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AYbYjU ]g bch Ug V][ Ug Bcb[ Ecb[ p UbX Zf]YbXg U`kUmg U`iab] W\UdhYfg ]b <Y]^]b[ UbX M\Ub[\U]~ g\ci`Xbrh kY gYh
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/0
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@cf dYfgcbU` Zi`Z]``aYbh~ \Y gUmg+ ;bXohc g\UfY \]g skY]fXt YlUa*hU_]b[
g_]``g zk\]W\ \Y VY`]YjYg hc VY U >H; []Zh{+ N\Y ]XYU hc kf]hY h\]g Vcc_
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Dc]bh JiV`]g\]b[~ =caaYfW]U` JfYgg~ =\ib[ BkU <cc_ =c+ UbX ch\Yf aU^cf
Vcc_ ghcfYg+

/1
J?>>> KVhd

f{ 0|,~ zn~x*
s|~ +ur dYX dv{vPfy0z}vp* TRRV

J fYdUfY Zcf [fYUh Zib UbX [UaYg Ug kY`` Ug accb WU_Y


cjYf h\Y G]X*;ihiab @Ygh]jU` kYY_YbX Uh h\Y Z]fgh
qG<; G]b]*I`mad]Wgr UbX BcaYWca]b[ JUfhm+ CbXccf [UaYg
UbX cihXccf gdcfhg YjYbhg k]`` VY \Y`X cb WUadig cb
MYdhYaVYf .4 h\Uh Vf]b[g hc[Yh\Yf U`iab]~ ZUWi`hm~ ZUa]`]Yg
UbX Zf]YbXg+

Pc``YmVU``~ VUg_YhVU``~ VUXa]bhcb~ hUV`Y hYbb]g~ geiUg\~


aU\^cb[~ =\]bYgY W\Ygg hcifbUaYbhg U`cb[ k]h\ U fcW_*
W`]aV]b[ XYac kcf_g\cd UfY U`` ]bW`iXYX ]b h\Y dfc[fUaaY+
BUjY mci cf[Ub]nYX mcif U`iab] UbX ghiXYbh hYUag hc hU_Y
dUfh9 CbX]j]XiU`g UbX ZUWi`hm aYaVYfg UfY U`gc kY`WcaY
hc ^c]b h\Y WcadYh]h]cbg+

@cf acfY XYhU]`g UbX `Ugh*a]bihY fY[]ghfUh]cb~ d`YUgY WcbhUWh


G<; ;`iab] ;ZZU]fg IZZ]WYf @]cbU NgY Uh /025*516/ cf
YaU]` aVUUU:igh+\_+

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UbbiU` X]bbYf~ gYjYfU` X]ZZYfYbh [fcidg cZ U`iab] ghUfhYX
df]jUhY MU`gU W`UggYg+ =caY cb mcif ckb cf k]h\ U dUfhbYf
UbX \UjY Zib Ug mci XUbWY k]h\ YjYfmcbY+ ; [fYUh
cddcfhib]hm hc aYYh bYk Zf]YbXg~ Xc gcaY YlYfW]gY UbX
[Yh fYUXm k]h\ h\cgY MU`gU ghYdg Zcf mcif bYlh dUfhm+ J`YUgY
WcbhUWh aVUUU:igh+\_ Zcf acfY ]bZcfaUh]cb+

/2
J?>>> KVhd

]~vr{qy0 *|ppr~ zn+pu


.v+u _bk dYX*
I jYf /- BEOMN G<; U`iab] gcWWYf Ybh\ig]Ughg kYfY
id UbX cb h\Y Eck`ccb NgU] JUf_ d]hW\ Uh 6Ua cb
GUm .3 hc _]W_ cZZ U Zf]YbX`m [UaY k]h\ BEO G<;g+ BEOMN
d`UmYfg~ kYUf]b[ mY``ck UbX k\]hY hYYg~ hcc_ hifbg cb h\Y
gc[[m d]hW\ zgcU_YX h\fci[\ XiY hc h\Y dfYj]cig b][\hrg
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Zf]YbXg VUW_ hc[Yh\Yf U[U]b+ Ch U`gc \Y`dYX YbWcifU[Y
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Zcf U`iab] ]bhYfYghYX ]b ^c]b]b[ h\Y hYUa+ CZ mci kci`X `]_Y
hc hU_Y dUfh~ d`YUgY WcbhUWh ?Xk]b Gc_ Uh YXk]bTac_:
[bYW+bYh

