Z12-Story

A MatheMusical Tutorial

Thomas Noll

Escola Superior de Musica de Catalunya, Barcelona

Departament de Teoria i Composició
 Basic Concepts

Semigroup, Monoid, Group

Group Action, Monoid Action
 Semigroup
A family of abstract „acts“.
Any two acts can be concatenated
and yield another act of this family.

Concatenation
is associative:
 Semigroup
A family of abstract „acts“.
Any two acts can be concatenated
and yield another act of this family.

Concatenation
is associative: =
 Monoid

A Semigroup.

Neutral Element: =

=
 Monoid

A Semigroup.

Neutral Element: =

=
 Monoid

A Semigroup.

Neutral Element: =

=
 Group

A Monoid.

Every act = =
has an inverse:

= =
Group Action γ: G x X X on a Set X

f X
g

gf γf γg

X
X

γgf = γg γf
Monoid Action µ: M x X X on a Set X

m X
n

nm µm µn

X
X

µnm= µn µm
Groups and Group Actions

Musical Examples
 T0
T11 T1

T10 T2

T9 T3

T8 T4

T7 T5
T6

Example: Cyclic group of order 12

 T0
T11 T1

T10 T2

Caley-Graph
T9 T3
for C12
T8 T4

T7 T5
T6
 Action of C12 on Z12
Abstract Acts Concrete Acts of
Tone Transposition

T1
Abstract Concatenation Concrete Concatenation

T1

T2
 Example: Melodic Progressions as Acts of Transposition
A. Schönberg: Five Pieces for Orchestra Op. 16/III: Farben

Bars 1- 9

Bars 32- 38
 Example: Chord Relations as Acts of Transposition
A. Schönberg: Five Pieces for Orchestra Op. 16/III: Farben

Bars 1- 9 T-1
 Two Actions of C12 („T - Actions“)

Transposition of Tones („pitch classes“)

C12 x Z12 Z12

Transposition of Chords („pitch class sets“)

C12 x Subsets(Z12) Subsets(Z12)
Musically Interesting: Common Tone Relations

bar 1 bar 26 bar 44

3 common
T4 T8 tones
Diatonic Scale (Balzano 1980):
Solidarity between Fifth Transposition and Chromatic Alteration

T7 6 common
= tones
Minimal
T1 voiceleading
 T0 I
T1I T11 I
T0
T11 T1
T10 I
T2I
T10 T2

Caley-Graph T3 T9 I
T3 I T9
for D12
T8 T4

T4I T8I
T7 T5
T6

T5I T7I
T6I
 C-
G- F-
C+
F+ G+
Bb-
D-
Bb+ D+
D12-Actions on
A- Eb+ the 24 Triads: A+ Eb-
T/I-Action
Ab+ E+

E- Ab-
C#+ B+
F#+

B- C#-
F#-
 C-
F- G-
C+
F+ G+
D-
Bb-
Bb+ D+
D12-Actions on
Eb- Eb+ the 24 Triads : A+ A-
S/W-Action
Ab+ E+

Ab- E-
C#+ B+
F#+

C#- B
F#-
Neo-Riemannian C-

Transformations P
As C+ R
G+
Alternative
D+
Generators
A+ A-

L E+
Parallel
E-
Leading-Tone
Relative
 (Neo-)Riemannian Operation P = „Parallel“

C
F G
Hugo Riemann
Bb D

Eb A

G# E

C# B
F#

R. Cohn: „The overdetermined triad“: Voice leading parsimony

 (Neo-)Riemannian Operation R = „Relative“

C
F G
Hugo Riemann
Bb D

Eb A

G# E

C# B
F#
 (Neo-)Riemannian Operation L = „Leading-Tone“

C
F G
Hugo Riemann
Bb D

Eb A

G# E

C# B
F#
 Hexatonic System <L, P>

C
F G

Bb D

Eb A

G# E

C# B
F#
 Octatonic System <R, P>

C
F G

Bb D

Eb A

G# E

C# B
F#
Hexatonic System (Cohn 1996):
Solidarity between Transformation and Voiceleading Parsimony

T7

Remember: =
T1

P L P L P L

T1 T1 T-1
T-1 T-1 T1
Decomposition,
Stabilizers,
Conjugation
etc.
 Direct Product Z3 x Z4
Z4

