International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Research (IJEEER) ISSN 2250-155X Vol.

3 Issue 1 Mar - 2013 25-32 TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

DIELECTRIC AND CONDUCTIVITY STUDIES OF NICKEL NITRATE HEXAHYDRATENI (N03)2 6H20 FERROELECTRICS
CHANDRA KUMAR DIXIT1 & A.K SRIVASTAVA2
1

Dept. of Physics, Feroze Gandhi Institute of Engineering & Technology, Raebareli-229001, Lucknow, India
2

Physical Research Laboratory, Kamla Nehru Institute of Physical and Social Sciences Sultanpur, India

ABSTRACT
The variation of dielectric constant with temperature of Nickel Nitrate in compressed pellet from having colloidal graphite electrodes has been measured at the different frequency range using zenith capacity measuring unit model 400 C TO 530C and therefore decrease steeply and attains a low value of 4.2 105 only (at 280 C) on cooling the compound attained the transition from para-electric to ferroelectric phase with some hysteresis. The conductivity plot between versus 1000/T have been divided two regions. The various conduction mechanisms in the different region have been stressed in this paper.

KEYWORDS: Dielectric Properties, Ferroelectric, Conductivity, Hysteresis and Para-Electric INTRODUCTION

Mostly organic solid show low dielectric constant and are poor conductors or semiconductors, recently we have reported that ferro -electricity is a common phenomenon and it is exhibited by nearly all solids, organic or inorganic the ferroelectric crystal shows spontaneous electric polarization and hysteresis effects in relation between dielectric displacement and electric field. The behaviours is commonly observed in certain temperature range associated with transition temperature curie points above which the crystal are no longer ferroelectric and show normal dielectric behaviour the chemical formula of compound is. The dielectric behaviour of compound is found to be of much interest particularly the substance possess an uncommonly high value of dielectric constant and also has a sharp transition. As for as dielectric constant is concerned, it is measure of polarization of the materials. Larger the polarization per unit resultant fields greater will be dielectric constant of the sample. The basic difference between polarizibility whereas later is a macroscopic property which depends upon the arrangement of atoms with in crystal. The occurrence of ferroelectricity is generally interpreted tobe the result of polarization technique. In the early development of the field of ferro electricity, few ferroelectrics were known and it was thought that ferro electricity was a rare phenomenon about 1999, however the rate of discovery of few electrics increased markedly ferroelectricity occur in organics crystals (Hellwege4), Polymers and also in liquid crystals. The organic compounds, polyvinyl dine fluoride in the polymer through tobe ferroelectric and experimental investigations have now progressed to the point when that belief is reasonably certain. In the modern science, physics of structural phase transition occurs when the crystals structure of a material is different about and below the corresponding phase transition temperature.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
The compound was procured from Fluka AG Switzerland. The compound sample was prepared by grinding mechanically into fine powder and it has been procured from Fluka Switzerland, about 99.9% puris form sample is avoiding from direct sun light and preferably the most of the sample preparation work has done at night.

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Chandra Kumar Dixit & A.K Srivastava

The powder was heated up to 1073 K for 16hrs then cooled to room temperature and grinded mechanically again for an hour to achieve fine powder the pellets were prepared with the compression machine testing machine CAT No. AIM-313 S. No 91070 AIMIL. Associated\, India has pressure range 0-10 tonn wt/cm3. A suitable die was used having rectangular cross-section of the piston about 2.33 cm2. The pellets so obtained were covered with the remaining powder and heated again at 1073 K for 16 hrs. The pellet were polished to obtain smooth parallel surface and colloidal silver paint was used to form the electrodes the sample was annealed at 2/B of its melting point in a furnace for about 8-10 hrs. The capacitance of the sample was measured by the capacity measuring unit Zenith M-92A. The dielectric constant and bulk ac conductivity of the sample were calculated by using following expressions Dielectric constant (real)

= 1+
Where

C C0

C = C '' C '

C is the capacitance of sample holder with specimen. C is the capacitance of sample holder without specimen. C0 is the geometrical capacitance.

