Solutions

1. The basis of classification of HX is as follows: Contacting Technique Construction Flow arrangement Surface Compactness 2. Four major applications are in Refrigeration Cryogenics Waste-heat recovery Metallurgical n Manufacturing apps 3. Surface area density must be greater than 700 m2/m3 4. Multi-pass HXs are preferred in day-to-day life because in these exchangers pressure drop will be so high and give higher heat transfer coefficient as compared to single pass and this is desired for the proper functioning and usage of exchangers. 5. LMTD is used as a driving force in the cases where temperature distribution is not uniform with respect to time. Thats why an average parameter is introduced to ease the complexity of the operation of HXs. Limitations of LMTD are: LMTD should not be used when U changes appreciably or when the temperature difference is not a linear function of q. It is also incorrect when heat is transferred to or from a reacting fluid in a jacketed reactor. 6. Selection of the material for the shell depends on namely, Corrosiveness nature of the working fluid Working temperature and pressure 7. Refer book..cant draw here..!!!

8. The heat transfer resistance offered by the formation of scale or a deposit on a heat transfer surface is called fouling factor. The fouling factor is zero for a new heat exchanger. It increases over the period of operation, and the tubes have to be cleaned after certain time. While desigining, a value of the fouling factor has to be included as an additional resistance to heat exchanger. 9. A) Multi-pass HX B) Plate type C) Tubular D) Extended surface

10. Parallel flow is used in situations in which it is necessary to change the temperature of one fluid very rapidly, such as when quenching a hot fluid from a chemical reactor to stop further reactions. 11. Baffle is a metal plate in the form of the segment of a circle having holes to accommodate tubes. Two important functions are as: To cause changes in the flow pattern of the shell fluid creating parallel or cross flow to the tube bundle, thus increasing turbulence To support the tubes 12. Counter-current flow is preferred in industries because from the temperature profile it is clear that there is uniform rate of change in the temperatures of the working fluids with respect to the distance in countercurrent whereas in parallel flow the difference between the two curves is not uniform signifying non-uniform rate of change in the temperatures. 13. Parallel flow area required is 0.973 m2 Counter flow area required is 0.892 m2

14. A) Recuperators are heat exchangers in which the fluids are separated by a wall. The wall may be a simple plane wall or a tube or configurations involving fins, baffles etc whereas Regenerators is a periodic flow type of a HX. In this type, the same space is alternately occupied by the hot and cold gases between which heat is exchanged. Recuperators are suitable condensing applications for heating, cooling, evaporating or

whereas Regenerators are used in preheaters for steam power plants, blast furnaces and oxygen producers. B) In indirect contact HX hot and cold fluids are in thermal contact but physically separated by a barrier such as a tube wall, plate. Most of the Hxs in industries of this type. whereas In direct contact fluids are brought in physical contact for the purpose of heat exchanger. A cooling tower in which utility water is cooled by contact with up-flowing air is an example of direct contact.

15. No of passes = 2, No of tubes per pass = 36, Length = 1.517 m.