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The Six National Flags of Texas
Six national flags have flown over Texas since the first European exploration of theregion by Cortez in 1519. The six flags are:
Texas Under Spain. 1519-1685; 1690-1821.
Spain was the first European nation to claim what is now Texas, beginning in 1519when Cortez was establishing Spanish presence in Mexico, and Alonzo Alvarez dePineda mapped the Texas coastline. A few shipwrecked Spaniards, like Alvar Nunez,Cabeza de Vaca, and explorers such as Coronado, occasionally probed the vastwilderness, but more than 100 years passed before Spain planted its first settlement inTexas: Ysleta Mission in present El Paso, established in 1681. Gradually expandingfrom Mexico, other Spanish missions, forts and civil settlements followed for nearly acentury-and-a-half until Mexico threw off European rule and became independent in1821. The red and yellow striped Spanish flag after 1785 depicts a lion of Leon and acastle of Castile on a shield surmounted by acrown.
Texas Under France. 1685-1690
Planning to expand its base from French Louisiana, France took a bold step in 1685, planting its flag in eastern Texas near the Gulf Coast. Although claimed by Spain,
 
most of Texas had no Spanish presence at all; the nearest Spanish settlements werehundreds of miles distant. French nobleman Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle,founded a colony called Fort St. Louis. But the effort was doomed by a series of calamities: shipwreck, disease, famine, hostile Indians, and internal strife resulting inLa Salle's murder by one of his own company. by 1690, France's bold claim to Texashad evaporated. The French flag features a host of golden Fleurs-de-lis emblazoned ona field of white, which was actually theFrench royal ensign for ships and forts.
 
Texas Under Mexico. 1821-1836
For more than a decade after Mexico became independent, hardy pioneers from theHispanic south and the Anglo north flowed into Texas. It was a frontier region for  both; Anglo Texans became Mexican citizens. But divergent social and politicalattitudes began to alienate the two cultures. The final straw: Mexican General SantaAnna scrapped the Mexican federal constitution and declared himself dictator. Texansrevolted and won their independence April 21, 1836, on the battleground of SanJacinto near Houston. Mexico's intricate flag pictures an eagle, a snake (an imagefrom pre-Columbian mythology) and cactuson bars of brilliant green, white and red.
 
Texas as a Republic. 1836-1845
During nearly ten years of independence, the Texas republic endured epidemics,financial crises and still-volatile clashes with Mexico. But it was during this periodthat unique accents of the Texas heritage germinated. Texas became the birthplace of 
 
the American cowboy; Texas Rangers were the first to use Sam Colt's remarkable six-shooters; Sam Houston became an American ideal of rugged individualism. Texas joined the United States on December 29, 1845. The red, white and blue Texas stateflag with its lone star (the same flag adopted by the republic in 1839) today fliesvirtually everywhere: on government buildings, schools, banks, shopping malls, andeven on oil derricks.
 
Texas in the Confederacy. 1861-1865
Sixteen years after Texas joined the union, the American Civil War erupted. Gov. SamHouston, urging Texans to stay aloof or re-establish a neutral republic, was drivenfrom office. Texas cast its lot with the doomed southerners, reaping devastation andeconomic collapse as did all Confederate states. But two events fixed Texas andTexans as somehow different in the nation's eyes. First, Texas troops on Texas soilwon the final battle of the Civil War, not knowing the south had capitulated a monthearlier. Second, returning Texans found a population explosion of wild Longhorns,sparking the great cattle-trail drives that became American legends. The firstConfederate flag flown in Texas was the South's national emblem, "The Stars andBars" of the Confederate States of America, although the later-crossed Confederate battle flag is better known today.
Texas in the US. 1845-1861; 1865-Present
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