C0 =

0.68854 A d

(inp.f)

Where A is the area of pellet, d is the thickness of pellet in cm. Photo room temperature sample holder high temperature sample holder the loss tangent (tan ) and parallel capacitance of the sample were directly measured as a function of temperature and frequency by the HP 4194 Impedance analyser. The conductance

G = C p tan

G = 2 fC p tan
a.c conductivity ac

CD A

Where f is the frequency of ac signal

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The chemical formula of compound isNi(N03)2 6H20. Having molecular weight 290-70. It has very low MP equal to 56.7 C. Therefore we could measure the values only up to 530 C, The solid was green, monoclinic deliquescent crystals. The specify density of the solid was 2.05 the compound was very soluble in cold water (solubility 238.50gm/100CC). Due to high solublityin of the solid in water instead of colloidal water.-solution of graphite, we preferred to use silver paints electrodes.
0

Dielectric and Conductivity Studies of Nickel Nitrate Hexahydrateni(N03)2 6H20 Ferroelectrics

27

The variation of dielectric constant with temperature shows in fig. 1-2 and the data are given in table 1 and 2. The heating cycle if variation with temperature shows increasingvalue with rise of temperature upto 460 C accompanied with a jump in to very high value at this transition temperature. The transition is of d-type. However in the cooling cycle the dielectric constant remained to its high value 5533387 at 530C to 6232804 at 280C and as such shows a Hysteresis such a high value of throughout the temperature is perhaps due to high polling of Ni ions. The transition at 460 C is often lambda type which satisfies curies-Weiss law.

tan at room temperature (300C) of the sample at1KHz is 4289720 and 0.33 respectively. These values are found to increase with decrease in frequency table of loss tan with variation of
temperature is shown in table 3 and graph is shown in fig.3 as A linear relationship seems to exist between ( ) versus activation energy for conduction, This observation suggest a random site model for conduction in these glasses and the conductivity enhancement is directly related to the increasing mobility of the charge carriers in the high temperature. The low temperature part of the conductivity can be explained on the basis of quantum mechanical model as

The dielectric constant and loss

( ) =

e2 kT [ N ( EF )]2 5[ Log (V ph / )]4

[1]

Where N(EF) is the density of energy states near the Fermi level. The insulating strength of a dielectric may be regarded as the breakdown intensity of an electric field i.e. magnitude of the intensity of an electric field i.e. magnitude of the intensity of field in a dielectric upon attainment in elastic displacement of bound charges such as electrons, ions in a dielectric under the action of external electric field. Additionally, in the electric field, the heat of dielectric loss is liberated. If the applied field is and alternating field. The specific dielectric loss i.e. the loss per unit volume of the dielectric is given by-

1 = E 2 tan W / m3
The equation 2 indicates that the higher the values

[2]

tan

of the sample at a given frequency higher are the

value of 1 . In a dielectric across which the voltage is applied,heat is liberated, the temperature of the dielectric then raises and the loss increases still more.by proposing that electronic hopping conduction, in which the hopping of electrons through shallow barrier in conduction. Such a frequency dependence of conductivity has been attributed to a wide distribution of relaxation time due to barrier height. Furthermore it is observed that the dc conductivity is lower than the ac conductivity. The conduction mechanisms for low temperature region can be expressed as But about 315K temperature ac conductivity is temperature, dependent and frequency independent such above characteristics shows that the Nickel Nitrate to be rex. Hydrate shows ferroelectric.

