm wKfve KwgDwb mgvRi c_g chvq (The first phase of communist society) Ges
KwgDwb mgvRi DPZi chvq (The higher phase of communist society) Z fvM KiQb| gvKm Aviv ejQb, KwgDwb
mgvRi DPZi chvq, hLb kg-wefvMi wbKU ewi `vmmyjf AaxbZv Avi Zvi mv_ mv_ gvbwmK I KvwqK kgi gaKvi weiva ewP
wbw nq hve, hLb kg Kej RxweKvRbi Dcvq bv nq cwiYZ ne Rxebi cv_wgK cqvRb, hLb ewi mevxb weKvki mv_ mv_
Drcvw`Kv kwwjI ew weKvk jvf Kie, Avi mgevqx mì mg Drm DrmvwiZ ne cejZi avivq-GKgv ZLbB eyRvqv AwaKvii
msKxY w`M (horizon) AwZg Kiv me ne m~Yic Ges mgvR Zvi cZvKvq DrKxY Kie: cZK KvR Kie Zvi mvagZv
cZK cve Zvi cqvRb gZv| ^vaxbZv I iv K_v `ywUK GKm Ryo èvi evZzjZvK wbggfve Dcnvm Ki Gjm h me
ge KiwQjb, mme gei h_v_Zv Avgiv Kej GLbB cwic~Yfve Dcjw KiZ cvwi| hZY ivi Aw iqQ ZZY Kvb
^vaxbZv bB| hLb ^vaxbZv _vKe ZLb Kvb ivB _vKebv| ...cyuwRcwZì AwaKvi PywZi dj AwbevhfveB gvbe-mgvRi Drcvw`Kv
kwmg~ni mywecyj weKvk `Lv è| wK KZ `Z GB weKvk GwMq hve, kg-wefvMi mv_ mKQì mwY, gvbwmK I KvwqK
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nQ: Kvì Rb Avgvì mvwnZ I wk? AbK AvMB gvKmev`xiv-wekl Ki jwbb G mgmvi mgvavb KiwQjb| 1905 mvj jwbb
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cZvKvB enb Ki Ges menvivkYxi wk-mvwnZi weivaxZv Ki|
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msLvq hviv mevwaK Ges hviv wece Avgvì mePvBZ `p wg-evwnbx; ZZxqZ: Zv mk kwgK-KlKì Rb, A_vr Ag iU evwnbx I
bZzb PZz_ evwnbx Ges RbMYi Abvb mk `ji Rb, hviv wecex hyi cavb kw; Ges PZz_Z: Zv ki cvwZ eyRvqvkYxi kgRxex-
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aiYi jvKB nQb Pxbv RvwZi eng Ask, evcKZg RbmvaviY|Avgvì wk-mvwnZ GB Pvi aiYi jvKi RbB nIqv DwPZ|
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Aviv DPZi, Aviv Zxe, Aviv K`xf~Z, Aviv ewkg~jK I Av`ki Aviv KvQvKvwQ Ges mB RbB Xi ewk wekRbxb| wecex wk-
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z| myZivs, cvwUi mvgwMK ecweK KvRi ga cvwUi wk-mvwnZ mwKZ KvRi mywbw` I mywbavwiZ vb iqQ;
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wheels and screws of the enterprises cultivating and building the society with nature of class. Mao said, In
thecurrentworldculturesortheliteratureandartsareallofclassbelongingsandunderonecertainpolitical
line. In 1957, Mao outlined education as that Both schooling education and literature and arts are all
ideology superstructure, and they all are of class nature. Accordingly, education is an important means in
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GB eBwU cKvwkZ nq 1968 mvj| wZxq wekhy cieZxZ G aviYv evcK wevi jvf Ki| hwÌ Critical remarks on national
questionce jwbb G ceYZv mK AvjvPbv KiQb|

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Evsjv ' Ki MGVRZVWŠ¿K 'J-Evm'

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