Professional Documents
Culture Documents
xtu~z}* {|yvw
Rif^; NYiip IiYebcae
Rif^; FcZ]ik KY
-1
-0 GYggU[Y Zfca h\Y ?X]hcf
.-
-1 =cjYf Mhcfm
@UWi`hm Jf]XY
.- Cb @cWig
=fYgh cZ U QUjY Zcf G<; >fU[cb <cUhYfg
.3
.3 =Uadig F]b_
<Y\]bX h\Y MWYbYg Uh ;Xa]gg]cbg
G<; ;`iab] ;Xj]gcfm <cUfX
G<; ;`iab] @cfia /--2 p =\]bU MYf]Yg
/. /. ;`iab] =cfbYf
;b[Y`U =\c]7 F]ZY ]b Mk]hnYf`UbX
>YUb G]gg]_ckg_]7 CW\ V]b Y]b <Y^]b[Yf zC Ua U <Y^]b[Yf{
/2 G<;;; HYkg
G<; G]b]*I`mad]Wg /--2
CbbcjUh]jY F]VfUfm MYfj]WY
/2
-/
JVddRXV Wc`^ eYV BUZe`c
Q \Yb mci WUb Udd`m h\Y h\Ycf]Yg mci `YUfbYX cb h\Y BEOMN G<; cf ?G<; dfc[fUa ]b mcif XU]`m `]ZY UbX kcf_~
h\Uhrg k\Yb mci acgh UddfYW]UhY h\Y ZUWi`hm k\c hUi[\h mci+ Cb h\]g ]ggiY cZ jsyqxt-~ kY hU`_ hc Zcif UkUfX*
k]bb]b[ dfcZYggcfg k\c k]`` VY ZUa]`]Uf hc aUbm cZ mci p JfcZ+ AUfm <]XX`Y~ JfcZ+ FUffm @fUb_`]b~ JfcZ+ P]X\Ub AcmU` UbX
JfcZ+ ;`VYfh BU+ QY Z]bX cih k\Uh ]bgd]fYg h\Ya UbX \ck h\Y]f hYUW\]b[ \Ug kcb h\Y \YUfhg UbX a]bXg cZ ghiXYbhg bch
cb`m Uh BEOMN Vih ch\Yf `YUX]b[ Vig]bYgg gW\cc`g UfcibX h\Y kcf`X Ug kY``+
Gcgh jsyqxt- fYUXYfg \UjY VYYb h\fci[\ h\Y G<; UXa]gg]cbg dfcWYgg~ Vih Xc mci _bck k\Uh hifbg Ub Udd`]WUbh ]bhc Ub
UWhiU` ghiXYbh9 Cb h\Y q=Uadig F]b_r gYWh]cb~ jsyqxt- aYYhg G<; Jfc[fUa >]fYWhcf >f+ MhYjY >YEfYm hc X]gWcjYf acfY
UVcih BEOMN <ig]bYgg MW\cc`rg YbhYfdf]g]b[ cih`cc_ cb ghiXYbh gY`YWh]cb+
Rci aUm VY U \][\*Z`mYf ]b mcif WUfYYf mYh gh]`` Z]bX h\Y BEOMN ?G<; U aU^cf hifb]b[ dc]bh~ Ug
]``ighfUhYX Vm cif ghcfm cb Wcaaib]WUh]cbg gdYW]U`]ghg =\Uf`Yg <f]Ub*<cmg~ h\Y aUb VY\]bX
h\Y 8PTHTJPHR EPSLY VUbbYf UXjYfh]gYaYbh cb h\Y C@= hckYf~ UbX G]_Y Qcb[~ h\Y
Yl*=\U]faUb cZ BE1;g+ =`UggaUhYg ]b EB-2 UbX Vch\ dfYj]cig`m gYb]cf YlYWih]jYg
]b aU^cf aUf_Yh]b[ UbX UXjYfh]g]b[ U[YbW]Yg~ h\Ym \UjY bck VYWcaY dUfhbYfg
Uh U XmbUa]W aUf_Yh]b[ aUbU[YaYbh Z]fa k\]W\ ]g fY*YbYf[]n]b[ h\Y Z]Y`X+
FYUfb acfY UVcih h\Y]f j]Yk cZ h\Y ZihifY ]b q?G<; ]b h\Y Mdch`][\hr+
N\Y G<; ;`iab] >YjY`cdaYbh IZZ]WY \Ug U`gc VYYb Vigm ]bbcjUh]b[
hc Vi]`X ghfcb[Yf U`iab] `]b_g+ N\Y G<; ;`iab] ;Xj]gcfm <cUfX \Ug
VYYb ZcfaYX~ YbUV`]b[ U`iab] ]bdih ]bhc G<; dfc[fUa XYjY`cdaYbh+
Cb UXX]h]cb~ h\Y bYk G<; ;`iab] @cfia `]b_g ZUWi`hm~ U`iab] UbX
ghiXYbhg h\fci[\ U gYf]Yg cZ X]gWigg]cbg cb WiffYbh ]ggiYg+ GYUbk\]`Y
fYaYaVYf hc ^c]b h\Y G<; G]b]*I`mad]Wg cb MYdhYaVYf .4 UbX VY
dfYdUfYX hc Z`Yl mcif aigW`Ygt
-0
@`gVc Me`cj
-1
@`gVc Me`cj
-2
@`gVc Me`cj
-3
@`gVc Me`cj
<ih ]h \Ug WYfhU]b`m bch VYYb U`` fYgYUfW\+ JfcZ+ AcmU`rg `cjY
cZ Z]bUbWY UbX \]g Ybh\ig]Uga Zcf g\Uf]b[ \]g _bck`YX[Y