28

Chandra Kumar Dixit & A.K Srivastava

Table 1: Heating Cycle Temperature (0C) 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 DIELECTRI CONSTANT at 1KHz at 10KHz at 100KHz 4261670 4261568 4260665 4261672 4261570 4260666 4289720 4289518 4284715 4296780 4296578 4293775 4299060 4298057 4295055 4323310 4323107 4320305 4327090 4325086 4325085 4345785 4345582 4343780 4355137 4355034 4354133 4363472 4363070 4370815 4466472 4466070 4464468 4373820 4373017 4370815 4392510 4394008 4390506 4411230 4411027 4410225 4439280 4439077 4435275 4467290 4467088 4464285 4514025 4513025 4512020 4616825 4616523 4614820 5280370 5280166 5280065 4897180 4897078 4895175 4899190 4899088 4898185 4962625 4962324 4961622 5074750 5074549 5073745 5186900 5186598 5185896 5262680 5262578 5261675 5485870 5485568 5484965

Table 2: Cooling Cycle Temperature (0C) 53 52 51 50 45 44 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 Dielectric Constant at 1KHz 5533387 5532700 5570080 5233630 5654790 5655280 5682230 5710270 5728960 5766340 5831760 6009330 6028020 5981300 5990640 5971950 5981300 5915880 5878490 5887840 at 10KHz 5515382 5510480 5580932 5270320 5523192 5566290 5299322 5520400 5540211 5590317 5723409 5970721 5822525 5898823 5899927 5899989 5722370 5713402 5712702 5732804 at 100KHz 5310919 5307918 5323322 5013407 5380811 5380811 5189902 5399817 5399922 5399982 5522713 5566883 5513505 5538813 5590913 5590913 5523313 5521423 5511701 5531903

Dielectric and Conductivity Studies of Nickel Nitrate Hexahydrateni(N03)2 6H20 Ferroelectrics

29

Table 3: Loss tangent Table of Dielectric Loss (tan ) with Temperature Temperature (0C) 28 29 30 31 32 33 35 36 38 39 40 42 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 58 tan at 1KHz 0.3 0.031 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.4 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.5 0.51 0.51 0.69 0.99 1.21 1.32 1.5 2.5 3.11 Dielectric Constant tan at tan at 10KHz 100KHz 0.22 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.3 0.31 0.32 0.39 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.48 0.56 0.78 1 1.1 1.2 1.7 0.16 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.37 0.37 0.28 0.72 0.98 0.99 0.99 1.3 1.5

Table 4: Variation of Log 1000/T K-1 3.32 3.31 3.3 3.28 3.27 3.26 3.26 3.28 3.24 3.22 3.21 3.19 3.18 3.15 3.14 3.12 3.11 3.1 3.08 at 1KHz -8 -7.9 -7.8 -7.72 -7.5 -7.4 -7.2 -7.1 -7 -6.8 -6.7 -6.5 -6.4 -6.3 -6.1 -5.9 -5.8 -5.7 -5.6

ac vs. 1000/T K-1 log ac

at 100KHz -8.3 -8.2 -8.1 -8 -7.8 -7.72 7.6 -7.5 -7.4 -7.2 -7.1 -7 -6.8 -6.7 -6.5 -6.4 -6.3 -6.1 -5.9

at 10KHz -8.2 -8.1 -8 -7.9 -7.8 -7.72 -7.5 -7.4 -7.2 -7.1 -7 -6.8 -6.7 -6.5 -6.4 -6.3 -6.1 -5.9 -5.8

CONCLUSIONS
For first time NiNO3.6H2O has been synthesised and characterized through dielectric and ac conductivity studies. The possible ferroelectric phase transition at 450C (318K) indicating ferroelectric behaviour for all composition has been identified field.

30

Chandra Kumar Dixit & A.K Srivastava

The dielectric parameters viz. In this study compound has been synthesized and characterized through dielectric and ferroelectric behaviour, Its possible phase transition in heating cycle lies near at 1490C and in cooling cycle Phase transition lies about 700C. The dielectric parameter viz. , tan

ac is found to increase whereas the dielectric breakdown strength and the ac

activation energy for ac conduction are found to decrease. But decreasing values of dielectric parameters viz. , tan shows increasing value of activation energy for ac conduction.

These studies also indicate that the variation of dielectric constant with temperature shows hysteresis. The result of these studies shows ferroelectric behaviour of Nickel Nitrate hexahydrate.

