LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

MEC424

TABLE OF CONTENT

NO

CONTENT

PAGE

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

3-4

THEORY

5-8

APPARATUS

9-10

PROCEDURE

11

RESULT

12-31

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

32-33

REFERENCES

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

MEC424

1.0 ABSTRACT

The experiment is done to determine the natural frequency and resonance of spring in different damping condition. To run this experiment, we used Control Unit to control the Universal Vibration System Apparatus. First of all, we adjusted control unit to desired frequency, 1 Hz to 14 Hz. Then, set the damper to off condition. After that, we set the unbalance exciter on and set the frequency from 1Hz to 14Hz. And lastly, we recorded the oscillation produced on drum recorder for each frequency. We collected the data from different condition of damping which is, no damper, open damper with length 150mm, closed damper with length 150mm, and lastly, closed damper with length 550mm. The natural frequency for this experiment is constant which is 8.357 Hz . In order for resonance to happen, the applied frequency and the natural frequency of the object must be the same. From this experiment, we found that the resonance will happen if the applied frequency and the natural frequency of the object is the same. The knowledge of calculating the resonance frequency and natural frequency is very important in order for us to prevent catastrophic disaster such as the collapsed of Tacoma narrow bridge in the future.

LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES 2.0INTRODUCTION

MEC424

Vibration refers to mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point. The oscillations may be periodic such as the motion of a pendulum or random such as the movement of a tire on a gravel road. Vibration is occasionally "desirable". For example the motion of a tuning fork, the reed in a woodwind instrument or harmonica, or the cone of a loudspeaker is desirable vibration, necessary for the correct functioning of the various devices. More often, vibration is undesirable, wasting energy and creating unwanted sound noise. For example, the vibration motions of engines, electric motors, or any mechanical device in operation are typically unwanted. Such vibrations can be caused by imbalances in the rotating parts, uneven friction, the meshing of gear teeth, etc. Careful designs usually minimize unwanted vibrations. The study of sound and vibration are closely related to sound, or "pressure waves", are generated by vibrating structures (e.g. vocal cords); these pressure waves can also induce the vibration of structures (e.g. ear drum). Hence, when trying to reduce noise it is often a problem in trying to reduce vibration. They are two types of vibration that is free vibration occur when a mechanical system is set off with an initial input and then allowed to vibrate freely. Examples of this type of vibration are pulling a child back on a swing and then letting go or hitting a tuning fork and letting it ring. The mechanical system will then vibrate at one or more of its "natural frequency" and damp down to zero. Forced vibration is when an alternating force or motion is applied to a mechanical system. Examples of this type of vibration include a shaking washing machine due to an imbalance, transportation vibration (caused by truck engine, springs, road, etc.), or the vibration of a building during an earthquake. In forced vibration the frequency of the vibration is the frequency of the force or motion applied, with order of magnitude being dependent on the actual mechanical system.

Forced vibration also known as oscillation is vibration that takes place under the excitation of external forces. The system will vibrate at the excitation frequency when the excitation is oscillatory. Resonance will occur if the frequency of excitation coincides with one of the natural frequencies of the system and dangerously large oscillations may result. The failure of major structures such as bridges, buildings, or airplane wings is an awesome possibility under resonance.

LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

MEC424

Free vibration

Force vibration

LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES 3.0THEORY Forced Vibration

MEC424

Harmonic excitation is often encountered in engineering systems. It is commonly produced by the unbalance in rotating machinery. Although pure harmonic excitation is less likely to occur than periodic or other types of excitation, understanding the behavior of a system undergoing harmonic excitation is essential in order to comprehend how the system will respond to more general types of excitation. Harmonic excitation may be in the form of a force or displacement of some point in the system.[2] We will first consider a single DOF system with viscous damping, excited by a harmonic force , as shown in Fig. 7. Its differential equation of motion is found from the free-body diagram.[2]

(29)

Figure 2: Viscously Damped System with Harmonic Excitation

The solution to this equation consists of two parts, the complementary function, which is the solution of the homogeneous equation, and the particular integral. The complementary function in this case, is a damped free vibration. The particular solution to the preceding equation is a steady-state oscillation of the same frequency w as that of the excitation. We can assume the particular solution to be of the form:[2]

(30) 5

LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

MEC424

Where X is the amplitude of oscillation and f is the phase of the displacement with respect to the exciting force. The amplitude and phase in the previous equation are found by substituting Eqn. (30) into the differential equation (29). Remembering that in harmonic motion the phases of the velocity and acceleration are ahead of the displacement by 90 and 180, respectively, the terms of the differential equation can also be displayed graphically.[2]

Figure 3: Vector Relationship for Forced Vibration with Damping

It is easily seen from this diagram that

(31) and

(32) We now express Eqs (31) and (32) in non-dimensional term that enables a concise graphical presentation of these results. Dividing the numerator and denominator of Eqs. (31) and (32) by k, we obtain :

(33)

LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES and

MEC424

(34) These equations can be further expressed in terms of the following quantities:

The non-dimensional expressions for the amplitude and phase then become

(35) and

(36)

LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

MEC424

These equations indicate that the non-dimensional amplitude only of the frequency ratio

, and the phase f are functions

, and the damping factor z and can be plotted as shown in Fig 9.