cZ h\Y giV^YWh \Ug Vfci[\h \]a biaYfcig hcd hYUW\]b[
UkUfXg Xif]b[ \]g .- mYUfg Uh BEOMN~ ]bW`iX]b[ h\Y G]W\UY`
A+ AU`Y GYXU`~ h\Y Ob]jYfg]hmrg acgh WcadYh]h]jY hYUW\]b[
df]nY+ sC kcf_ jYfm \UfX hc XYjY`cd U Vf]X[Y VYhkYYb
aUhYf]U` ]b W`Ugg UbX fYU`*kcf`X ]ggiYg+ C U`gc hfm hc aU_Y
U giV^YWh W`YUf UbX WcbW]gY Zcf ghiXYbhg~t \Y gU]X+
-G5=86FE .4G:;F
=cfdcfUhY @]bUbWY~ MhfUhY[]W @]bUbWY UbX PU`iY =fYUh]cb JfcZ+ AcmU` ZYY`g ghiXYbhg g\ci`X VY UWh]jY `YUfbYfg k]``]b[
zG<;{8 CbhY[fUh]cb cZ h\Y @]bUbWY @ibWh]cb z?G<;{ hc Ug_ eiYgh]cbg ]b W`Ugg+ ;g h\cgY dfYj]cig`m cb \]g WcifgYg
k]`` fYWU``~ \Y ]b hifb ]g Ub UWh]jY `]ghYbYf+ ; g\cfh eiYgh]cbbU]fY
qI4D7Ep
W`cgYg YjYfm W`Ugg hc UgWYfhU]b k\Uh ghiXYbhg `]_YX UbX k\Uh
<Ygh G<; =cfY z/--1~ /--2{~ @fUb_`]b Jf]nY z/--.{~
G]W\UY` A AU`Y GYXU` @cf >]gh]b[i]g\YX NYUW\]b[ z/--0{ h\Ym X]Xbrh ibXYfghUbX W`YUf`m+ JfcZ+ AcmU` h\Yb UXXfYggYg
h\]g ZYYXVUW_ Uh h\Y VY[]bb]b[ cZ h\Y bYlh gYgg]cb+ BY U`gc
hU`_g hc \]g ghiXYbhg ]bZcfaU``m cihg]XY W`Ugg~ cjYf WcZZYY~
Nc gcaY U`iab]~ XYVh WcbhfUWhg aUm gYYa U bcjY` cf h\fci[\ YaU]`+ sC hYbX hc `]ghYb hc am ghiXYbhg U `ch~t
gcifWY cZ ]bgd]fUh]cb Zcf U XYW]g]jY WUfYYf acjY+ BckYjYf~ \Y gU]X+
Zcf JfcZ+ P]X\Ub AcmU`~ h\Ym dfcjYX h\Y WUhU`mgh hc acjY
cih cZ h\Y WcaaYfW]U` kcf`X ]bhc UWUXYa]W `]ZY UbX YjYbhiU``m JfcZ+ AcmU` ]g ^igh Ug _YYb hc `YUfb Zfca \]g ghiXYbhg cbWY
hc hYUW\]b[ UbX fYgYUfW\ Uh BEOMN+ h\Ym VYWcaY U`iab] UbX YbWcifU[Yg ZcfaYf ghiXYbhg hc
_YYd ]b hciW\ k]h\ dfcZYggcfg+ sCh ]g U`kUmg
;ZhYf Ub ibXYf[fUXiUhY XY[fYY ]b Y`YWhfcb]Wg Yb[]bYYf]b[~ Yb^cmUV`Y hc hU`_ hc U`iab]~ hc _bck
UbX Ub G<; ]b aUf_Yh]b[ Zfca h\Y Ob]jYfg]hm cZ >Y`\]~ k\Uh h\Ym UfY Xc]b[ UbX hc `YUfb
JfcZ+ AcmU` kYbh hc kcf_ Ug =cfdcfUhY NfYUgifYf Zcf h\Y Zfca h\Ya bYk Udd`]WUh]cbg cZ
@]fgh FYUg]b[ =cadUbm cZ CbX]U+ sC VYWUaY ZUgW]bUhYX Vm k\Uh kY X]gWiggYX ]b h\Y
\ck Z]fag fU]gYX Z]bUbWY+ <ih U WcadUbm XcYgbrh \UjY h\Y Z]bUbWY WcifgYg+t
Z`Yl]V]`]hm hc `Yh mci gdYbX h]aY fYU``m `YUfb]b[ UVcih U
giV^YWh+t
-4
@`gVc Me`cj
-5
@`gVc Me`cj
-6
F_ C`Tfd
Ch kci`X VY kcfh\ Wcbg]XYf]b[ Ug U .-*kYY_ bcb*WfYX]h WcifgY7 Y][\h kYY_g Zcf kcf_g\cdg
z[fcid dfUWh]WYg{ UbX hkc kYY_g Zcf h\Y Z]bU` dfYgYbhUh]cb zZYgh]jY fUWYg{
.-
F_ C`Tfd
x{/-. }rq 4?G@A< F84@E :4<A87 FIB 4I4D7E QY d`Um X]ZZYfYbh fc`Yg
<A F;8 6B@C8F<F<BAEp <ih g\UfY h\Y gUaY [cU`
?jYb k]h\cih h\Y WcUW\
P }G< 1B tD4:BA rB4F ,468 ljjn |47<8E *C8A
QYr`` dih cb cif VYgh g\ck
-<?H8D sGCg .;<D7 ,GAA8Dh/C
P -4< {GA: tD4:BA rB4F ,468 ljjn }<J87 *C8A G]fUbXU =\Ub[ zJN-1{
wDBGC r v<DEF ,BGA7g -86BA7 ,GAA8Dh/C
..