REFERENCES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Tareev B, Physics of Dielectric material (Mir Publishers, Moscow) 1979 Santic B and Day DE J Non- Cryst. Solids, 296 (2000) 65. Kristiakova K, Svec P and JaniCkovic D, Matter. Trans, 42 (2001) 1523. Reddy MR, Raju SB and Veeraiah N, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 61 (2000) 1567. Chicklis V, Nasman EP, Folweiler RC, Gubbe DR, Jenson HP and Linz A, App. Phys. Lett., 19 (1971) 119. Subalakshmi P and Veraiah N, Matt. Lett., 56 (2002) 880, Phys. Chem. Glasses, 42 (2001) 307 Indian J. Engg. and Matter and Science 8 (2001) 275. 7. 8. 9. Gupta R.N and Mishra M. Indian J. Pure and App. Phys.13,175 (1975). Scaief, B.K.P (1989); Principle of Dielectrics (Clarendon Press). Bye K.L. Whipps P.W and Kenne E.T., Ferroelectrics 4, 253,(1972).

10. Bruce A.D and Cowely R.A, Structural Phase Transitions, (Taylor and Francis, London 1981). 11. Bovtounv.p., Populvakova; M Dielectric and Semiconductors, Kiev,28, 8 (1985). 12. Bos man A.J and Having a E.F., Phys. Rev. 129, 1593 (1963). 13. Debye P. Polar Molecules (Chem. Catelog Co. New York 1929). 14. Forlich H. Theory of Dielectric (Oxford Univ, Press, New York 1986). 15. Janscher A.K., Dielectric Relaxation in solid (Chalsea Dielectric Press London 1903). 16. Jona F. and Shirana E; Ferroelectric Crystal (Pegamon Press London 1962) pp.366. 17. Landolt- Bornstein Crystal and Solid state Physics, 3 (Springer Valage New York 1969). 18. Lines M.E and Colass a., Principles and Applications of ferroelectric and related materials (Clarendon Press Oxford 1977). 19. Reese W., Proceedings of the second International meeting on ferro electricity (Kyoto, Japan 1969). 20. Villian, J. Solid state Comm. 8, 295 (1970). 21. Vaks V.G Larkin A.I and Rikin S.A., Zh. Eksp. Feor. Fiz. 51.361 (1966). 22. Zanle H. J.Phys. Cond. Matter. (2001) 7679. 23. Volgar J, Prog. Semi cond. 4 (1960) 207. 24. Anderson S and Wadsley, A.D J Acta Cryst. 15 (1962) 1245. 25. Pa D., Chand Prem, J. Korean Chem. Soc. 4-9 (2003) 520.

Dielectric and Conductivity Studies of Nickel Nitrate Hexahydrateni(N03)2 6H20 Ferroelectrics

5 6 00 0 00 5 4 00 0 00 5 2 00 0 00

31

Dielectric constant

at 1 K H z at 1 0 K H z at 1 0 0 K H z

H ea tin g

5 0 00 0 00 4 8 00 0 00 4 6 00 0 00 4 4 00 0 00 4 2 00 0 00 30 35
0

40

45

50

T( C)

Fig. 1: Variation of Dielectric Constant Vs Temperature

6000000

5800000

at 1 KHz at 10 KHz at 100 KHz

Dielectric constant

5600000

5400000

5200000

Cooling
5000000 50 45 40 35 30

T( C)

Fig. 2: Variation of Dielectric Constant Vs Temperature

3 .5 ta n a t 1 K H z ta n a t 1 0 K H z ta n a t 1 0 0 K H z

3 .0

2 .5

Tan

2 .0

1 .5

1 .0

0 .5

0 .0 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

T( C)

Fig. 3: Variation of Loss tangent Vs Temperature

8

at 1 K Hz at 10 KHz at 100 KHz

Logac

-4

-8

3.30

3.25

3.20

3.15
-1

3.10

1000/T K

Fig. 4: Variation of Log ac Vs 1000/T K-1