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09/01/06 1
December 2005
 
Technology Report 3: Wiredbroadband solutions for ruralEurope
 
Technology Report 3: Wired Broadband solutions for rural Europe
December 2005 2
Introduction
While telecommunications started from deploying isolated links thatdirectly connect two points, and developed through the stages of isolatedislands and networks dedicated to certain applications, thetelecommunications environment of today should rather be viewed as anintegrated global network. It may unite a number of different transporttechnologies to cooperate for serving an individual application, as well aslet multiple applications share common transport networks.The latter fact significantly changes the way in which building of networksshould be approached today. From a deep engineering task, usuallyresulting in development of proprietary systems,the accent is being shifted to integration of allkinds of standardised technologies. This trend isespecially intensified by digitalisation of services,which makes everything moving towards whatwould be looking more like universal datanetworking.Two aspects of viewing the networks should beclearly understood and distinguished:
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Technology. This is the engineering part. It includes all kinds ofhardware a software means that provide physical media alongwith the due access techniques, modulation and transmission ofinformation between endpoints, interfaces letting applications toaccess services.
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Operation. This deals with integrating and selling end-to-endservices to the ultimate users. Network operators usetechnologies that they own themselves or lease from somebodyelse, as well as cooperate with other operators, to ultimately gettheir users either connected between them or having access tothe needed resources.
 
Technology Report 3: Wired Broadband solutions for rural Europe
December 2005 3
Physical media
The purpose of the physical layer is to transport a raw bit stream from onemachine to another. Various physical media can be used for the actualtransmission. Each one has its own niche in terms of bandwidth, delay,cost, and ease of installation and maintenance. Media are roughlygrouped into guided media, such as copper wire and fiber optics, andunguided media, such as radio and lasers through the air.
Cooper
Copper wire
has been used for many years as the mainstay of signaltransmission. It has low electrical resistance, so the loss due to currentflowing in the wires is quite small. It is very easy to work; it can be bentand straightened many times withoutbreaking, i.e. it is malleable. Copperwire cable used in telecommunicationscomes in two varieties:
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Twisted pair - Twisted pair datacables for LANs are specifiedas categories 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7.Most used is CAT-5, specifiedby standards TIA/EIA 568A,ISO/IEC 11801, EN 50173.
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Coaxial pair - The 75-ohm cable is commonly used for analoguetransmission, including cable TV networks.
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The 50-ohm cable is commonly used in data networks.
Fiber
Fiber optics
, compared tocopper wires, is a relativelynew technology. The fiber opticcables are more expensive inproduction and maintenance,but they offer significantly morebandwidth, hence highertransmission speeds. Severalvarieties of optic cables exist
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