BJ?> Z_ eYV Ma`e]ZXYe
XyyPer.
j_\ g\hikX[\hi
=\Uf`Yg <f]Ub*<cmg } G]_Y Qcb[ zEB-2{
u<:;F JUfhbYfg\]d
./
BJ?> Z_ eYV Ma`e]ZXYe
=\Uf`Yg \Ug dfYj]cig`m VYYb fY[]cbU` aUf_Yh]b[ X]fYWhcf Uh Cb h\]g ZfUWhifYX bYk kcf`X~ h\YfY ]g U bYYX Zcf [fYUhYf
;`ZfYX >ib\]`` ;g]U*JUW]Z]W~ U dUfhbYf k]h\ h\Y <U`` JUfhbYfg\]d ibXYfghUbX]b[ cZ \ck dYcd`Y fYWY]jY ]bZcfaUh]cb UbX
UbX aUbU[]b[ X]fYWhcf cZ GYX]UYX[Y7W]U+ BY \Ug kcf_YX WcbgiaY ]h+ LYgYUfW\ aYh\cXg UbX hcc`g UfY W\Ub[]b[ UbX
cb dfcach]b[ aUbm `YUX]b[ [`cVU` VfUbXg~ ]bW`iX]b[ NU[* X]ZZYfYbh UddfcUW\Yg hc Xc]b[ Vig]bYgg UfY Yjc`j]b[ U`cb[g]XY
BYiYf UbX CbhY`~ UbX ]bWfYUgYX \]g fYWc[b]h]cb ZUWhcf ]b U h\Y hfUX]h]cbU` ai`h]bUh]cbU` U[YbW]Yg+
`Uf[Y*gWU`Y kUm Ug h\Y ]bgd]fUh]cb UbX Xf]j]b[ ZcfWY VY\]bX
h\Y C@=/ hckYfrg /-~---*geiUfY*aYhYf V]``VcUfX Zcf ?][\h ]g U WcadUWh~ XmbUa]W hYUa cZ ^igh cjYf 1-~ XYX]WUhYX
h\Y 8PTHTJPHR EPSLY+ hc gYfj]WY YlWY``YbWY~ W`Uf]hm cZ j]g]cb~ UbX hc Zcf[]b[ h\Y
bYlh*[YbYfUh]cb W`]Ybh*Wcaaib]WUh]cbg ]bXighfm fY`Uh]cbg\]dg+
Hck h\Ym UfY kcf_]b[ Ug YlYWih]jY Wc``YU[iYg Uh h\Y ?][\h @cf hcd YlYWih]jYg ]b U ai`h]bUh]cbU` WcfdcfUh]cb~ `Uf[Y
JUfhbYfg\]d aUf_Yh]b[ aUbU[YaYbh Z]fa~ gYh id ]b .660 Uacibhg cZ h]aY UfY XYjchYX hc UXa]b]ghfUh]cb UbX ]bhYfbU`
Vm ]bXighfm WfYUh]jY gdUf_ =\f]g @^Y`XXU\`+ cdYfUh]cbg+ ;h ?][\h~ h\Y aU^cf]hm cZ h\Y
Q\Uh \Ug XfUkb h\Ya hc ?][\h9 aUbU[YaYbh hYUarg h]aY ]g gdYbh
N\Y XYg]fY hc VY ]bjc`jYX ]b k]h\ W`]Ybhg+ sN\Y X]ZZYfYbWY
Ub ]bbcjUh]jY YbhYfdf]gY~ ]b eiU`]hm ]g mci [Yh
UZhYf VY]b[ ghfYhW\YX ]bdih Zfca gYb]cf
hc h\]b_ ]b ZfYg\ n>e BZXYe/ hV U`_me hR_e e` SV eYV SZXXVde1 dYcd`Y `]_Y ig~t
kUmg Vm h\Y QV U` hR_e e` SV eYV SVdeo G]_Y gU]X+ sQY gUm
?G<;~ UbX h\Y k]`` p =\Uf`Yg <f]Ub*<cmg kY UfY gaU``
hc dig\ h\Y ]bXighfm Ybci[\ hc WUfY~ V][
ZcfkUfX Uh U h]aY cZ
n@YZ_R Rd R ^Rc\Ve hZ]] dYRaV eYV h`c]Uo Ybci[\ hc XY`]jYf+t
p G]_Y Qcb[
\i[Y W\Ub[Y k]h\]b
h\Y Z]Y`X+ ;g U aUf_Yh]b[ aUbU[YaYbh
WcadUbm~ h\YfY ]g U`gc Ub Yad\Ug]g
N\Y Wcaaib]WUh]cbg Vig]bYgg ]g Uh U WfcggfcUXg cb ]bjc`j]b[ =?Ig ]b cfXYf hc YZZYWh giWWYggZi`
]b hYfag cZ ]hg XYjY`cdaYbh k]h\ h\Y Yld`cg]cb cZ W\UbbY`g W\Ub[Y Zcf W`]Ybhg Uh h\Y ghfUhY[]W `YjY`+ sQ]h\ VfUbX]b[~
cjYf h\Y dUgh .- mYUfg fYgi`h]b[ ]b Ub ]bWfYUg]b[`m W`ihhYfYX Zcf YlUad`Y~ ]Z mci XYjY`cd mcif ghfUhY[m hc[Yh\Yf k]h\
kcf`X+ NY`Yj]g]cb~ Zcf YlUad`Y~ kUg dfYj]cig`m U [iUfUbhYYX h\Y =?I~ ]h WUgWUXYg Xckb h\fci[\ h\Y cf[Ub]nUh]cb+ Rci