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hc gYY h\Y ai`h]*`UmYfYX fcW_g h\Uh `]Y ]b U`` g\UdYg U`cb[
h\Y Nib[ J]b[ =\Ui hfU]` UhhfUWhYX cjYf 02 U`iab] UbX h\Y]f
ZUa]`]Yg+ N\Y UaUn]b[ d]WhifYg g\ckb UfY ^igh gcaY cZ
h\cgY hU_Yb Vm aYaVYfg cZ h\Y J\chc =`iV ZcfaYX Vm =`Ugg
/--1 zJUfh*N]aY{+ GcfY d\chc[fUd\g WUb VY ZcibX ]b h\Y
J\chc AU``Yfm cb h\Y U`iab] kYV g]hY kkk+aVUUU+Wca

/3
J?>>> KVhd

i\\ mfk
n+ +ur {r/+ h|,{q+noyr
c,{pu ^n+ur~v{t
@ fYg\ bYhkcf_]b[ cddcfhib]h]Yg cjYf h\Y cZZ]WY `ibW\
\cif UfY dfcj]b[ Ub YUgm UbX WcbjYb]Ybh kUm Zcf
U`iab] Zfca X]ZZYfYbh mYUfg UbX Z]Y`Xg cZ kcf_ hc [Yh hc
_bck cbY Ubch\Yf+ N\Y `ibW\h]aY [Uh\Yf]b[g~ cf[Ub]nYX
g]bWY GUfW\~ UfY \Y`X ]b X]ZZYfYbh X]ghf]Whg UbX hU_Y d`UWY
YjYfm `Ugh @f]XUm cZ h\Y acbh\+ N\Y aUd zf][\h{~ g\ckg
k\YfY YjYbhg \UjY VYYb \Y`X gc ZUf+ QUhW\ cih Zcf G<;;;
Y*bYkg cZ h\Y bYlh `ibW\ gdcht

`{{|-n+v-r yvo~n~0 *r~-vpr


|ssr~* ny,z{v nppr** +| qn+non*r*
N \Y Ob]jYfg]hm F]VfUfm \Ug ghUfhYX U \][\`m igYZi` gYfj]WY
k\]W\ []jYg U`` U`iab] fYachY UWWYgg hc U biaVYf
cZ Y`YWhfcb]W XUhUVUgYg+

N\Y giVgWf]dh]cb*VUgYX ;`iab] Y*LYgcifWYg~ k\]W\ ghUfhYX


]b Di`m~ YbUV`Yg BEOMN U`iab] hc j]Yk /- Zi``*hYlh JfcKiYgh
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YbWmW`cdYX]Ug~ ?LC= UbX cjYf 0- =UaVf]X[Y MW]Ybh]Z]W
;VghfUWhg XUhUVUgYg+ N\Y ;`iab] Y*LYgcifWYg kYVg]hY U`gc
cZZYfg U `]gh cZ gY`YWhYX ZfYY Y`YWhfcb]W fYgcifWYg~ ]bW`iX]b[
h\Y BEOMN Cbgh]hih]cbU` LYdcg]hcfm k\]W\ WcbhU]bg X][]h]nYX
XcWhcfU` h\YgYg+

N\Y UbbiU` ZYY Zcf ;`iab] Y*LYgcifWYg ]g BEv/2-~ k]h\ U


/-w X]gWcibh Zcf BEOMN ;`iab] ;ggcW]Uh]cb aYaVYfg
zG<;;; aYaVYfg UfY UihcaUh]WU``m Ybfc``YX ]b h\Y BEOMN
;`iab] ;ggcW]Uh]cb{+ @cf acfY ]bZcfaUh]cb~ d`YUgY j]g]h
\hhd7,,`]VfUfm+igh+\_,gYfj,U`iab]+\ha`

/4

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