A Textbook of Machine Design

2.12.12.12.12.1IntrIntrIntrIntrIntroductionoductionoductionoductionoduction

The knowledge of materials and their properties is of great significance for a design engineer. The machineelements should be made of such a material which hasproperties suitable for the conditions of operation. Inaddition to this, a design engineer must be familiar withthe effects which the manufacturing processes and heattreatment have on the properties of the materials. In thischapter, we shall discuss the commonly used engineeringmaterials and their properties in Machine Design.

2.22.22.22.22.2Classification of Engineering MaterialsClassification of Engineering MaterialsClassification of Engineering MaterialsClassification of Engineering MaterialsClassification of Engineering Materials

The engineering materials are mainly classified as :

Metals and their alloys, such as iron, steel,copper, aluminium, etc.

Non-metals, such as glass, rubber, plastic, etc.The metals may be further classified as :(

)Ferrous metals, and (

) Non-ferrous metals.

Engineering Materials andtheir Properties

1.Introduction.2.Classification of Engineering Materials.3.Selection of Materials for Engineering Purposes.4.Physical Properties of Metals.5.Mechanical Properties of Metals.6.Ferrous Metals.7.Cast Iron.9.Alloy Cast Iron.10.Effect of Impurities on Cast Iron.11.Wrought Iron.12.Steel.15.Effect of Impurities on Steel.16.Free Cutting Steels.17.Alloy Steels.19.Stainless Steel.20.Heat Resisting Steels.21.Indian Standard Designation of High Alloy Steels (Stainless Steel and Heat Resisting Steel).22.High Speed Tool Steels.23.Indian Standard Designation of High Speed Tool Steel.24.Spring Steels.25.Heat Treatment of Steels.26.Non-ferrous Metals.27.Aluminium.28.Aluminium Alloys.29.Copper.30.Copper Alloys.31.Gun Metal.32.Lead.33.Tin.34.Bearing Metals.35.Zinc Base Alloys.36.Nickel Base Alloys.37.Non-metallic Materials.

CHAPTER

CONTENTS

ONTENTS

CONTENTS

ONTENTS

Engineering Materials and their Properties

*The word ‘ferrous’ is derived from a latin word ‘ferrum’ which means iron.

The*

ferrous metals

are those which have theiron as their main constituent, such as cast iron,wrought iron and steel.The

non-ferrous

metals are those which havea metal other than iron as their main constituent,such as copper, aluminium, brass, tin, zinc, etc.

2.32.32.32.32.3Selection of Materials forSelection of Materials forSelection of Materials forSelection of Materials forSelection of Materials forEngineering PurposesEngineering PurposesEngineering PurposesEngineering PurposesEngineering Purposes

The selection of a proper material, forengineering purposes, is one of the most difficultproblem for the designer. The best material is onewhich serve the desired objective at the minimumcost. The following factors should be consideredwhile selecting the material :

Availability of the materials,

Suitability of the materials for the work-ing conditions in service, and

The cost of the materials.The important properties, which determine theutility of the material are physical, chemical and mechanical properties. We shall now discuss thephysical and mechanical properties of the material in the following articles.

2.42.42.42.42.4PhPhPhPhPhysical Prysical Prysical Prysical Prysical Properoperoperoperoperties of Metalsties of Metalsties of Metalsties of Metalsties of Metals

The physical properties of the metals include luster, colour, size and shape, density, electric andthermal conductivity, and melting point. The following table shows the important physical propertiesof some pure metals.

A filament of bulb needs a material like tungsten which can withstand high temperatures without undergoing deformation.

CopperAluminiumZincIronLead

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A Textbook of Machine Design

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MetalDensityMelting pointThermalCoefficient of conductivitylinear expansion at (kg/m

)(°C)(W/m°C) 20°C (

m/m/°C)

Aluminium270066022023.0Brass845095013016.7Bronze873010406717.3Cast iron7250130054.59.0Copper89001083393.516.7Lead11 40032733.529.1Monel metal8600135025.214.0Nickel8900145363.212.8Silver10 50096042018.9Steel7850151050.211.1Tin74002326721.4Tungsten19 30034102014.5Zinc720041911333.0Cobalt8850149069.212.4

Molybdenum10 2002650134.8Vanadium60001750—7.75

2.52.52.52.52.5Mechanical PrMechanical PrMechanical PrMechanical PrMechanical Properoperoperoperoperties of Metalsties of Metalsties of Metalsties of Metalsties of Metals

The mechanical properties of the metals are those which are associated with the ability of thematerial to resist mechanical forces and load. These mechanical properties of the metal include strength,stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness, resilience, creep andhardness. We shall now discuss these properties as follows:

Strength

It is the ability of a material to resist the externally applied forces without breakingor yielding. The internal resistance offered by a part to an externally applied force is called*stress.

Stiffness

It is the ability of a material to resist deformation under stress. The modulus of elasticity is the measure of stiffness.

Elasticity

It is the property of a material to regain its original shape after deformation whenthe external forces are removed. This property is desirable for materials used in tools and machines.It may be noted that steel is more elastic than rubber.

Plasticity

It is property of a material which retains the deformation produced under loadpermanently. This property of the material is necessary for forgings, in stamping images on coins andin ornamental work.

Ductility

It is the property of a material enabling it to be drawn into wire with the applica-tion of a tensile force. A ductile material must be both strong and plastic. The ductility is usuallymeasured by the terms, percentage elongation and percentage reduction in area. The ductile materialcommonly used in engineering practice (in order of diminishing ductility) are mild steel, copper,aluminium, nickel, zinc, tin and lead.

Note :

The ductility of a material is commonly measured by means of percentage elongation and percentagereduction in area in a tensile test. (Refer Chapter 4, Art. 4.11).*For further details, refer Chapter 4 on Simple Stresses in Machine Parts.