kUm cZ WUhW\]b[ dYcd`Yrg UhhYbh]cb cb U `Uf[Y gWU`Y+ Hck Wc*ckb ]h UbX ]h \UddYbg~t =\Uf`Yg gU]X+
]h ]g ^igh cbY cZ U ai`h]hiXY cZ aYX]U WcadYh]b[ hc dih
Wcbh+++
UWfcgg U aYggU[Y+ sN\Y XUmg k\Yb U WfYUh]jY X]fYWhcf kYbh
cih Zcf `ibW\ UbX WfUb_YX cih U NP UXjYfh]gYaYbh ]b h\Y
UZhYfbccb \UjY [cbY~t =\Uf`Yg gU]X+
.0
BJ?> Z_ eYV Ma`e]ZXYe
Q\Uh XcYg bch \UddYb Uh ?][\h ]g d]hW\]b[ Zcf Vig]bYgg+ h\]b_g ]h \Ug U `YUX]b[ fc`Y hc d`Um ]b
sQY `]jY Vm cif fYdihUh]cb UbX Vm XY`]jYf]b[ fYgi`hg~t Wi`hifY UbX hU_Yg df]XY ]b h\]g ZUWh+ RYh
=\Uf`Yg gU]X+ sCZ kY Xcbrh Xc U [ccX ^cV~ W`]Ybhg kU`_ cih ]b h\Y dUgh .-*/- mYUfg [`cVU``m~ kY \UjY
h\Y Xccf+ CZ kY Xc~ h\Yb kY fYUd h\Y fYkUfXg h\fci[\ [ccX `cgh h\]g _]bX cZ acaYbhia~t G]_Y gU]X+ s;g
kcfX cZ acih\ UbX acfY W`]Ybhg+ ;h ?][\h~ kY Xcbrh kUbh dfUWh]h]cbYfg~ kY \UjY hc \UjY h\Y UV]`]hm hc `YUX~ hc aU_Y
hc VY h\Y V][[Ygh8 kY Xc kUbh hc VY h\Y VYgh+t h\Y kcf`X WfUnm UVcih k\Uh kY Xc z`YZT{+
Ch ]g Ub YlW]h]b[ h]aY hc VY ]bjc`jYX ]b giW\ U acjY+ Cb Bcb[ sN\Uh ]g k\m U aUf_Yh `]_Y =\]bU~ k\YfY h\Y eiYgh]cbg
Ecb[~ h\YfY UfY dfca]g]b[ dfcgdYWhg Zcf h\cgY Zcf[]b[ U VY]b[ Ug_YX UfY ZcWigYX cb k\Uh k]`` \UddYb hcacffck
bYk dUh\ ]b aUf_Yh]b[ UbX VfUbX dfcach]cb Ug VYhhYf fUh\Yf h\Ub k\Uh kY _bck hcXUm~ cf X]X mYghYfXUm~ ]g gc
YWcbca]W h]aYg Z]bU``m YbWcifU[Y Z]fag hc gk]hW\ h\Y]f ZcWig ]adcfhUbh+
Zfca h\Y Vchhca hc h\Y hcd `]bY UbX [YUf id Zcf [fckh\+
GYUbk\]`Y~ G]_Y acjYg hc M\Ub[\U] h\]g giaaYf hc \YUX sCh ]g bch ^igh U g]ad`Y eiYgh]cb cZ Vf]b[]b[ ]b k\Uh kY
?][\hrg Z]fgh cZZ]WY UWfcgg h\Y VcfXYf+ \UjY `YUfbh UbX k\Uh kY UfY [ccX Uh+ =\]bU Ug U aUf_Yh
k]`` g\UdY h\Y kcf`X p \UjY ]hg ckb `Ub[iU[Y p UbX kY
BY gYYg h\Y aU]b`UbX fYdfYgYbhg U W\U``Yb[Y~ U `UVcfUhcfm~ kci`X `]_Y hc VY dUfh cZ ]h+t
UbX Ub cddcfhib]hm Zcf h\Y Wcaaib]WUh]cbg Vig]bYgg hc
fY[U]b ]hg UV]`]hm hc ]bgd]fY Wi`hifU` hfYbXg+ sN\Y ]bXighfm
gn~nyyry cv-r*
<cfb g]l XUmg UdUfh~ G]_Y Qcb[ UbX =\Uf`Yg <f]Ub*<cmg <ch\ \UX U`gc \UX WfYUh]jY XfYUag k\Yb mcib[Yf~ dihh]b[
[fYk id ]b gYdUfUhY kcf`Xg ]b .63-g Bcb[ Ecb[+ IbY h\Y]f fYgdYWh]jY Ugd]fUh]cbg hc VYWcaY Ub Ufh]gh UbX U
WUaY Zfca U fYgYhh`YaYbh UfYU~ h\Y ch\Yf Ub YldUhf]UhY d\chc[fUd\Yf hc kcf_ ]b aUf_Yh]b[ UbX Wcaaib]WUh]cbg+
ZUa]`m h\Uh acjYX hc Bcb[ Ecb[ k\Yb \Y kUg Z]jY+ NcXUm
h\Ym fY`]g\ h\Y dUfU``Y`g ]b h\Y]f `]jYg UbX h\Y W\Ub[Yg ]b sCb h\Y dUgh~ h\YfY kUg bc kUm cif dUh\g kci`X \UjY WcaY
