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 2. (a)Write an expression to show the relationship between mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency for asimple machine.(b) A block and tackle pulley system has a velocity ratio 3.Draw a labelled diagram of this system. In yourdiagram, indicate clearly the points of application and the directions of the load and effort. Why should the lowerblock of this pulley system be of a negligible weight?3.Diagram 1 alongside shows a weightless lever in equilibrium. Neglect friction at the fulcrum F.(i)State the principle of moments as applied to the alongside lever. (ii)Define mechanical advantage and calculate itsvalue for the given lever. (iii) Name the type of lever which has mechanical advantage greater than 1.4. Diagram alongside gives an arrangement of single moving pulleys. Copy the diagram If the effort applied at thefree end of the string is E,(i)Show the direction and magnitude of the forces exerted by the four strings marked (1) to (4). (ii)What is the loadwhich can be lifted by the effort? (iii)Calculate the mechanical advantage of the system of pulleys.5. (a) Name the type of single pulley that can act as a force multiplier. Draw a labelled diagram of the above namedpulley.(b) A pulley system has a velocity ratio of 4 and an efficiency of 90%. Calculate :-(i)the mechanical advantage of the system. (ii)the effort required to raise a load of 300 N by the system.6.The diagram alongwith shows the use of a lever.State the principle of moments as applied to the lever.Give an example of this class of lever.If FA = 10 cm, AB = 500 cm, calculate the minimum effort required to lift the load.7.The diagram alongside shows a system of 5 pulleys.Copy the diagram and complete it by drawing a string around the pulleys. Mark the position of load and the effort.If the load is raised by 1 m, through what distance will the effort move?8.(a) Define an
 Inclined plane
.(b) Draw a labelled sketch of a class II lever. Give one example of such a lever.
 
 (c) The alongside figure shows the combination of a movable pulley. P
1
with a fixed pulley P
2
used for lifting up aload W.(i)State the function of the fixed pulleyP
2
. (ii)If the free end of the string moves through a distance C, find thedistance by which the load W is raised. (iii)Calculate the force to be applied at C to just raise the load W = 20
kgf 
,neglecting the weight of the pulley P
1
and friction9. (a)Which class of levers has a mechanical advantage always less than one? Explain briefly with a diagram whytheir mechanical advantage is less than one.(b)The crow-bar is a type of lever as shown alongside: A crow bar of length 150 cm has its fulcrum at a distance of 25 cm. from the load. Calculate the mechanical advantage of this crow bar.10. (i) Explain why scissors for cutting cloth may have blades much longer than the handles; but shears for cuttingmetals have short blades and long handles.(ii) A woman draws water from a well using a fixed pulley. The mass of the bucket and water together is 6.0 kg.The force applied by the woman is 70 N. Calculate the mechanical advantage. (Take g = 10 m/s
2
)11. Why is the mechanical advantage of a lever of the third order is always less than l? Give one example of thisclass of lever.12. In the diagram of a stationary wheel barrow, the centre of gravity is at A. The wheel and the leg are in contactwith the ground. The horizontal distance between A and F is 50 cm and that between B and F is 150 cm.(i)What is the direction of the force acting at A? Name the force. (ii)What is the direction of the minimum force atB to keep the leg off the ground? What is this force called? (iii)The weight of the wheel barrow is 15 kgf and itholds sand of weight 60 kgf Calculate the minimum force required to keep the leg off the ground.13. What is the relationship between the mechanical advantage and the velocity ratio for: (1) An ideal machine; (2)A practical machine?14. Give two reasons why the efficiency of a single movable pulley system is not 100%.15. A cook uses a 'fire tong' of length 28 cm to lift a piece of burning coal of mass 250 g. If he applies his effort at adistance of 7 cm from the fulcrum, what is the effort in S.I. unit? Take g = 10 m/s
2
.16. Copy the diagram of the forearm given below, indicate positions of Load, Effort and Fulcrum.
 
 17. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of a block and tackle system of pulleys with two pulleys in each block. Indicate thedirections of the load, and effort and tension in the string.(ii) Write down the relation between load and the effort of the pulley system.
Refraction of Light, Lenses and Spectrum
1.
 
Diagram given alongside, shows refraction and emergence of a ray of light incident on a rectangularglass slab. Copy the diagram and mark the lateral displacement of the incident ray. Name the twofactors on which the lateral displacement depends.2.
 
An object AB is placed on the principal axis of a convex lens as shown alongside in diagram. Copy thediagram. Using three rays starting from B and the properties of the points marked F
1
, O and F
2
; obtainthe image formed by the lens (F
1
and F
2
are the foci).(a)(i)Define refractive index of a medium with respect to air. (ii)Calculate the speed of light in water. Given:Speed of light in vacuum = 3 X 10
8
ms
−1
, and refractive index of water = 4/3. (iii)Calculate the power of aconvex lens of focal length 25 cm. (b)In the diagram given along side, a source of light S is placed at thebottom of a beaker containing water. (i)Copy the diagram and show the path of rays marked with arrows, afterthey meet the water-air boundary. (ii)Does the ray, marked with one arrow, undergo refraction? (iii)Name thephenomenon exhibited by the ray marked with three arrows. (iV) State the conditions necessary for thephenomenon in (iii) above3.
 
(i)An object is placed in front of a converging lens at a distance greater than twice the focal length of the lens. Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image.(ii)Mention one difference betweenreflection of light from a plane mirror and total internal reflection of light from a prism.4.
 
The diagram given below shows a right-angled prism with a ray of light incident on the side AB. (Thecritical angle for glass is 42
0
)
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mo0omo0o

hi plz same1 help me i need past papers 2008

reply04 / 19 / 2009
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