1

1-1 (manufacturing process)

, , .

1-2

- , , ,
,

- , ,
- , ,

- , ,
- , ,
- ,
- , , , , ,
, ,
- , , ,
- , ,
- ,
- , , , ,
- , , , ,
- , , , ,
- , ,

1-3
(1)
(strength) : , , , ,
(toughness) :
(hardness) : ,
(fatigue strenght) :
(ductility) :
(malleability) :
(brittleness) : =()
(2)
(fusibility:) :
(plasticity) :
(weldability) : , ,
(3)
: (thread rolling)
:
(ultrasonic machining) :
(electric spark machining) :
(burnishing) : (ball)

2-1 (casting) (castings)

(1)
, (mold) (pouring)
, (process) (casting)
(2)
( : ) (pattern:) (mold)

.
( : )
,
.
() .

, .

.

.
(3)

(steel casting)

2-2 (, , pattern)
(1)
, , , , , .
(2)

(), (), (), (), ()

(sap wood : ) :

(heart wood) : ()

(annular ring) :

: , , , , , , , (
)
( : ) : 875, 624, 488, 61.9(/)
.
.

(3)
: (615%)>(2.55%)>(:0.10.4)
: , , , ,

: >, >(), >, >, >( )
(4)
: ,
: , , , ,
(5)
:
: ,
:
:
(6)
(shrinkage allowance) : (mold)
. .
=

L-l
, : , L : , l :
L

1m

15

20

20

, ,

15

L = l +

.
-1

.
(machining allowance) :
. .
(taper) : (sand mold) ()
1m 610 .
(core print)= : (core) ,
.

(rounding) :
.
(stop off) :
. .
: () .
.
(7) (pattern)

(wood pattern)
(metal pattern)
(solid pattern)
(plaster pattern)
(synthetic pattern)
(full mold pattern)

(solid pattern)

(one piece pattern)

(split pattern)
(built-up pattern)

(sweeping pattern)
()(strickle pattern)
(skeleton pattern)
(section pattern)
(core pattern)
(match pattern)
(loose pattern)
(wood pattern) : , , , ,
.
(metal pattern) :
( ).

(solid pattern) : , ,
.
(plaster pattern) : , ,
.
(synthetic resin) : , (plastic)
.
(full mold pattern) : ,
, ,
.
(solid pattern) : ,
, .
(one piece pattern) : (1 )
(split pattern) : (, 2 )
(built-up pattern) : (3 )-
, (dowel) .
(sweeping pattern) : ,
( ).
()(strickle pattern) : .
( :bend pipe:).
(skeleton pattern) : , ,
( , ).
(section pattern) : ,
(, ).
(core pattern) : , .
(match plate) :
.
(8)
.

W m()
W p ()
=
S m()
S p ()
Wm =

Wp
(1-3 )S m 3( )=( 3)
Sp

(9)
: .
: .
- .
: .
, , ,
.

2-3
(1)
(moisture) : ,
.

(ramming) : ()
.
(venting) : , ,
, .
(2)
(molding sand) : , , , ,
, .
: , , , ,
: , , ,

, : , , .
, , : .
, , : .

(greem sand) : +(15%)+(710%)+(520%)
(dry sand) : + ++++
: 15001560 , .
+(, :bentonite)
(bentonite) : , ,
.
: , .
: +
: +

(facing sand) : (26)+(36)+(1/61/8)
:

: ( , )+()
: +(, )++()
CO :
:
:

: 50g 105
5 12
=

( g) - ( g)
100( %)
( g)

: 2000cc
.
( K) =

Vh
( cm/ min )
PAt

V : (cc),

h : (cm), t : (min)

P : (/),

A : ()

(turn over molding) : 2

(floor molding) :

(bedin molding) :


- (moisture) : ,
.
- (ramming) : ()
.
- (venting) : ,
, .
- (gating system) : Dross(slag : ) (pouring cup), (runner),
(gate) .
( g ) =

v = C

2gh( cm/ sec )

h : , C : (0,151.3), g : (cm/sec
)

t =s

W : , s :

- (feeder, riser) : ,

.
- (flow off) :
, .
- (chilled plate) :
. .
- (core chaplet) : , ,
.
.
- :
. 3 .
P
A : (), H : (), S :
3
VS .
4

P = AHS +

3
VS,
4

= K

(V : ())

t:

, K:

2-4

(1) ( : cupola)
() (ton)
. , .
(2) (bessemer converter).
(, , ) .
: Si P S 1 .
: P .
(3) (crucible furnace)
.
1 (kg) .
(4) (reverberatory furnace)
.
1 (kg) .
(5) (open heat furnace)
1 , , () 1 (ton) .
: C, Si, Mn , SiO 2 .
: MgO, CaO , P, S .
(6) (electric furnace)
, , ,
.