h\Y W]hm h\Uh \UjY gYYb h\Ya VYWcaY Zf]YbXg UbX bck hc[Yh\Yf~t =\Uf`Yg gU]X+ sC gYY cif Zf]YbXg\]d Ug U fYU``m
aUbU[YaYbh Wc``YU[iYg Uh h\Y ?][\h JUfhbYfg\]d+ b]WY fYZ`YWh]cb cb \ck Bcb[ Ecb[ \Ug XYjY`cdYX+t
.1
*041 |,-,11+.2 u04/3s
M]ccf__:KMVTU HOGF
EHOMN J?> T]RddVd T`_eRZ_ aV`a]V Wc`^ ^R_j >]f^_Z YRgV R]] SVV_ eYc`fXY eYV Raa]ZTReZ`_
UZWWVcV_e SRT\Xc`f_Ud1 Fd eYVcV R_jeYZ_X daVTZR] ac`TVdd Rd TR_UZUReVd1 E`h U`Vd J?> dV]VTeZ`_
RS`fe eYV hRj TR_UZUReVd RcV TY`dV_= h`c\ Wc`^ eYV MTY``]md dZUV=
;Vgc`ihY`m+ QY UfY `cc_]b[ Uh dchYbh]U` Zcf WUfYYf giWWYgg+ ;ZhYf Udd`]WUh]cbg \UjY VYYb fYWY]jYX~ h\Y UXa]gg]cbg hYUa
QY kcf_ hc Vf]b[ ]b `YUXYfg+ QY Xcbrh g]ad`m igY UWUXYa]W k]`` `cc_ Uh h\Y kf]hhYb fYWcfX UbX~ WcadUfYX hc bcfag
Wf]hYf]U UbX kY Xcbrh cjYfXc h\Y AG;N+ ;g U dgmW\c`c[]gh Zfca h\Y dUgh~ WUffm cih U dfY*gWfYYb]b[+ QY \UjY U VfcUX
Vm hfU]b]b[~ k]h\ g]l mYUfg Ug >]fYWhcf cZ ;Xa]gg]cbg Uh fUb[Y cZ Udd`]WUh]cbg UbX gcaY Udd`]WUbhg UfY cVj]cig bc*
EY``c[[ MW\cc` cZ GUbU[YaYbh Uh Hcfh\kYghYfb Ob]jYfg]hm~ [cg~ Zcf YlUad`Y~ h\cgY k\cgY UWUXYa]W gWcfY ]g ZUf VY`ck
C \UjY WcbXiWhYX U `ch cZ jU`]X]hm ghiX]Yg UVcih UXa]gg]cbg h\Y a]b]aia8 h\cgY k\c X]X bch \UjY U gc`]X kcf_ dfcZ]`Y8
Wf]hYf]U+ Q\Yb mci Vc]` ]h Xckb~ ]bhYfdYfgcbU` g_]``g UfY Ug cf h\cgY k\c WUbbch gdYW]Zm W`YUf`m \ck h\Y G<; k]`` \Y`d
]adcfhUbh Ug UWUXYa]W g_]``g Zcf G<;g+ h\Y]f WUfYYf XYjY`cdaYbh+ QY Xc dfY*gWfYYb]b[ UbX h\Yb
kY ]bhYfj]Yk Ug aUbm Uddfcdf]UhY WUbX]XUhYg Ug dcgg]V`Y
QY UfY bch `cc_]b[ Zcf q;r ghiXYbhg~ Vih `YUXYfg k\c UfY
k]h\]b cif ghUZZ]b[ WUdUV]`]hm+
UXUdh]jY hc W\Ub[Yg~ k\c k]`` VY giWWYggZi` ]b U`` UgdYWhg
cZ `]ZY+ CZ mci cjYf*fY`m cb cbY cf hkc Wf]hYf]U `]_Y AG;N p ;dd`]WUbhg UfY ]bhYfj]YkYX Vm U dUbY` cZ Uh `YUgh hkc dYcd`Y
k\]W\ aUbm gW\cc`g Xc p mci UfY `]_Y`m hc Z]bX h\Uh Uddc]bhYX Vm h\Y ;Xa]gg]cbg =caa]hhYY+ N\Y dUbY` WUb
kYU_bYggYg Yl]gh ]b ch\Yf UfYUg h\Uh aUhhYf+ Iifg ]g U
WcadfY\Ybg]jY dfcWYgg h\Uh U]ag hc `cc_ Uh WUbX]XUhYg
UWfcgg X]aYbg]cbg+ N\YfY ]g bc g]b[`Y Wf]hYf]cb h\Uh k]``
aU_Y cf VfYU_ Ub Udd`]WUh]cb+ Rci \UjY hc VU`UbWY h\Ya
U``+ RYg~ ]h ]g dUfh`m U giV^YWh]jY dfcWYgg~ h\Uhrg k\m kY
]bhYfj]Yk YjYfmcbY hc Z]bX cih k\Uh ach]jUhYg h\Ya UbX
hc gYY ]Z h\Y BEOMN G<; ]g U aUhW\+
.3
@R^afd IZ_\
Wcbh+++
Fd eYVcV R TYR_TV W`c R_ Z_eVcgZVh ZW R aVcd`_ YRd
XcVRe h`c\Z_X ViaVcZV_TV Sfe R_ RgVcRXV DJ>N