Figure 4: Plot of Eqs. (35) and (36)

LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES 4.0 APPARATUS

MEC424

FIGURE : Universal Vibration System Apparatus (TM 155)

FIGURE: Control Unit (TM 150)

LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

MEC424

FIGURE : Universal Vibration System Apparatus (TM 155)

1. Unbalance Exciter 2. Beam 3. Damper 4. Control Unit (TM 150) 5. Mechanical Recorder 6. Spring

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES 5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

MEC424

1) Set up the apparatus and the control unit (TM 150) is switched on. 2) The control unit is adjusted to desired frequency. 3) The length from the damper to the references point is measured. 4) For the first condition, the damper is removed from the beam. 5) The unbalance exciter is switched on and the frequency is set up from 1 Hz until 14Hz with increment of 1 Hz. When frequency is 8 Hz, the increment will be 0.1Hz until 9Hz. 6) Then, the drum recorder will take an oscillation from the vibration of the stiff beam caused by the unbalance exciter. 7) The oscillation characteristics is observed. 8) The time taken for 10 oscillations is measured and recorded. 9) The observations is compared with the result on the mechanical recorder. 10) The second condition, the damper is attached to the beam at the length 150mm and the damper is opened to reduce the damping effect. Then, step 5 to 9 is repeated to get the oscillation data. 11) For the third condition, the damper is attached to the beam at the length 150mm and the damper is closed. Then, step 5 to 9 is repeated to get the oscillation data. 12) For the fourth condition, the damper is closed but the length is changed to 550mm and step 5 to 9 is repeated. The data is recorded in the table and the graph is plotted.

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

MEC424

6.0 RESULT

Experiment 1 2 3 4

Damper Lid No damper Open Closed Closed

Damper Distance (mm) No damper 150 150 550

Given values: 1. Mass of beam: 1.68kg 2. Mass of imbalance exciter: 0.772kg 3. Length of beam: 0.7m 4. Distance from axis of rotation to spring: 0.65m 5. Distance from axis of rotation to imbalance exciter: 0.35m 6. Spring constant: 3kN/m 7. Damper constant: 5Ns/m (open) or 15Ns/m (closed)

The objective of this experiment is to find the resonance for each damping condition. So, in order to know whether the frequency of a damping condition is in resonance, we have to use the equation:

Or frequency ratio, r;

If the above equation is satisfied, resonance occurs.

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

MEC424

Condition(s)

Frequency (Hz)

Amplitude (mm)

Resonance Frequency (Hz)

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 9.642

No damper

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

MEC424

Condition(s)

Frequency (Hz)
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

Amplitude (mm)
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

(zetha)

Resonance Frequency (Hz)

Open damper at 150mm

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0

0.04376

8.341

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

MEC424

Condition(s)

Frequency (Hz)
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

Amplitude (mm)
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9

(zetha)

Resonance Frequency (Hz)

Closed damper at 150mm

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0

0.1313

8.2113

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

MEC424

Condition(s)

Frequency (Hz)
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.1

Amplitude (mm)
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1

(zetha)

Resonance Frequency (Hz)

Closed damper at 550mm

0.1323 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3

8.2091

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES A. No Damped Kl

MEC424

mg

a = 650mm
750mm

- Kl ( ) = Where =

+K =0 + = = = =0

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES B. With Damper (Open) 150mm

MEC424

Kl

150mm C

a = 650mm = 750mm

: - Kl - c =

+ c + Kl = 0 + = Where = = = + =0

= = =

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES C. With Damper (Closed) 150mm

MEC424

Kl

150mm

a = 650mm = 750mm

: - Kl - c =

+ c + Kl = 0 + = Where = = = + =0

= = =

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES D. With Damper (Closed) 550mm

MEC424

Kl

W C

550mm
a = 650mm = 750mm

: - Kl - c =

+ c + Kl = 0 + = Where = = = + =0

= = =

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES Sample Calculation A. No Damper

MEC424

= = 8.357 Hz 2. Damping Ratio

3. Resonance Frequency

= 8.357 Hz

4. Frequency Ratio

= = 0.120

5. Imbalance Force

F0 = mass unbalance x a x = 0.772 x 0.65 x 52.50652 = 1.383 kN

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

MEC424

Frequency Amplitude (Hz) (mm)

(rad/s)

Natural Frequency Imbalance NonFrequency Ratio Force (N) dimensional (Rad/s), Amplitude