(ton)
1

1
(kg)

1 (kg)

1 (ton)

, , , ,
,
,

, ,
, /
,

1
, ,

2-5
(1) (chilled casting : )
:

()

.
, .

: , (ball mill), (crusher)

: , (ball mill), (crusher)

(2) (die casting)
: , .
: . .
. .
:Die . Die , ,
.
: , , , , ,
(3) (centrifugal casting)
: .
: . . . gate, riser, feeder .
:, , , ,
(4) (shell moulding)
: 56mm
.
: (250300C)(Silicon oil)

: , , ,
, . .
pin hole . .
:, ,

(5) (investment casting)

: (wax), (paraffin)
lost wax, .
: .
(6) CO 2
( ) 56%
.
(7)
: O 2, H 2, N 2 hair crack
10 - 3mmHg .

2-6
(blow hole) : (vent) .
: , , ,
.
(shrinkage hole) :
.
: ,
(segregation) :
.
: , , .
: , , ,

2-7
:
:
:
:
:

3
3-1
.
3-2
(1) (plasticity)
.
(2) (elasticity)
.
3-3
(1)
.
(2)
. , .
(3)
, .
(4)
, .
>>>
3-4
(1) (malleability:)
.
(2) (ductility)
(wire) .
(3) (plasticity:)
() .
3-5

(1)
(forging) :
(rolling) : (rolling mill) (roller)

(drowing) : ,
(extrusion) : (billet)

(sheet metal working) :
(rolling of rood) : (roller)

(2)
.

3-6
(1) ( : cold working) ; .
.
() .
.
( hardening) : , , .
(age hardening) : ,
.
(2) ( : hot working) ; .
.

.
:
. .

3-7
(1)

(Hot forging)

- , (Die forging)
press - ,
upset

(Cold forging)

cold heading
coining
swaging

:
: 2
.
: , ,
.
: 1
.
: , .
: .
: , (taper) .
(2)
: , . , ,
, , .
: (S)

()

,,

,,

,
, ,

: . . .
(3)

(anvil) :
130150kg.
() : , .
: 300350 , .
(hammer) : .
(Tong) : .
(chisel) : .
(set hammer) : .
(Sledge hammer) : , , .

(Forging hammer) :

+

=
(press)

,
, .
(P): P =

AK f

3, 500 . (, =0.8)
: P =

A eK f

K f =

P
30000.8
= 4.8 kg/mm 2
=
500
Ae

(4)

(drawing) : ,
(bending) : , . .
.
(up-setting) :
(setting down) :
(punching) :
Rotary swaging : (die)
(tapping) :
(cutting off) :

: , .
: . . . . .
(smith welding)
, ,

.
3-8 (Rolling)
(1)

, ,
, .
(2)
, .
(3)

(hot rolling)
(cold rolling)
(blooming)

(plate rolling)
(angle rolling)
(4)


,



(5)

0.1mm

(6)
: (ingot) (bloom),
(sheet bar),(billet)
(ingot) : () . , .
(bloom) : 250mm250mm 405mm450mm
.
(billet) : 40mm
50mm120mm
120mm
(sheet bar) ;
(7) (Non slip point)

P: (kg)
P : (kg)
: ()
P Psin...... P Pcos....
, PcosP sin , tan .
: H O , H 1
= H O - H 1 =

HO -H1
HO

: B O , B 1 ,

B 1 - B O
3-9 (Extruison)
(1)

, , ,
.
(2)
, .
(3)
( ) : 1000
8000ton .
( ) :
, (scale) .
(scale) : , , ,
(impact extrusion) : Zn, Pb, Sn, Al, Cu , ,
.

3-10 (Pipe making)

,,

(cupping process)

, , ,

(1)
40110mm : (piercing mill) (plug rolling mill) (reeling
machine) (sizing machine)
90400mm : 1 2

3-11 (Drawing)
(1)
(die) .
(2)
:
: (mandrel) .
: 5mm
(deep drawing) : , , , , .
(3)
, , , ,
:

A0 -A1
A0

A 0: (), A 1: ()
.
,

.
(angle of die)
.
, .
2 = 1018
.

