\u00ddkinci d\u00fcnya sava\u00fe\u00fdn\u00fdn y\u00fdk\u00fdc\u00fd sonu\u00e7lar\u00fd Avrupa \u00fclkeleri aras\u00fdnda \u00f6ncelikle ekonomik, daha sonra da politik ve savunma alanlar\u00fdnda i\u00febirli\u00f0ine girme ihtiyac\u00fdn\u00fd do\u00f0urmu\u00fetur. Bunu h\u00fdzland\u00fdran da, Marshall yard\u00fdm\u00fd ad\u00fd alt\u00fdnda Avrupa\u2019ya akan sermayenin kendilerini giderek ABD\u2019ye ba\u00f0\u00fdml\u00fd k\u00fdlaca\u00f0\u00fdn\u00fd g\u00f6rmeleridir. Avrupa men\u00feeli yeni bir sermaye piyasas\u00fd kurmak isteyen Bat\u00fd Avrupa \u00fclkeleri, ekonomik potansiyellerini biraraya getirerek, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir Ortak Pazar olu\u00feturmay\u00fd planlam\u00fd\u00fet\u00fdr. Bu ama\u00e7la da ilk etapta Fransa\u2019n\u00fdn \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u00f0\u00fcnde k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve \u00e7eli\u00f0in \u00fcretim ile kullan\u00fdm\u00fdn\u00fdn uluslar\u00fcst\u00fc bir organa b\u00fdrak\u00fdlmas\u00fd kararla\u00fet\u00fdr\u00fdlm\u00fd\u00fe, 1951 Paris S\u00f6zle\u00femesiyle Almanya, Bel\u00e7ika, Fransa, Hollanda, \u00ddtalya ve L\u00fcksemburg aras\u00fdnda kurulan AKT\u00c7 ( Avrupa K\u00f6m\u00fcr ve \u00c7elik Toplulu\u00f0u) ile \u00fcye \u00fclkeler aras\u00fdnda k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve \u00e7elikte g\u00fcmr\u00fck birli\u00f0i uygulamas\u00fd ba\u00felam\u00fd\u00fet\u00fdr. Bu deneme, s\u00f6zkonusu 6 \u00fclkeyi ba\u00feka alanlarda da ekonomik b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u00femeye y\u00f6neltmi\u00fe ve 1957 y\u00fdl\u00fdnda atom enerjisinin bar\u00fd\u00fe\u00e7\u00fd ama\u00e7larla kullan\u00fdm\u00fdn\u00fd \u00f6ng\u00f6ren EUROTOM ile Avrupa Ekonomik Toplulu\u00f0u(AET) kurulmu\u00fetur. AET\u2019ye hukuken ve fiilen uluslararas\u00fd bir kurulu\u00fe olma niteli\u00f0ini kazand\u00fdran Roma Antla\u00femas\u00fd 1 Ocak 1958 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u00f0e girmi\u00fetir. AET\u2019nin nihai hedefi Avrupa\u2019n\u00fdn siyasal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u00f0\u00fc olmu\u00fetur. Bu hedefe ula\u00femak i\u00e7in de \u00f6ncelikle ekonomik dengeyi sa\u00f0lamak \u00fczere \u00fcye \u00fclkeler aras\u00fdnda mallar\u00fdn, hizmetlerin, sermayenin ve eme\u00f0in serbest\u00e7e dola\u00fet\u00fd\u00f0\u00fd bir ortak pazar ve g\u00fcmr\u00fck birli\u00f0i tesis edilmi\u00fetir. B\u00f6ylelikle \u00fcye \u00fclkeler kendi aralar\u00fdnda g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerini s\u00fdf\u00fdra indirip, d\u00fd\u00fe d\u00fcnyaya ortak bir g\u00fcmr\u00fck tarifesi uygulayarak, ticareti engelleyen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u00fdn\u00fdrlamay\u00fd kald\u00fdrmay\u00fd ve d\u00fd\u00fe ticaretlerinin geni\u00felemesini sa\u00f0lamay\u00fd ama\u00e7lam\u00fd\u00felard\u00fdr. Ekonomik a\u00f0\u00fdrl\u00fdkl\u00fd olan birli\u00f0in yap\u00fds\u00fd, 1 Temmuz 1987 tarihli Tek Avrupa Senedi ile \u00f6nemli de\u00f0i\u00feikliklere u\u00f0ram\u00fd\u00fe ve Ortak Pazar hedefi yeniden tarif edilmi\u00fetir. Kurucu Roma Antla\u00femas\u00fd\u2019nda \u00f6nemli de\u00f0i\u00feiklikler yapan tek senet ile art\u00fdk \u00fcye \u00fclkeler aras\u00fdnda ortak bir d\u00fd\u00fe politika olu\u00feturulmas\u00fd ve uygulanmas\u00fd g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u00fetir. Bu ama\u00e7la karar alma s\u00fcrecini h\u00fdzland\u00fdracak tedbirler belirlenmi\u00fe, Avrupa Parlamentosu\u2019nun yetkileri artt\u00fdr\u00fdlm\u00fd\u00fe ve 1957\u2019lerin AET\u2019si, Avrupa Toplulu\u00f0u(AT)\u2019na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u00fet\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u00fet\u00fcr. 1990\u2019l\u00fd y\u00fdllara gelindi\u00f0inde Birli\u00f0in yap\u00fds\u00fd bir kez daha yenilenmi\u00fetir. 7 \u00deubat 1992\u2019de imzalan\u00fdp, 1 Kas\u00fdm 1993\u2019te y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u00f0e giren ve resmi ad\u00fd Avrupa Antla\u00femas\u00fd olan Maastricht Antla\u00femas\u00fd ile Roma Antla\u00femas\u00fd\u2019nda kapsaml\u00fd de\u00f0i\u00feikliklere gidilerek, \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli siyasi hedefler se\u00e7ilmi\u00fetir. Bu hedefler, ortak g\u00fcvenlik ve d\u00fd\u00fe politika ile adalet ve i\u00e7i\u00feleri \u00fczerine bina edilmi\u00fe, ekonomik ve parasal ortakl\u00fdktan, \u00e7evre, t\u00fcketici haklar\u00fd, sa\u00f0l\u00fdk, haberle\u00femeye kadar hemen t\u00fcm alanlarda b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u00feme ama\u00e7lanm\u00fd\u00fet\u00fdr. Bu son d\u00fczenleme ile de g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn Avrupa Birli\u00f0i (AB) do\u00f0mu\u00fetur.