`c acZ`c XcRUVd=
.4
@R^afd IZ_\
E`h Zd Ze SVde e` acVaRcV W`c R_ Raa]ZTReZ`_ e` fYgYUfW\ UbX YlUa]b]b[ mcif ckb dYfgcbU` Wf]hYf]U ]b cfXYf
EHOMN= Fd eYVcV R lcZXYem TR_UZUReV W`c eYV MTY``]= hc aUhW\ k]h\ U Vig]bYgg gW\cc`+ <Y mcifgY`Z Xif]b[ h\Y
]bhYfj]Yk UbX hY`` ig k\m mci VY`cb[ Uh BEOMN+
<YZcfY kY UXa]h mci~ mci \UjY hc UXa]h mcifgY`Z Z]fgh+ ;
ghfcb[ ach]jUh]cb UbX XYg]fY hc VY Uh BEOMN ]g Ug Wf]h]WU` McaY dYcd`Y h\]b_ [c]b[ Zcf Ub G<; ]g U [cU`+ Ch ]gbrh+ ;b
Ug ch\Yf Wf]hYf]U+ >if]b[ h\Y ]bhYfj]Yk~ mci bYYX hc Wcbj]bWY G<; ]g U dfcWYgg hckUfXg U [cU`+ QY hU_Y df]XY ]b cif
ig h\Uh mci VY`cb[ Uh BEOMN+ CZ mci UfY bch YlW]hYX hc VY U`iab] k\c \UjY VYYb h\fci[\ h\Y dfcWYgg UbX UfY bck
\YfY~ mci UfY bch [c]b[ hc Yb^cm mcif ghiXYbh `]ZY UbX kcf_]b[ hckUfXg h\Y]f [cU`g+ N\YfY ]g XYZ]b]hY`m bch cbY
kcbrh VY Ub UWh]jY Wcbhf]Vihcf hc mcif W`Ugg+ ; dcg]h]jY hmdY cZ qf][\hr WUbX]XUhY Ug YjYfmcbY ]g ib]eiY+ ;`iab] UfY
Uhh]hiXY Vi]`Xg Wc\Yg]cb UbX U ghfcb[ Wi`hifY ]b h\Y BEOMN dfciX hc VY UggcW]UhYX k]h\ h\Y BEOMN VfUbX UbX UXa]fYX
G<; Wcaaib]hm+ @]``]b[ h\Y Udd`]WUh]cb Zcfa g\ci`X cb`m Vm h\cgY k\c \UjY bch mYh \UX h\Y cddcfhib]hm+ N\YgY UfY
hU_Y U g\cfh k\]`Y+ Q\Uh mci bYYX hc gdYbX h]aY cb ]g h\Y WUbX]XUhYg mci WUb fYZYf hc igt
Rci~ hcc~ WUb Ugg]gh h\Y XYjY`cdaYbh cZ h\Y <ig]bYgg MW\cc` UbX \Y`d Zcf[Y U VYhhYf ZihifY Vm
_YYd]b[ h\]g `]gh [fck]b[+ CZ mci kci`X `]_Y hc aU_Y U XcbUh]cb~ d`YUgY WcbhUWh h\Y G<; ;`iab]
IZZ]WY Uh aVUU`ia:igh+\_~ cf Xckb`cUX h\Y Zcfa Uh kkk+aVUUU+Wca+
.5
@R^afd IZ_\
Q Y UfY d`YUgYX hc UbbcibWY h\Y ZcfaUh]cb cZ h\Y G<; ;`iab] ;Xj]gcfm <cUfX~ k]h\ YZZYWh Zfca Di`m .+
<cUfX aYaVYfg UfY G<; U`iab] k\c \UjY XYacbghfUhYX Ub UWh]jY ]bhYfYgh ]b XYjY`cd]b[ h\Y U`iab]
Wcaaib]hm UbX h\Y MW\cc`+ N\Y VcUfX k]`` d`Um Ub UXj]gcfm fc`Y UbX cZZYf ghfUhY[]W X]fYWh]cb hc Yb\UbWY U`iab] ]bjc`jYaYbh
]b ghfYb[h\Yb]b[ h\Y G<; dfc[fUa ]b WfYUh]b[ hcacffckrg `YUXYfg+ M]lhYYb U`iab] fYdfYgYbh]b[ X]ZZYfYbh mYUfg Zfca Vch\
Zi``*h]aY UbX dUfh*h]aY dfc[fUag z]bW`iX]b[ h\Y M\Ybn\Yb W`Ugg{ \UjY VYYb ]bj]hYX hc ^c]b h\Y <cUfX~ k]h\ h\Y G<; ;`iab]
>YjY`cdaYbh IZZ]WY UWh]b[ Ug h\Y gYWfYhUf]Uh+ GYaVYfg k]`` gYfjY U hkc*mYUf fYbYkUV`Y hYfa k]h\ h\Y Zc``ck]b[ a]gg]cb7
QY kci`X `]_Y hc h\Ub_ U`` <cUfX aYaVYfg k\c \UjY aUXY U Wcbhf]Vih]cb hc h\Y G<; ;`iab] @ibX+ @cf Zifh\Yf Ybei]f]Yg~
d`YUgY WcbhUWh E]hhm =\cb[ Uh _]hhm+W\cb[:igh+\_ cf /025*5156+