: .
.
.
.
, .

3-12 (Form rolling)

(1)
.
(2)
(thread rolling), (ballo rolling), cylindrical roller rolling, (gear rolling)
: , , .
, .
: , , . ,
.

3-13
(1)
(blanking) : Blank scrap .
(punching) : (scrap) .
(shearing) : .
(parting) : 2 .
(notching) : .
(trimming) : Punch die drawing flange 2 .
(shaving) : .
(broaching) : .
(2)

(beading) : .
(curling) : .
(seaming) : .

(spring back)
:

, .
,
(3) (deep drawing)
(drawing coefficient)

m=

de
100(%),
D0

D 0 : , d p :

(drawing ratio)

Z=

D0
dp

(cupping) : 1 .
(deep drawing)
(direct deep drawing) : cupping .
(inverse deep drawing) :
, annealing ,
, 1/4 .
(bulging) :
.
(marform process) : .
(spinning) : , blank blank spinning
stick .
(4)

(coining) : . , (medal),
.
(embossing) : () .
(swaging) : .

:
(5)

(ton) .

4
4-1
(1)
2 , .
(2) ( )

(3)
(fusion welding) :

, ,

(TIG, MIG )

, , ,

(pressure welding, smith welding) :

, ,

, ,

(soldering) :

, , , , ,

:(63%) (37%)
4-2 (Arc)

(1)
: (3000), (4000)
: ,
(2) (arc welder)
(D.C arc welder) : ,
, .

(A.C arc welder) : 200V ,

, , , .
(high frequency arc welder) : .
: (bend) .
(3)
18mm 10 3.26mm , ,
, .
(4)
,
.
(slag) , .
.
, .
.
(5)

E 43

Kg/mm 2

4-3
(1) (submerged arc welding)
: , .
, .

, .
1020 .
Weaving , .

Bead .
.
.
(2)
(MIG )
: (, )
.

.( 3mm )
(slag) .
Spatter , .
, .
.
(TIG) : .
CO 2
: MIG
.

CO 2 , ,

, .
.

4-4
(1)
(upset butt welding) :
.
(flash butt welding) : (spark)
.
(2)
(spot welding) : 2
6mm , 0.43.2mm . , .
(seam welding) :
.
.
(projection welding process) :
, .
, .

4-5
(1)

,
, , .
(2) (calcium carbide ; CaC 2 )
, 3000C ,
. 1kg

348 l

230300l .

CaC 2 + 2H 2O = C 2H 2 + Ca ( OH ) 2
(3) -
: , 1:1 .
: .
: .

(4)

slag

slag

,
,

: ( H 2P), ( H 2S), ( NH 3)

(5) (: bomb)
99.5% 35
C 150(/) 520/
.

, 40
C .
, .
, .
.

(6)

: , , , .
.
: , , .
, . ,
.

4-6
(1)
, .
(2)

, , , , , ,

(3)
.
.
.

5
5-1

(Turning), (Planing), (shaping),(Broaching),

(filling)

(Milling), (Drilling), (Boring), (Hobbing),

(Sawing)

(Grinding), (Honing), (Sandering)

(Superfinishing), (Buffing)
(Lapping), (Liquid honing), (Barrel working)

5-2 (chip)
(1)

, ,

(Flow type chip)

(Shear type chip)

(Tear type chip)

(Crack type chip)

:

:
: ,

.

(2) (built up edge)

, (Al),
.
: ( )( ) 1/1001/300

(30)
(50m/sec )








:
. Silver White Cutting Method
( ) . SWC

5-3
(1)

(2) 3
( P 1) :
( P 2) :
( P 3) :
: P 1> P 3> P 2 = 10 : (12) : (24)
(3)
, , ,
(4)

V=

dN
( m/ min )
1000

d : (mm) , N : (rpm)

P 1 : (kg) , : , V : (m/min)

(5)

HP =

P 1V
6075

( PS)

(6)

VT n = C
V : (m/min) , T : (min)
n : - (0.1), (0.1250,25), (0.40.55)
C : , ,

5-4
(1)

, ,
, .
(2)

: 0.91.3% ,
, .