AB\u2019nin bug\u00fcn itibariyle 15 \u00fcyesi vard\u00fdr. Bulgaristan, \u00c7ek Cumhuriyeti, Estonya, K\u00fdbr\u00fds Rum Kesimi, Letonya, Litvanya, Macaristan, Malta, Polonya, Romanya, Slovakya, Slovenya ile T\u00fcrkiye de aday \u00fclke stat\u00fcs\u00fcndedir. Ancak AB ba\u00feta olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm platformlarda, di\u00f0er adaylardan farkl\u00fd bir muamele g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u00f0\u00fc i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 12+1 konumunda oldu\u00f0u ifade edilmektedir.

1957 tarihli Roma Antla\u00femas\u00fd\u2019n\u00fdn y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u00f0e girmesinden sonra 15 Temmuz 1959\u2019da Yunanistan, sadece 16 g\u00fcn sonra da 31 Temmuz 1959\u2019da T\u00fcrkiye toplulu\u00f0a kat\u00fdlmak i\u00e7in m\u00fcracaat etmi\u00fetir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin gerek\u00e7esi, uzun d\u00f6nemde Bat\u00fd Avrupa\u2019da kurulabilecek siyasal bir birli\u00f0in d\u00fd\u00fe\u00fdnda kalmamak ve G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u00f0i i\u00e7inde Yunanistan\u2019a verilecek ticari tavizlerden yoksun olmamakt\u00fd. 4 y\u00fdl s\u00fcren g\u00f6r\u00fc\u00femelerden sonra 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1963\u2019te, T\u00fcrkiye-AET aras\u00fdnda \u201cbir ortakl\u00fdk\u201d kuran Ankara Anla\u00femas\u00fd imzalanm\u00fd\u00fet\u00fdr. 1 Aral\u00fdk 1964 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u00f0e giren anla\u00fema ile, T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin kalk\u00fdnd\u00fdr\u00fdlmas\u00fdn\u00fd h\u00fdzland\u00fdrmak, T\u00fcrk halk\u00fdn\u00fdn istihdam seviyesi ve hayat \u00feartlar\u00fdn\u00fdn y\u00fckseltilmesini sa\u00f0lamak i\u00e7in taraflar aras\u00fdnda ticari, ekonomik ili\u00fekileri aral\u00fdks\u00fdz ve dengeli olarak g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeyi te\u00fevik etmek \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u00fet\u00fcr. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin kalk\u00fdnmas\u00fdna yard\u00fdmc\u00fd olmak \u00fczere de toplulu\u00f0un T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ekonomik yard\u00fdmda bulunmas\u00fd kararla\u00fet\u00fdr\u00fdlm\u00fd\u00fet\u00fdr. B\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrkiye-AET aras\u00fdnda,