-F8H8 t8{D8K
}rq +DB:D4@ t<D86FBD
.6
@R^afd IZ_\
N\Y hU`_ kUg ]bZcfaUh]jY UbX ]bhYfYgh]b[+ Ch \Y`dYX aY JfcZYggcf =\Yb[ WUb U`kUmg ]adfYgg mci Vm aU_]b[ igY cZ
ibXYfghUbX ]adcfhUbh ]ggiYg ]b fYWfi]h]b[ ghUZZ ]b =\]bU+ N\Y VUg]W ]bhYfbUh]cbU` hfUXY h\Ycf]Yg hc Yld`U]b UbX dfYX]Wh
YldYf]YbWY g\UfYX Vm M]acb kUg jYfm jU`iUV`Y+ Wcad`]WUhYX fYU`*kcf`X YWcbca]W ]ggiYg UbX d\YbcaYbU+ N\]g
hU`_ kUg bc YlWYdh]cb Ug \Y Yld`U]bYX k\Uh kUg `]_Y`m hc
t<6> |< e+.jjf \UddYb ]b h\Y YjYbh cZ U W\Ub[Y ]b h\Y LG< YlW\Ub[Y fUhY+
GUbU[Yf~ FUdg Mc`ih]cbg F]a]hYX
t8D8> s;4A e+.omf
GUbU[]b[ >]fYWhcf~ NU] @cc_ =Ud]hU` FhX
/-
>]f^_Z @`c_Vc
/.
>]f^_Z @`c_Vc
cvsr v{ i.v+1r~yn{q
5L 4F@?D< 6AGB -8:01.
<F@?D</=AGB3<DJEFB/JHI/AC
//
>]f^_Z @`c_Vc
>_XV]R -]VWe. R_U AVR_ -SRT\. QY \UjY g]bWY acjYX VUW_ hc Bcb[ Ecb[ UbX UfY Yb^cm]b[
e`XVeYVc hZeY R]f^_Z GVddZV IVV -LN23. `]ZY ]b U fY`Uh]jY`m [fYYb dUfh cZ NgYib[ EkUb I+ Gm k]ZY
-cZXYe. R_U HZeej @Y`_X -LN25. UbX C \UjY `]jYX ]b aUbm d`UWYg Xif]b[ h\Y dUgh .- mYUfg
-^ZUU]V. UfcZ_X NcRZ]hR]\Vc 4225
Zfca =UbUXU hc BUkU]]~ Bcb[ Ecb[ UbX bck <Y]^]b[+ Ch
\Ug VYWcaY U hfUX]h]cb hc XYWcfUhY cbY kU`` cZ cif \caY
k]h\ gbUdg\chg+ HckUXUmg~ d]WhifYg Zfca <Y]^]b[ hU_Y id
U d`YUg]b[`m X]gdfcdcfh]cbUhY Uacibh cZ h\Y gdUWYt
/0
>]f^_Z @`c_Vc
[ab
Va_]`Wd]a`c
] S X \ ]Z f Z _ Z`d SgWbYc
`
`Y UTS S^e_
Y MW\cc`~
]YbXg\]d hc h\
R UbX `]ZY`cb[ Zf
XYacbghfUhYX
`cmU`hm UbX kcf`Xk]X
Y+
hUV`]g\YX ]`X ]hg gi WWYgg Uh \caY h]a Y
]Y jY a Yb h ; kUfXg kYfY Yg UbX \UjY \Y`d
YX Vi
Vch\ dUfh*h]a
Y UbX Zi ``*
ab] ;W\ k\c hY X hc
N\Y G<; ;`i \cbcf U`iab] ;kUfXg k]`` VY
dfYg Yb
Uh h\Y]f .-h\
Ubb]jY fg Uf m
g] bY gg MW \c c` ]b /--1 hc dd cfh UbX fg cZ .6 62 VY fg
Vm BEOMN <i `Xg UbX \UjY g\
ckb gi G<; W`Ugg a
YaVY b] UbX ch\Yf a
Ya
h ]b h\Y] f Z]Y Y MW \cc`+ cj YaVYf+ ;`` U`ia iUhYg
UfY dfYYa]bYb bh ]b iY X XYjY`cdaYb
h cZ h\ fYib]cb X]bb Yf ]b H
a ]bUhY cbY cf a cfY [f UX
h\ Y Wc aaib]hm WU b bc
Wcaa]haYbh hc cZ h\Y G<; Wc
g k\c \UjY
ia b] Uf Y dfcjYb `YUXYf cZ =`Ugg .6 62 +
N\YgY XYX]WU
hYX U` ~ Ub X \U jY Y Uj U] `U V `Y
Uh
WU fY Yf g~ dY fg cb U` `]j Yg ]c b X Yh U] `g Uf
gi WW YY XY X ]b
h\ Y] f ghf]Yg UbX b c a ]b Uh Zc f
bh `m hc h\ Y] f Vig]bYgg ]bXi = `U gg `]g h Ub
X
WcbhUWh aVUU`
ia:ig h+ \_
[b]Z]WU \c \U jY J` YU gY
Wcbhf]VihYX g] Uf Y G <; fc `Y a cX Y` g~ k kkk+aVUUU+W
ca +
]h m+ N\ Ym
h\ Y Wc a a ib acfY ]bZcfaUh
]cb+
HV__VeY E` -LN;7.