3 3 7 11

2 6 10 2

1 9 1 5

0 0 4 8 Z3
0 1 2
 2
0 0
1 3 1
1 2 2 2
0 a 0 1 b 3
2 1 0 0
1 2 3 1
0 2
a = t mod 3 0 b = t mod 4
11 1
10 2

9 t 3
t = 4 a + 9 b mod 12 8 4
7 5
6
 Full Symmetry Group of
affine Transformations of Z12

Sym(Z12) = Z12 Z12*

Translations Kleinian Four-Group

1 5 7 11
5 1 11 7
(t, u) (s, v) = (t + u s, u v) 7 11 1 5
11 7 5 1
1,0 1,6 1,9 1,3 7,0 7,6 7,9 7,3

1,4 1,10 1,1 1,7 7,4 7,10 7,1 7,7

1,8 1,2 1,5 1,11 7,8 7,2 7,5 7,11

5,0 5,6 5,9 5,3 11,0 11,6 11,9 11,3

5,4 5,10 5,1 5,7 11,4 11,10 11,1 11,7

5,8 5,2 5,5 5,11 11,8 11,2 11,5 11,11

 γ: G x X X

Stabilizer of an Element x of X:
Subgroup H of all g with γg(x) = x
1,0 1,6 1,9 1,3 7,0 7,6 7,9 7,3

1,4 1,10 1,1 1,7 7,4 7,10 7,1 7,7

1,8 1,2 1,5 1,11 7,8 7,2 7,5 7,11

5,0 5,6 5,9 5,3 11,0 11,6 11,9 11,3

5,4 5,10 5,1 5,7 11,4 11,10 11,1 11,7

5,8 5,2 5,5 5,11 11,8 11,2 11,5 11,11

Internal Symmetries of Chords and Scales
Example: Octatonic Strategies in Bartok (c.f. Cohn 1991)
Mikrokosmos Book IV: From the Island of Bali
Internal Symmetries of Chords and Scales
Example: Octatonic Strategies in Bartok (c.f. Cohn 1991)
Sonata for two Pianos and Percussion
Internal Symmetries of the Diatonic
Riemann 1878, Balzano 1980, Mazzola 1985, Cohn 1997

G- = {2, 10, 7}
D- = {9, 5, 2} T0 I C- = {7, 3, 0}
T7I T5 I

T0
T5 T7
Bb+ = {10, 2, 5}
Eb+ = {3, 7, 10} F+ = {5, 9, 0}
The Balzano - Family Zk(k+1)

2 6 10 2

V
11 3 7 11
iii
I
8 0 4 8
vi
IV
5 9 1 5
ii

2 6 10 2
18 3 8 13 18

V
14 19 4 9 14
iii
I
10 15 0 5 10
viii
VI
6 11 16 1 6
iv
II
2 7 12 17 2
ix

18 3 8 13 18
3 9 15 21 27 3

IX
28 4 10 16 22 28
vii
V
23 29 5 11 17 23
iii
I
18 24 0 6 12 18
x
VIII
13 19 25 1 7 13
vi
IV
8 14 20 26 2 8
ii

3 9 15 21 27 3
 Monoids
and Monoid Actions
 Caley-Graph for a Free Monoid <f, g>
g e f

g f
g f g f

gg fg gf ff
g f g f g f g f

ggg fgg gfg ffg ggf fgf gff fff

g f g Example:
f g Rhythmsf g withf two
g durational
f g Values:
f g 2,f3 g f
c.f. Chemillier & Truchet (2004)
 Caley-Graph for the Triadic Monoid
gfx = gf gfx = gf

g f
g e f

f g
g
g g b a f f
f
f f g g
f g

g2 c f2
ggg = g ffg = ggf fff = f
 Caley-Graph for Z2*

1 * 0 1

0 0 0
0
1 0 1

What is a Z2* - Action µ: Z2* x X X?

 X

Answer: (1) µ1 is the identical map idX of X.