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

6.283
12.566 18.850 25.133 31.416 37.700 43.982 50.265 50.894 51.522 52.150 52.779 53.407 54.035 54.664 55.292 55.920 56.548 62.832 69.115 75.398 81.681 87.965

0.120
0.239 0.359 0.479 0.598 0.718 0.738 0.957 0.969 0.981 0 0 0.217 0.217 0.434 0.651 0.867 1.084 1.084

52.5065

0.993 1.005 1.017 1.029 1.041 1.053 1.065 1.077 1.197 1.316 1.436 1.556 1.675

26.3478

1.301 1.518 1.735 1.735 1.952 2.167 3.036 3.036 0.651 0.434 0.217 0.217 0.217

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES B. Open damper at 150mm

MEC424

= = 8.357 Hz 2. Damping Ratio

=
= = 0.04376

3. Resonance Frequency

= 52.5065
= 52.4059rad/sec = 8.341 Hz

4. Frequency Ratio

= = 0.119891081
5. Imbalance Force

F0 = mass unbalance x a x
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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

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= 0.772 x 0.65 x 52.50652 = 1.383 KN Frequency Amplitude (Hz) (mm) Resonance Frequency (Rad/s),
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

(Rad/s)
6.283
12.566 18.850 25.133 31.416 37.700 43.982 50.265 50.894 51.522 52.150 52.779 53.407 54.035 54.664 55.292 55.920 56.548 62.832 69.115 75.398 81.681 87.965

Frequency Ratio

Imbalance NonForce (N) dimensional Amplitude

0

0.119891081 0.239782162 0.359692325 0.479583406 0.599474487 0.719384649 0.839256649 0.95914773 0.971150195 0.983133578

0 0 0 0 0 0.217 0.217 0.217 0.434

52.4059

0.995116962 1.007119427 1.019102811 1.031086194 1.04308866 1.055072043 1.067055427 1.079038811 1.198948973 1.318840054 1.438731135 1.558622216 1.678532379

26.3478

0.434 0.434 0.434 0.434 0.434 0.434 0.867 0.867 0.867 2.167 2.167 2.167 2.167

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

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C. Closed damper at 150mm

= = 8.357 Hz 2. Damping Ratio

=
= = 0.1313

3. Resonance Frequency

= 52.5065
= 51.5938 rad/sec = 8.211 Hz

4. Frequency Ratio

= = 0.121778198

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

MEC424

5. Imbalance Force

F0 = mass unbalance x a x = 0.772 x 0.65 x 52.50652 = 1.383 kN

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

MEC424

Frequency Amplitude (Hz) (mm)

(Rad/s)
6.283
12.566 18.850 25.133 31.416 37.700 43.982 50.265 50.894 51.522 52.150 52.779 53.407 54.035 54.664 55.292 55.920 56.548 62.832 69.115 75.398 81.681 87.965

Natural Frequency (Rad/s),

Frequency Ratio

Imbalance NonForce (N) dimensional Amplitude

0

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.9

0.121778198 0.243556396 0.365353977 0.487132175 0.608910373 0.730707953 0.852466769 0.974244967 0.986436355 0.99860836

0 0 0 0 0 0.217 0.434 0.434 0.434

51.5938

1.010780365 1.022971752 1.035143758 1.047315763 1.05950715 1.071679155 1.08385116 1.096023166 1.217820746 1.339598944 1.461377142 1.58315534 1.704952921

26.3478

0.434 0.651 0.651 0.651 0.651 0.651 0.867 0.867 1.301 2.167 2.385 2.167 1.952

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES D. Closed damper at 550mm 1. Natural Frequency

MEC424

= = 8.357 Hz 2. Damping Ratio

=
= = 0.1323
3. Resonance Frequency

= 52.5065
= 51.5793 rad/sec = 8.2091 Hz

4. Frequency Ratio

= = 0.12181243

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES 5. Imbalance Force

MEC424

F0 = mass unbalance x a x = 0.772 x 0.65 x 52.50652 = 1.383 kN

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

MEC424

Frequency Amplitude (Hz) (mm)

(Rad/s)

Natural Frequency (Rad/s),

Frequency Ratio

Imbalance Force (N)

Nondimensional Amplitude

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3

6.283
12.566 18.850 25.133 31.416 37.700 43.982 50.265 50.894 51.522 52.150 52.779 53.407 54.035 54.664 55.292 55.920 56.548 62.832 69.115 75.398 81.681 87.965 0.12181243 0.24362487 0.36545669 0.48726912 0.60908155 0.73091337 0.85270642 0.97451885 0.98671366 0.99888909 0 0 0 0 0 0.217 0.217 0.217 0.217

51.5793

1.01106452 1.02325933 1.03543476 1.04761018 1.059805 1.07198043 1.08415585 1.09633128 1.2181631 1.33997553 1.46178797 1.5836004 1.70543222