: Cr, W, Ni , Mo, Co, V 450

C
, ,

: W, Cr, V, Mo, Cr,Mn

600
C .
: 18-4-1 (W 18% , Cr 4%, V 1%)
: Co, V
( : stelite) : C(24%),Cr(1533%),W(1017),Co(4050%),Fe(5%) 2300
C
, . , , ,
.

( : cemented carbide) : ,

, , .
: , , , , ,
,
: ,
980
C ,

5-5
(1)
, , ,
(2)
, (Soluble oil), ,
(3)
, ,

6-1

(1) (head stock)

, (Ni-Cr) (morse taper)
,

: , , , , ,
(2) (tail stock)
, , .
(3) (carriage)
, , . (saddle),(apron),
(tool post) I , .
, .
(4) (bed)
, , , .

(5) (feed mechanism)
, .
, .

6-2
(1)(center)
6
0
75
90
.
(live center) :
(stop center) :
(bearing center) :
(half center) : .

(2) (center drill)

(3) (driving plate) (lathe dog)

,
.

: ,
: , ,

(4) ( face plate)

, .
(5) (work rest)

. .

(6) (mandre)
,

(7) (chuck)
.
, , , , , .

6-3
(1) (engine lathe)
, (Sliding),
(Surfacing), (Screw cutting) 3S .
(2) (bench lathe)
, .
(3) (face lathe)
, , .
(4) (vertical lathe)
. ,
.
(5) (tool room lathe)
,
, .
(6) (copying lathe)
,
, , .
(7) (turret lathe)

. .
(8) (automatic lathe)
, ,
, , .
.
(9)
(wheel lathe), (crank shaft lathe), (numerical control lathe)

6-4
(1)

(2)


: e =

L( D - d )
2l

tan

D-d
=
2
2L

L : (mm) D : (mm) d : (mm)

l : (mm)

(3)
.

( P)
1
>
( P)
6

( P )
( A )
=
( P )
( B )
4

( P) 1
( P)
6

( P )
( A )
( C )
=
( P )
( B )
( D )

20,24,28,32,36,40,44,48,52,56,

2064

60,64,72,80,127
20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,65,70,75,80,

72,80,127 1
20120 5

85,90,95,100,105,110,115,120,127,

127, 1

1. 8mm 3mm .
)

z
p
3
38
24
=
=
=
= S
P
8
88
64
zL

( .)

2. 4mm 1 12 , .
)

z z '
p
12720
12720
=
= S 1
=
P
125420
6080
z 1z L

6-5
(1)

(;rake angle) (side rake angle) : ,

, .
( ;front clearance angle) ( ;side clearance angle) : 58
.
( ;front cutting edge angle) :
, .
( ;side cutting edge angle) :
.
(Nose Radius) : ,
, .

(2)
.

.
(3)
.
=

dN
( m / min),
1000

d : (mm), N : (rpm)

(back gear) : .

7-1

(drilling)

(boring)

(reaming)

FR

(tapping)

(spot facing)

(counter boring)

DCB

(counter sinking)

DCS

7-2 (Drilling machine)

(1) (bench type drilling machine)
, (13mm)
.
(2) (radial drilling machine)
.

(3) (upright drilling machine)
,

, .

(4) (multiple spindle drilling machine)

.

(5) (multihead drilling machine)

.

(6) (turret drilling machine)

, (button) , ,

, ,

.
(7) (deep hole drilling machine)

.

7-3
(1) (flat drill)
, ()
, 3040.
(2) (twist drill)
2 ,
, .
: , , 3 , 4 ,
(3)
(center drill) : .
(oil tubular drill) :
.
(rifle barrel drill) : 1
.
(gun barrel drill) : 20 ( )
.

7-4

(1) (body)
.
(2) (flute)
, , .
(3) (shank)
.
(4) (tang)
.
(5) (margin)
, ,
.
(6) (web)
2 ,
.
(7) ( : point angle)
118
().
(8) ( ; helix angle ; angle of torsion)
2035
.

(9) ( ; lip clearance angle ; lip relief angle)

1015
.
(10) (back taper)
5mm
100mm 0.030.1mm .

7-5
(1)

.
(2) (socket) (sleeve)
.
(3)

.
(thinning) :
. thinning machine .

7-6
(1) (vise)
.
(2) (clamp)
, , .
(3) (jig)
.
(plate jig) : .
(box jig) :
, .

