Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RESEARCH
NAJAH NADIAH BT. ALIAS
M20082000089
RELATIONSHIP STUDIES
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
PREDICTION STUDIES
Correlational
Research
The definition for correlational research is determination
whether and to what degree variables are related.
Design procedures
x
A Negative Correlation
x
No Correlation
x
No Correlation
x
How to interpret correlation
coefficient?
r= -.75
r=.65
r=.35 r= -.50
r=.00 r= -.10
Common Variance
The area to which variables vary in a systematic
manner.
Interpreted as the percentage of variance in the
criterion variable explained by the predictor
variable
The squared correlation coefficient indicates the
amount of common or shared variation between
the variables. The higher the shared variation is,
the higher the correlation.
Eg: a correlation coefficient of ±0.80 indicates
(0.80)2 or 64% of the variance in the criterion can
be explained by the predictor
Statistical Significance?
Statistical significance refers to:
-whether the obtained coefficient is really
different from zero
- and reflects a true relationship, not an
accidentally relationship.
Statistical significance depends on the sample
size.
Small samples require higher correlations for
significance
Large samples require lower correlations for
significance
Circle Diagrams Illustrating Relationships
Among Variables
RELATIONSHIP STUDIES
Purpose of relationship studies:
Data collection
2. Variation
The greater the variation in scores tend to give
a strong correlation and vise versa.
3. Attenuation
Correlation coefficients are lower when the
instruments being used have low reliability
A correction for attenuation is available, but
should not be used in prediction studies since
predictions must be made based on existing
measures.
PREDICTION STUDIES
If two variables are highly related, scores on one
variables can be used to predict scores on the
other variable.
The purpose of prediction studies:
Prediction studies are often conducted to
facilitate decision about individuals, or to aid in
the selection of individuals.
Also conducted to test variables believed to be
good predictor.
To determine the predictive validity of
measuring
continue…
The variables used to predict is called predictor.
2. Path Analysis
Studies relationships and patterns among a
number of variables, yielding a diagram showing
the direct or indirect relationships between the
variables
Other Correlation Analyses
3. Structural Equation Modeling
A sophisticated form of path analysis providing
greater theoretical validity and statistical
precision clarifying the direct or indirect
interrelationships among variables relative to a
given variable
4. Canonical Correlation
An extension of multiple regression analysis that
produces a correlation based on a group of
predictor variables and a group of criterion
variables
Other Correlation Analyses
5. Factor Analysis
A statistical method for making sense of a large
number of variables.
Approach: group a larger number of variables
into a smaller number of clusters; derive factors
by finding groups of variables that are highly
among each other, but lowly with other
variables; use factors as variables.