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\u00e7\u0131\u0131\u00d6\u00d6\u00e7\u015fSorgulayan Denemeler
Bertrand Russell
\u00c7eviri:
Nermin Ar\u0131k
T\u00dcB\u0130TAK POP\u00dcLER B\u0130L\u0130M K\u0130TAPLARI
\u0130\u00e7indekiler
Giri\u015f: Ku\u015fkuculu\u011fun \u00d6nemi \u00dczerine
D\u00fc\u015fler ve Ger\u00e7ekler
Bilim Bo\u015f-\u0130nanl\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r?
\u0130nsan Rasyonel Olabilir mi?

Yirminci Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Felsefe

Makineler ve Duygular
Davran\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve De\u011ferler
Do\u011fu'nun ve Bat\u0131'n\u0131n Mutluluk \u0130dealleri

\u0130yi \u0130nsanlar\u0131n Yol A\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 K\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckler

P\u00fcritenizmin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc
Politikada Ku\u015fkuculuk Gereksinimi
\u00d6zg\u00fcr D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve Resmi Propaganda
Toplum \u0130\u00e7inde \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck
E\u011fitimde \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ue Otorite
Psikoloji ve Politika
\u0130nan Sava\u015flar\u0131 Tehlikesi
Gelece\u011fe D\u00f6n\u00fck Baz\u0131 Tahminler
Giri\u015f: Ku\u015fkuculu\u011fun \u00d6nemi \u00dczerine
Okuyucular\u0131ma, \u00fczerinde ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc ile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeleri i\u00e7in, belki de son

derece paradoksal ve y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnebilecek bir doktrin sunmak istiyorum.
S\u00f6z konusu doktrin \u015fudur: Do\u011fru oldu\u011funa dair herhangi bir kan\u0131t

bulunmayan
bir \u00f6nermeye inanmak sak\u0131ncal\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn genel kabul g\u00f6rmesi
durumunda b\u00fct\u00fcn sosyal ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ve politik sistemimizin t\u00fcm\u00fcyle
de\u011fi\u015fece\u011fini kabul etmeliyim; \u015fu anda ikisinin de kusursuz
olmas\u0131n\u0131n bunu g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirece\u011fini de kabul ediyorum. Ayr\u0131ca (ve daha \u00f6nemli
olarak) bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn, bu d\u00fcnyada ve sonras\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmay\u0131 haketmek
i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapmam\u0131\u015f insanlar\u0131n ak\u0131ld\u0131\u015f\u0131 umutlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar sa\u011flayan
ki\u015filerin (gaipten haber verenler, \u00e7ifte bahis\u00e7iler ve din adamlar\u0131
gibi) gelirlerinin azalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da fark\u0131nday\u0131m. Bu \u00f6nemli
d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere kar\u015f\u0131n, ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm paradoksun savunulabilece\u011fi

kan\u0131s\u0131nday\u0131m
ve \u015fimdi bunu yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131m. \u0130lk\u00f6nce, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131m d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine
kar\u015f\u0131 kendimi savunmak isterim. Ben \u0130ngilizlerin \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ve uzla\u015fmaya olan
tutkular\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fan bir \u0130ngiliz Whig'iyim (Whig: 17. ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda
h\u00fck\u00fcmdara karg\u0131 Parlamento'nun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc savunan (ve sonradan yerini
Liberal Partiye b\u0131rakan) siyasal parti \u00fcyesi. (\u00c7.N.)). Pyhrrhonizm
(ku\u015fkuculu\u011fun/skeptisizmin eski ad\u0131)'in kurucusu olan Pyhrro hakk\u0131nda bir
\u00f6yk\u00fc anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Pyhrro, bir eylemin di\u011ferinden daha ak\u0131ll\u0131ca
oldu\u011fundan emin olmam\u0131z i\u00e7in asla yeterince bilgiye sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131

ileri
s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.
\u00d6yk\u00fcye g\u00f6re gen\u00e7li\u011finde bir ak\u015fam y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc s\u0131ras\u0131nda, felsefe hocas\u0131n\u0131
(ilkelerini ondan alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131) kafas\u0131 bir \u00e7ukura s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve kendini

kurtaram\u0131yacak
bir durumda g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Bir s\u00fcre onu seyrettikten sonra, ya\u015fl\u0131 adam\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131

\u00e7ekmenin
bir yarar\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek i\u00e7in yeterli neden olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar verip
yoluna devam eder. Onun kadar ku\u015fkucu olmayan \u00e7evredeki insanlar hocay\u0131

kurtar\u0131rlar
ve Pyhrro'yu ac\u0131mas\u0131zl\u0131kla su\u00e7larlar.
Ancak hocas\u0131, kendi \u00f6\u011fretisine sad\u0131k kalarak, onu tutarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131

kutlar.
Ben bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde abart\u0131l\u0131 bir ku\u015fkuculuk \u00f6nermiyorum. Teoride olmasada

pratikte,
sa\u011fduyudan kaynaklanan g\u00fcndelik inan\u00e7lar\u0131 kabul edebilirim. Bilim alan\u0131nda
tam kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f bir sonucu, kesin do\u011fru olarak de\u011fil ama rasyonel bir

eylem i\u00e7in
yeterince olas\u0131 bir temel olarak kabule haz\u0131r\u0131m.
Falan tarihte bir ay tutulmas\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenirse bunu, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip
ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fini g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne bakmaya de\u011fer bulurum.
Pyhrro ise farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu nedenle, bir orta yol benimsedi\u011fimizi
s\u00f6ylememin yerinde olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 san\u0131yorum. Ay ve G\u00fcne\u015f tutulmas\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011finde

oldu\u011fu gibi,
ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fczerinde anla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 konular vard\u0131r. Uzmanlar\u0131n tam

anla\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131
konular da vard\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn uzmanlar hemfikir olduklar\u0131nda bile yan\u0131labilirler.
Einstein'\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yer\u00e7ekimi etkisiyle sapmas\u0131n\u0131n niceli\u011fi konusundaki sav\u0131

bundan
yirmi y\u0131l \u00f6nce, b\u00fct\u00fcn uzmanlar taraf\u0131ndan rededildi; ama do\u011fru oldu\u011fu
ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.
Yine de, uzman olmayanlar, uzmanlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fi i\u00e7inde olduklar\u0131 bir
sav\u0131n
do\u011fru olmas\u0131n\u0131, olmamas\u0131ndan daha olas\u0131 kabul etmelidirler.
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