AReV 7 MUhifXUm~ HcjYaVYf 2~ /-- ,+ZO 9XHK[HZPUT 3TTP\LXYHX_ 5OHPXVLXYUT}
PV_fV 7 N]b EU J]b[ BU``~ 2 6PTTLX AXNHTP`PTN 5USSPZZ
LL
BEOMN~ =`YUf QUhYf <Um
Lc`XcR^ 7 27-- da =Uad
ig Ncif
37-- da =cW_hU]` LYWYdh]cb
4+0- da >]bbYf
@cf fYgYfjUh]cbg UbX Ybei]f]Y
g~ d`YUgY WcbhUWh h\Y If[Ub]n
]b[ =caa]hhYY Uh aVUU`ia
:igh+\_
/1
J?>>> KVhd
f{ 0|,~ zn~x*
s|~ +ur dYX dv{vPfy0z}vp* TRRV
cr+3*
iny*nL
M ccb UZhYf h\Y MU`gU XYac g\ck Uh h\Y `Ugh G<;;;
UbbiU` X]bbYf~ gYjYfU` X]ZZYfYbh [fcidg cZ U`iab] ghUfhYX
df]jUhY MU`gU W`UggYg+ =caY cb mcif ckb cf k]h\ U dUfhbYf
UbX \UjY Zib Ug mci XUbWY k]h\ YjYfmcbY+ ; [fYUh
cddcfhib]hm hc aYYh bYk Zf]YbXg~ Xc gcaY YlYfW]gY UbX
[Yh fYUXm k]h\ h\cgY MU`gU ghYdg Zcf mcif bYlh dUfhm+ J`YUgY
WcbhUWh aVUUU:igh+\_ Zcf acfY ]bZcfaUh]cb+
/2
J?>>> KVhd
h|px3{ uvxr n+
j,{t gv{t Zun,
J \chc*cddcfhib]h]Yg kYfY hc h\Y ZcfY cb h\Y gWYb]W
Nib[ J]b[ =\Ui fcW_rbr\]_Y cb GUm /+ N\Y YlWifg]cb
hc gYY h\Y ai`h]*`UmYfYX fcW_g h\Uh `]Y ]b U`` g\UdYg U`cb[
h\Y Nib[ J]b[ =\Ui hfU]` UhhfUWhYX cjYf 02 U`iab] UbX h\Y]f
ZUa]`]Yg+ N\Y UaUn]b[ d]WhifYg g\ckb UfY ^igh gcaY cZ
h\cgY hU_Yb Vm aYaVYfg cZ h\Y J\chc =`iV ZcfaYX Vm =`Ugg
/--1 zJUfh*N]aY{+ GcfY d\chc[fUd\g WUb VY ZcibX ]b h\Y
J\chc AU``Yfm cb h\Y U`iab] kYV g]hY kkk+aVUUU+Wca
/3
J?>>> KVhd
i\\ mfk
n+ +ur {r/+ h|,{q+noyr
c,{pu ^n+ur~v{t
@ fYg\ bYhkcf_]b[ cddcfhib]h]Yg cjYf h\Y cZZ]WY `ibW\
\cif UfY dfcj]b[ Ub YUgm UbX WcbjYb]Ybh kUm Zcf
U`iab] Zfca X]ZZYfYbh mYUfg UbX Z]Y`Xg cZ kcf_ hc [Yh hc
_bck cbY Ubch\Yf+ N\Y `ibW\h]aY [Uh\Yf]b[g~ cf[Ub]nYX
g]bWY GUfW\~ UfY \Y`X ]b X]ZZYfYbh X]ghf]Whg UbX hU_Y d`UWY
YjYfm `Ugh @f]XUm cZ h\Y acbh\+ N\Y aUd zf][\h{~ g\ckg
k\YfY YjYbhg \UjY VYYb \Y`X gc ZUf+ QUhW\ cih Zcf G<;;;
Y*bYkg cZ h\Y bYlh `ibW\ gdcht
/4