7-7 ,
(1) ( )
=

dN
(m /mim)
1000

d : (mm), N: (rpm)

(2) (T)

T=

h +t
d( h + t )
=
NS
1000S

S : 1 (mm), t : (mm), h : (mm)

(3) (HP)
: HP 1 =

M
75100

2N
60
2NM
=
()
75100
751001000

M
=

M : (kg.cm)
: HP 2 =

PSN
75601000

P : (kg), S : (mm / rev)

: HP = HP 1 + HP 2 =

2NM
PSN
+
()
751001000
75601000

7-8 (boring machine)

(1) (horizontal boring machine)
(2) (fine boring machine)
(3) (jig boring machine)
(4) (core boring machine)

8 (, , )
8-1 (shaper)
(1)

,
. , , ,
. 400, 500, 600, 700 .

(2)

(3) (v)

v=

NL
1000k

, N : () (stroke/min), L : ()
() k : 1 ( k =

3
2
)]
5
3

) 300, 30/min ? (, k=3/5 .)

)

30300
= 15m/ min
10003/5

8-2 (slotter)
(1)
, , ,
.

, .

, , , , .
8-3 (;planer)
(1)
, ,
, . (),
, .

(2)

(double housing planer) : 2 (cross raoil)

, .
.
(open side planer) :
, .

(3)
m =

2L

2 s
( m/ min ),
1
1+

(1)t =

L
r

( min /)

v m : (m/min), L : (m), t : 1 (min)

() n =

vr
( m/ min )
=
= 34
( m/ min )
vs

(4) (T)

T=

2bL
( min )
sv m

T :( min )

, b : ( m),

L :( m)

,(),

S :( m/strock),

V m:( m/ min )

,,

(,)

()

()

(,)

,,,

,,,

9
9-1 Milling machine
(1)
(milling cutter) (feed)
.

(2)
(H.S.S) .
(plain cutter) : 1015 ,
.
(metal saw) : 5 .
(side milling cutter) : .
(face cutter) : (shank) .
(end mill) : .
(angular cutter) : 45
, 60
, 70 .
(formed cutter) : , , .
T : T .
9-2
(1) (knee type milling machine)
, (horizontal milling
machine), (universal milling machine), (vertical milling machine) .
(2) (production milling machine)
. 23
23 , , .
(3) (special milling machine)

(profile milling machine), (therad milling machine) ,

, (NC milling machine) .
(4) ( ; plano-miller)
.

9-3
(1) , ,




(saddle) (200mm#1,250mm#2,300mm#3,350mm#4)
(2)





(saddle)

9-4
(1) (arbor)
plain cutter side milling cutter
.
(2) (adapter) (collet chuck)
face cutter, end mill, T .
(3) (milling vise)
.
(4) (circular table)
300, 400, 500mm , ,
. .
(5) (indexing head)
,
. .
(6) (vertical milling attachment)
,
.
(7) (slotting attachment)

.
(8) (rack cutting attachment)
.
(9) (universal milling attachment)

.
9-5
(1)
:
:

()
()
,
, .

0 ,
, .

, .

, .

, EK
.
, ,
.

, .

,
,

, ,
.

.
.

(2)

v=

dN
( m/ min )
1000

d:

( mm),

N:

( rpm)

(3) 1 : f
1000V
f = f zZn = f z Z
[ mm/ min ]
d
f z : 1 (mm), Z : , n : (rpm)
(4)
(direct indexing) : 24 2, 3, 4,
6, 8, 12, 24 .
(simple indexing) : 40

. 1/N .
40

n=

n=

=
=

o
o

h
...............( , )
H

h
.......................()
H

n : , N : , h : H:

NO.1

15,16,17,18,19,20

NO.2

21,23,27,29,31,33

NO.3

37,38,41,43,47,49
24,25,28,30,34,37,38,39,41,42,43

46,47,49,51,53,54,57,58,59,62,66
100,96,92,84,72,66,60

98,88,78,76,68,58,54

(differential indexing) :
. 24(2), 28, 32, 40, 44, 56, 64, 72, 86,100 12 .

i =40

Za
Z aZ b
N' - N
=
=
N'
Zd
Z cZ d

i= , N':,N:,:

(5) ( )

, ,
.
tan =

p=

L : (mm), D : (mm)

pn
cos

D
Zcos

p : (mm), p n : (mm), D : (mm), Z :

( ) Z e =

Z
cos 3

(6)
b L 1/3 2/3 .
( ) Z e =

Z
cos 2

: ()

9-6
1.
(1) ()
,
, .
(2) ()
(hob)
.
(hobbing machine) : , ,
.
(fellow gear shaper) : , , ,
, 2 .
(maag gear shaper), (sunderland gear shaper) :
.
(3) ()
(template) ,
, .
(4) :

9-7 (hobbing machine)

(hob)

(worm),

. , , , .