(2) µ0 is a projection to a subset Y of X.
 Caley-Graph for the Triadic Monoid
gfx = gf gfx = gf

g f
g e f

f g
g
g g b a f f
f
f f g g
f g

g2 c f2
ggg = g ffg = ggf fff = f
 Generators of a Triadic Action

C C
F G F G

Bb D Bb D

Eb A Eb A

G# E G# E

C# B C# B
F# F#
 =
˙

Concatenation Table

a b

f2 f e g g2
c
 =
˙

Concatenation Table

a b

f2 f e g g2
c
 =
˙

Concatenation Table

a b

f2 f e g g2
c
 Cosieves B:
mB ⊂ B for all Elements m of M

g f
g e f

f g
g
g g b a f f
f
f f g g
f g

g2 c f2
 Cosieves B:
mB ⊂ B for all Elements m of M

g f
g e f

f g
g
g g b a f f
f
f f g g
f g

g2 c f2
 Cosieves B:
mB ⊂ B for all Elements m of M

g f
g e f

f g
g
g g b a f f
f
f f g g
f g

g2 c f2
 Cosieves B:
mB ⊂ B for all Elements m of M

g f
g e f

f g
g
g g b a f f
f
f f g g
f g

g2 c f2
 Cosieves B:
mB ⊂ B for all Elements m of M

g f
g e f

f g
g
g g b a f f
f
f f g g
f g

g2 c f2
 Cosieves B:
mB ⊂ B for all Elements m of M

g f
g e f

f g
g
g g b a f f
f
f f g g
f g

g2 c f2
 a b T
f2 f e g g2
c

a b P
f2 f g g2
L R
c
a b a b
g g2
f2 f
c c
a b

C c

ø
Action of M on Sieves

Go to the blackgoard :-)

 From Monoids to Categories

Recall:

A Monoid is Semigroup

with a neutral Element.

=

=
From Monoids to Categories
B B

A
In a Category arrows are sorted: C
A

C
From Monoids to Categories
B

A
In a Category arrows are sorted:
C
Codomain
B B
Domain A
B
Identities = „Objects“
A A
From Monoids to Categories
B

A
In a Category arrows are sorted:
C
B B
=
A A
B B
A
=
A
Monoid Action µ: M x X X on a Set X

m X
n

nm µm µn

X
X

µnm= µn µm
 Functor F: C Sets

B
m
n F(B)
A
nm F(m)
C F(n)

F(A)
F(C)

F(nm) = F(n) F(m)

Is not a sub-object
Intuitionistic of this
Logics Projection
of Projecting
Are and Elements of ?
No, but....
No.
Z(π)

Z(σ)

Z(τ)
 Z(π) Ω(π)
{} {σ} {σ, π}

π ø

σ Z(σ) Ω(σ)

ø
τ {} {τ}
Z(τ) Ω(τ)

Abstract
Play-Action Evaluation-Action
Diagram
 Play Action Perspectival Action

C
Z(π) F G

Bb D

Eb A
Z(σ)

G# E

C# H
Z(τ) F#

Pipes are mapped to keys Tones are mapped to tones

 a b T
f2 f e g g2
c

a b P
f2 f g g2
L R
c
a b a b
g g2
f2 f
c c
a b

C c

ø
 Characteristic Function of {0, 4, 1}

T
C T

R C

χ{0,4,1}(t) = P R

L T

R L
R
 T
Lawvere-Tierney
Topologies jP
P
as Upgrade L R
Operations T C
T
jL jR
P ø P
L R L R
C T C

jC
ø ø
P
L R
C

ø
jP χ{0,4,1} T
C T
T
C T
R C
R C

T P R R

L T
L T
R L
R
R L
R
jR χ{0,4,1} T
L T
T
C T
T L
R C

T P R T

L T
L T
R L
R
T L
T
jL χ{0,4,1} T
R T
T
C T
R R
R C

T P R R

L T
T T
R L
R
R T
R
jP χ{0,4,10} T
C R
T
C R
T L
T L

R R R R

L T
L T
R C
P
R C
T
jR χ{0,4,10} T
L T
T
C R
T L
T L

T R R T

L T
L T
R C
P
T L
T
jL χ{0,4,10} T
R R
T
C R
T T
T L

R R R R

L T
T T
R C
P
R R
T
Fifth - Transposition through Chromatic Alteration

Z20 = Z4(4+1) Z30 = Z5(5+1)

 Triadic
Action Perspective
Perspective
τF on Z12 τG

τF(x) = 3x+7 mod 12 τF(x) = 8x+4 mod 12

Upgrades
 Triadic
Action Perspective
Perspective
τF on Z20 τG

τF(x) = 4x+9 mod 20 τF(x) = 15x+5 mod 20

Upgrades
 Triadic
Action Perspective
Perspective
τF on Z30 τG

τF(x) = 5x+11 mod 30 τF(x) = 24x+6 mod 30

Upgrades