ba\u00f0lanm\u00fd\u00fet\u00fdr. Bunlar\u00fdn ger\u00e7ekle\u00femesi i\u00e7in ise \u00f6ncelikle G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u00f0i\u2019nin gittik\u00e7e geli\u00feen \u00feekilde kurulmas\u00fd benimsenerek, haz\u00fdrl\u00fdk, ge\u00e7i\u00fe ve son d\u00f6nem olarak \u00fc\u00e7 a\u00feamal\u00fd bir takvim belirlenmi\u00fetir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Toplulu\u00f0a tam \u00fcye s\u00fdfat\u00fdyla kat\u00fdlabilmesi yolunu a\u00e7\u00fdk tutan Ankara Anla\u00femas\u00fd\u2019nda, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fck s\u00fcresine ili\u00fekin bir h\u00fck\u00fcm yer almamaktad\u00fdr. Buna ili\u00fekin 28. Madde\u2019de, \u201cAnla\u00feman\u00fdn i\u00feleyi\u00fei

Ankara Anla\u00femas\u00fd bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve anla\u00femas\u00fdd\u00fdr. Bu anla\u00femada da, T\u00fcrkiye-AET aras\u00fdnda g\u00fcmr\u00fck birli\u00f0ini tesis eden protokollerde de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen hedef, \u201cdi\u00f0er \u00fcyeler stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde\u201d Avrupa Ekonomik Toplulu\u00f0u\u2019na ya da bug\u00fcn\u00fcn AB\u2019sine girmektir. Anla\u00feman\u00fdn imzaland\u00fd\u00f0\u00fd d\u00f6nemde tek karar mercii Ba\u00febakanl\u00fdk ve D\u00fd\u00fei\u00feleri Bakanl\u00fd\u00f0\u00fd olmu\u00fetur. D\u00f6nemin Ba\u00febakan\u00fd merhum \u00ddsmet \u00ddn\u00f6n\u00fc, bu anla\u00femay\u00fd bozma imkan\u00fdm\u00fdz olup, olmad\u00fd\u00f0\u00fdn\u00fd, ileride istersek \u00e7\u00fdk\u00fdp, \u00e7\u00fdkamayaca\u00f0\u00fdm\u00fdz\u00fd sormu\u00fe, \u201cevet\u201d cevab\u00fdn\u00fd al\u00fdnca Ankara Anla\u00femas\u00fd\u2019n\u00fd onaylam\u00fd\u00fet\u00fdr.

T\u00fcrkiye-AET aras\u00fdnda Ankara Anla\u00femas\u00fd\u2019n\u00fdn imzalanmas\u00fd \u00f6ncesinde de ilgin\u00e7 olaylar ya\u00feanm\u00fd\u00fet\u00fdr. Bu d\u00f6nemi, Merkez Bankas\u00fd\u2019n\u00fdn 20-31 Mart 1995\u2019te Ankara\u2019da d\u00fczenledi\u00f0i Avrupa Birli\u00f0i ve T\u00fcrkiye-AB \u00ddli\u00fekileri E\u00f0itim Program\u00fdnda, d\u00f6nemin T\u00fcrkiye-AT Derne\u00f0i Y\u00f6netim Kurulu Ba\u00fekan\u00fd Prof.Dr. Haluk G\u00fcnu\u00f0ur\u2019un sundu\u00f0u bildiriden aktarmak istiyoruz:

\u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AET ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u00feme stratejisi ba\u00fe\u00fdndan beri Yunanistan\u2019a g\u00f6re belirlenmi\u00feti. Taktik olarak Yunanistan s\u00fcrekli olarak bu ili\u00fekinin G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u00f0i modeline oturtulmas\u00fd gerekti\u00f0ini s\u00f6ylemi\u00fetir. Yani k\u00fdsacas\u00fd G\u00fcmr\u00fck birli\u00f0i ortakl\u00fd\u00f0\u00fd tam \u00fcyeli\u00f0e giden bir entegrasyon modelidir. G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u00f0i asl\u00fdnda son derece ba\u00f0\u00fdml\u00fd bir modeldir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu model ba\u00fevuranlar\u00fd daha sonra tam \u00fcyeli\u00f0e g\u00f6t\u00fcrebilecektir. Yunanistan\u2019la g\u00f6r\u00fc\u00femeler yakla\u00fe\u00fdk 1 ay \u00f6nce ba\u00felam\u00fd\u00fet\u00fdr. Bundan da yararlanarak T\u00fcrk delegasyonu, (Yunanistan\u2019la nas\u00fdl bir model olu\u00feturuyorsan\u00fdz, T\u00fcrkiye ile de ayn\u00fd modeli olu\u00feturun) demi\u00fetir. Yunanistan\u2019la yap\u00fdlan modelin G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u00f0i temeline oturan bir ortakl\u00fdk anla\u00femas\u00fd oldu\u00f0u kesinle\u00feince, T\u00fcrkiye de bundan geri kalmak istememi\u00fetir.\u201d1

Prof. G\u00fcnu\u00f0ur\u2019un verdi\u00f0i bilgiye g\u00f6re, Ankara Anla\u00femas\u00fd 12 \u00deubat 1964\u2019de onaylanmak \u00fczere GATT\u2019a (G\u00fcmr\u00fck Tarifeleri ve Ticaret Genel Anla\u00femas\u00fd- sonradan D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019ne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u00fem\u00fc\u00fet\u00fcr) sunulmu\u00fetur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u00f0i, GATT kurallar\u00fdna istisna te\u00fekil eden bir modeldir ve T\u00fcrkiye GATT \u00fcyesidir. AET ile yap\u00fdlan bu anla\u00fema ile GATT\u2019\u00fdn genel kural\u00fd olan en \u00e7ok kayr\u00fdlan \u00fclke kural\u00fd bir tarafa b\u00fdrak\u00fdlacakt\u00fdr. O d\u00f6nemde Yunanistan, GATT\u2019\u00fdn Ankara Anla\u00femas\u00fdn\u00fd onaylamamas\u00fd i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u00fd\u00fem\u00fd\u00fet\u00fdr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc AET\u2019nin Yunanistan ile yapt\u00fd\u00f0\u00fd Atina Anla\u00femas\u00fd ve T\u00fcrkiye ile yapt\u00fd\u00f0\u00fd Ankara Anla\u00femas\u00fd aras\u00fdnda farkl\u00fdl\u00fdk vard\u00fdr. Atina Anla\u00femas\u00fd ile g\u00fcmr\u00fckler AT\u2019a kar\u00fe\u00fd do\u00f0rudan indirilirken, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye 5 y\u00fdll\u00fdk bir haz\u00fdrl\u00fdk d\u00f6nemi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u00fet\u00fcr. \u00ddnan\u00fdlmaz ama bize bir ayr\u00fdcal\u00fdk tan\u00fdnm\u00fd\u00fet\u00fdr. Di\u00f0er AB \u00fcyesi \u00fclkelerin bask\u00fds\u00fd ile Yunanistan itiraz\u00fdn\u00fd geri \u00e7ekmi\u00fese de GATT, Ankara Anla\u00femas\u00fdn\u00fd onaylamam\u00fd\u00fe, ileride G\u00fcmr\u00fck Birli\u00f0i ile ilgili takvim sunuldu\u00f0unda de\u00f0erlendirilece\u00f0ini bildirmi\u00fetir. K\u00fdsacas\u00fd GATT, Ankara Anla\u00femas\u00fd\u2019n\u00fd onaylamam\u00fd\u00fe ama reddetmemi\u00fetir de. GATT 1 Ocak 1973\u2019te Katma Protokol\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u00f0e girmesinden sonra Ankara Anla\u00femas\u00fd\u2019na \u00e7er\u00e7eve anla\u00femas\u00fd olarak onay vermi\u00fetir.