10

10-1
(1)
, , , , ,

: , ,
, , , .
( AI 2O 3), (SiC) .

95%

, ,

WA

99.5%

97%

, , ,

GC

98%

( AI 2O 3)

(SiC)

100%

, C

, ,

A
A

, , , ,

: , , ,

4 .

: , , ,
: , , ,

10,12,14,16,20,24

30,36,46,54,60

70,80,90,100

240,280,320,400,

120,150,180,220

500,600,700,800

: .

E, F, G

H, I, J, K

L, M, N, O

P, Q, R, S

T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

: .

()

0, 1, 2, 3 (c)

4, 5, 6(m)

7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12(w)

: ,
, . .

(
)

(vitrified bond)

(silicate bond)

,
,

(rubber bond )

, ,

(resinoid bond)

(shellac bond)

, , ,

(vinyl bond)

PVA

(metal bone)

, .
,

10-2
(1)
, , , , , , .
(2)
: (traverse
grinding) . (plunge
grinding) . , , , .

:
,
.

: , .
(centerless grinding machine) :

.
: , ( ), ( , , ) .
: ( , , ), .

10-3
(1) (dressing)

, (dresser)
.
(2) (truing)

.

10-4
(1)
(balancing machine) .
.
1/3 .
0.5mm , .
0.10.15mm .
.

10-5
(1) ( )
dN
( m/ min ) d : (mm), N : (rpm)
1000

V=

(2)
1/100 .
(3) (HP)

HP =

7560

P : (kg), V : (m/min), :
(4) ( f )

f =

fN
1000

(m/min)

f : (mm/rev), N : (rpm)

(5) (mm)

0.020.05

0.00250.005

0.050.15

0.0050.02

0.020.04

0.0050.01

0.010.07

0.0050.01

0.030.05

0.0050.01

(6)
: , , , , ,
, , , ,
, .
: , , , .

11 (,

, , ),

11-1
(1) (honing)
(hone)
, , ,
, , .

( v c) = 1/40 4070m/min
( v m) = 1/21/5
() : 4060, 2040
tan

= a
2
vc

: 10/, 46/
: 1/10
: , +, .
(2) (lapping)


, .
, , . , , , ,
, .

: (SiC; C, GC; , ), (Al O : A, WA: ), , .

: , , .
(lap) :
, .
: 3050m/min .
: 0.5/, 1.00.02/, .
: 0.010.02, 0.0250.0125 m

: , ,
, , . ,
, .
(3) ( ; super finishing)

(0.52/)


,
, ,
6070% , .

: , , , GC, , WA
, .
, : 1.55, 5002000/min, 0.0020.01,
0.10.3.
(4) (liquid honing)

,
, .
SiC, Al O , , . 1:2
.
3.57.0/ 4050
.
11-2 (broach)
(1)(broaching)

,
,

, , .

(2)
(H.S.S) .

12
12-1 (electric discharge machine ; EDM)
(1)

, , 510 100V
.

(2)
, , , , , -, .
(3)
, , , .
(4)
(, , , . , , )
. , , ,
.
12-2 (ultra-sonic machining)
(1)
16
1630, 3040
, ) , ,

(, ,

, .

(2)

.
, .
, , , .
.
.
, , .
12-3 (electro-chemical machining ; ECM)
(1)
(-), (+) 0.020.7 , (NaCl, NaNO) ,
520V, 30200A .

(2)
,

12-4 (electro - chemical grinding ; ECG)

(1)
+
.
(2)

KNO 3, NANO 3, KNO 2

(3)
,
,
,
.
,

12-5 (electrolytic polishing)

()

.
, ,
, , .

12-6 (shot peening)

(, ) () (shot) ( 0.70.9mm ) 4050m/sec ,
0.2mm . shot
. , , , , .

12-7 (buffing)
,
.

12-8 (polishing)
, , ,
.