26.3478

0.217 0.217 0.217 0.217 0.217 0.434 0.434 0.434 0.651 0.867 0.434 0.434 0.651

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES

MEC424

Frequency Amplitude Versus Versus Amplitude Frequency

1.6 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2

(mm) (mm) Amplitude,a Amplitude,a

1 1 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 4 6 8 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 No Damper No Damper Open Damper (150mm) Open Damper (150mm) Closed Damper (150mm) Closed Damper (150mm) Cloed Damper (550mm) Cloed Damper (550mm)

Frequency, 6 8 f (Hz) 10 Frequency, f (Hz)

Graph 1

Non-dimensional Amplitude Versus Frequency Ratio

Non-dimensional Amplitude (x/(Fo/k)
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 No Damper Open damper at 150mm Closed damper at 150mm Closed damper at 550mm

Frequency Ratio

Graph 2

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES 7.0 DISCUSSION

MEC424

Based on the set of apparatus that had been used in the experiment, we derive a formula from the given measurement for no damper and damped. For damped sections, we conduct two types of experiment which is closed and open damped conditions.. In order to obtain the result, we calculate the natural frequency, resonance frequency, frequency ratio and non-dimensional amplitude. For examples, in a state of no damped condition, the value for natural frequency is 8.357 Hz which is same value with the resonance frequency as the value for damping ratio do not exist. Then from the resonance frequency and natural frequency, we obtained the frequency ratio for this state. Finally we calculated the non- dimensional amplitude after we had calculated the imbalance force. Next, we calculate for the damped conditions. In this state we calculate the natural frequency, resonance frequency, frequency ratio and non-dimensional amplitude for the three given condition which is open damped (150mm), closed damped (150mm) and closed damped (550mm). The natural frequency for the whole given condition is the same which is 8.357 Hz and the reason is because the distance from the spring to origin of the rod and the length of whole rod to the origin is constant for all given condition. But the values for resonance frequency are different for closed damped (150mm) and open damped (150mm) because there are difference in value of damping constant. The damping constant for open damped (150mm) are 5 N.s/m while for close damped (150mm) are 15 N.s/m. Then we calculate the frequency ratio and non-dimensional amplitude as the same for no damped condition. After that, we tabulate all the data into a table which consists of Frequency (Hz), resonance frequency, frequency ratio, and non-dimensional amplitude. From the obtained results, we plotted graph amplitude versus frequency and graph of non- dimensional amplitude versus frequency ratio. Based from the graph of amplitude versus frequency (Graph 1) we can said that the maximum amplitude only occur at 8-12 Hz while from the graph of non-dimensional amplitude versus frequency ratio (Graph 2) we can said that the pattern are almost the same as the previous graph. From the theoretical aspects, our graph are slightly different from the theoretical graph of amplitude versus frequency and non-dimensional amplitude versus frequency ratio. The differences that occur maybe due to the systematic and random error. As for random error, we can said that the elasticity of spring in the machine has decrease from the actual value because it had been used for many times before. This may affect the oscillation of the rod during the experiment and this also may result in the variant of data. Random error also occurred when the frequency of the control unit system become higher. In that condition, the sensitivity of the pencil that is attached to the graph paper becomes loose and this caused the graph to be inaccurate. However, for the systematic error, we can say that there are no possibilities of systematic error occurred during this experiment. There are several precautions that need to be taken in order to improve the accuracy of this experiment. Firstly, the spring needs to be replaced with a good elasticity of spring. Lastly, the pencil also must be attached tightly to the holder so that it does not loose from the holder in order for the graph to be tabulate properly on the graph paper during the high frequency oscillation of the rod.

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LAB DYNAMIC & MACHINES CONCLUSION

MEC424

Based from the experiment, we can say that our experiment is a success although the graph is slightly different from the theoretical graph. We also manage to achieve the objective of this experiment which is to determine the resonance of spring in damping condition. In order for the resonance to happen, the applied frequency and the natural frequency of the object must be the same. Not just that, we also able to derive the formula that is need to be used in this experiment. From this experiment also we learned the important of calculating the resonance frequency and natural frequency so that we can prevent catastrophic disaster such as the collapsed of Tacoma narrow bridge c in the future.

8.0 REFERENCES 1 - Beer, Johnston, Cornwell, Vector Mechanics for Engineers, Ninth Edition, 2010,Mc Graw Hill publications. 2 http ;//www.brown.edu/Departments/Engineering/Courses/En4/Notes/vibrations_forced/vibrations _forced .html 3 - http://fsinet.fsid.cvut.cz/en/u2052/node117.html 4.Vector dynamics and vibration notes, PM dr.zamri,Faculty Of Mechanical Engineering,Uitm Shah Alam,2008

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