12-9 (burnishing, barrel finishing)

(1) (burnishing)
.
(2) (barrel finishing)
8 6 (barrel) (, , , ) ()

13 NC

13.1 CNC
1. NC
NC Numerical Control() . .
, ( ),
.
2. NC
(1) .
(2) .
(3) .
(4) .
3. NC
(1) NC 3
: .
:
:
4. NC 4
(1) 1
1 NC 1 (NC)
(2) 2
1 (ATC ) , machining
center (CNC : NC NC)
(3) 3
1 system DNC(Direct Numerical Control)
.
(4) 4
system
FMS(Flexible Manufacturing System)
5. CNC DNC
(1) CNC
.(inch/mm)
NC , .
(macro) ,
.
CNC .
, .
(2) DNC
.
.
CNC .
, .
.

DNC 4

CNC

6.
(1)
:
: .
(2)
DC
(feed back)
(open loop system)
(feed back)
, , , NC .

(closed loop system) : (linear scale) .
.
(semi-closed system) : .
NC .

(hybrid servo system) : ,
.

13.2.
1. NC
(1)
NC

.
Z, X, Y .

(2) NC
NC EIA(Electronics Industries Association: )
ISO (International Organization Standardization: ) 2 .

EIA

ISO

2.
CNC , .
(1) (machine coordinate system)
, , .
, .
(2) (work coordinate system)
, .
(3) (relative coordinate system)
,

0() (steeing) .
3.

CNC , CNC
. , CNC G50
X

G92 X

4.
(1)

NC
NC


(2) (block)
(block) .
EOB(End of Block) .
EOB ; .

(3) (word)
(block)
(address) (data)

(4) (address)
(AZ) 1


5. CNC
(1)
CNC X, Z .
(2) (preparatory function) : G
CNC

(3) (feed function) : F

, . , CNC CNC
.
G98 G01 Z100. F20 ;

1 20

G99 G01 Z100. F0.3 ;

1 0.3

(4) (miscellaneous function) : M

CNC (ON/OFF) .

(5) (spindle-speed function, S) : (G96, G97)

.
G96 S150 M03 ;

v=150m/min( )

G97 S150 M03 ;

n=150rpm( )
v
n

<> G50 X250. Z300. S2000 T0100 M42 ;

G96 S100 M03 ;

(M42 )

-127.3rpm

G00 X100 Z80. T0101 ; -318.3rpm

G01 X20 F0.2 ;

-1591.5rpm

X10. ;

-3183.1rpm(G50 , 2000rpm)

X0 ;

-(G50 , 2000rpm)

(6) (tool function) : T

14
14-1

, ,
, , ()
, ,

, , , ,

Thickness, ,

(, N.P.L), ,

, , , ,

, ,

(1) (vernier calipers)

, , .

4
22 +(

1
4) = 22 +0.2 = 22.2( )
20

(2) (micrometer)
, , .

: 7.5(), : 0.35()
, =7.5+0.35=7.85()

(3) (height gauge)
,
0.02 HT, HB, HM, HT .

(4) (dial gauge)

, , ,
, , ,
,
, ,
,
, ,
()
.

(5) (minimeter)
(lever) 100
1000
0.1.

(6) (optimeter)
800,
0.1, 1,
0.25
.
(7) (electronic micrometer)
0.01 .
(8) (air micrometer)

, ,
,
, , ,
.
0.11.

(9) (block gauge)

()

AA

, ,
, , .

(10) (standard taper gauge)

(Morse taper), (Brown

& Shape taper), , .
(11) (limit gauge)
2 ,

(12) (thickness gauge)

0.020.7
16 .
(13) (radius gauge)
(rounding, Fillet) .
(14) (center gauge)
,

(15) (screw thread pitch gauge)

.
(16) (wire gauge)

(17) (drill gauge)

,

(18) (angle gauge

.

(19) (level vial)


(20) (sine bar)
2
(L)
100mm 250 mm .
sin =

H
.
L

(21) (combination set)

, .
(22) (tangent bar)
L 2 H h .
(23) (optical flat)

. . 0.3 .
(19) (bevel protractor)
(blade) , 23 12 , 5`

14-2
(1)
, (scraper), (hammer),(file), , , ,, .
(2)

(Marking-off)
(chisel)
(file)
(scraper)

(, surfaceplate), (scale), , (Trommel), , (punch), V,

(surface gauge)
(chisel),(hammer),(vise)
: , , ,
: , , ,
, , ,
( ), , , , , (gun tap) ,

(3)

, , .
, .

7090

90120

6075

7580

(4)

: 1,2,3 3 1 , 1:55% 225% 320% . 2,3

:
(5)

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