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Conformal Gravity, Maxwell andYang-Mills Unification in
4
D
from aClifford Gauge Field Theory
Carlos CastroCenter for Theoretical Studies of Physical SystemsClark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA. 30314, castro@ctps.cau.eduMarch 2009
Abstract
A model of Emergent Gravity with the observed Cosmological Constantfrom a BF-Chern-Simons-Higgs Model is revisited which allows to show howa Conformal Gravity, Maxwell and
SU 
(2)
×
SU 
(2)
×
U 
(1)
×
U 
(1) Yang-MillsUnification model in
four
dimensions can be attained from a Clifford GaugeField Theory in a very natural and geometric fashion.
Keywords
: C-space Gravity, Clifford Algebras, Grand Unification.
1 Emergent Gravity andCosmological Constantfrom a BF-Chern-Simons-Higgs Model
In this introduction we shall review how Einstein Gravity with the observedCosmological Constant emerges from a BF-Chern-Simons-Higgs Model [1]. The4
D
action is inspired from a BF-CS model defined on the boundary of the open5
D
tubular region
D
2
×
R
3
, where
D
2
is the open domain of the two-dim disk.For instance,
AdS 
4
has the topology of 
S 
1
×
R
3
which can be seen as the
lateral
boundary of the tubular region
D
2
×
R
3
. The upper/lower boundaries at
±∞
of the open tubular region have a topology of 
D
2
×
S 
2
. The relevant BF-CS-Higgs
inspired
action is based on the isometry group of 
AdS 
4
space given by
SO
(3
,
2),that also coincides with the conformal group of the 3-dim
projective
boundaryof 
AdS 
4
of topology
S 
1
×
S 
2
. The action involves the
SO
(3
,
2) valued gauge fields
A
ABµ
and a family of Higgs scalars
φ
A
that are
SO
(3
,
2) vector-valued 0-formsand the indices run from
A
= 1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5. The action is comprised of an integral1
 
associated with the open tubular 5-dim region
M 
5
and an integral associatedwith the 4-dim boundary
M 
4
. It can be written in a compact notation usinggauge-covariant differential forms as
S 
BF 
−
CS
−
Higgs
=
 
M 
4
φ F 
∧
F 
+
φ d
A
φ
∧
d
A
φ
∧
d
A
φ
∧
d
A
φ
−
 
M 
5
V 
H 
(
φ
)
d
A
φ
∧
d
A
φ
∧
d
A
φ
∧
d
A
φ
∧
d
A
φ.
(1)Strictly speaking, because we are using a
covariantized
exterior differential
d
A
=
d
+
A
operator, we don’t have the standard BF-CS theory. For this reasonwe use the terminology BF-CS-Higgs inspired model. The 5
D
origins of theBF-CS inspired action is due to the correspondence
 
D
2
×
R
3
dφ
∧
F 
∧
F 
←→
 
D
2
×
R
3
B
∧
F 
4
. B
=
dφ. F 
4
=
F 
∧
F.
(2)and
 
D
2
×
R
3
dφ
∧
F 
∧
F 
=
 
M 
4
φ F 
∧
F 
 
D
2
×
R
3
dφ
∧
dφ
∧
dφ
∧
dφ
∧
dφ
=
 
M 
4
φ dφ
∧
dφ
∧
dφ
∧
dφ.
(3)after an integration by parts when
d
is the
ordinary
exterior differential operatorobeying
d
2
= 0 and
F 
=
dA
. When one uses the gauge-covariant exteriordifferential
d
A
=
d
+
A
,
F 
and
F 
∧
F 
fields satisfy the Bianchi-identity:
F 
=
d
A
A
=
dA
+
A
∧
A. d
2
A
φ
=
Fφ
= 0
. d
2
A
A
=
d
A
F 
= 0
⇒
d
A
(
F 
∧
F 
) = 0
.
(4)The Higgs-like potential is:
V 
H 
(
φ
) =
κ
(
η
AB
φ
A
φ
B
−
v
2
)
2
;
η
AB
= (+
,
+
,
+
,
−
,
−
)
. κ
=
constant.
(5)The gauge covariant exterior differential is defined:
d
A
=
d
+
A
so that
d
A
φ
=
dφ
+
A
∧
φ
and the
SO
(3
,
2)-valued field strength
F 
=
dA
+
A
∧
A
correspondsto the
SO
(3
,
2)-valued gauge fields in the adjoint representation
A
ABµ
=
A
abµ
;
A
5
aµ
;
a,b
= 1
,
2
,
3
,
4
.
(6)which, after symmetry breaking, will be later identified as the Lorentz spin con-nection
ω
abµ
and the vielbein field respectively:
A
5
aµ
=
λ e
aµ
where
λ
is the inversescale of the throat of 
AdS 
4
. Notice that the scalars Φ
A
are
dimensionless
andso is the parameter
κ
, compared to the usual Higgs scalars in 4
D
of dimen-sions of 
mass
. Also, the action (1) does not have the standard kinetic terms
g
µν
(
D
µ
ϕ
)(
D
ν
ϕ
).The Lie algebra
SO
(3
,
2) generators obey the commutation relations:[
M 
AB
,M 
CD
] =
η
BC 
M 
AD
−
η
AC 
M 
BD
+
η
AD
M 
BC 
−
η
BD
M 
AC 
.
(7)2
 
We will show next how gravitational actions with the observed cosmologicalconstant can be obtained from an action
inspired
from a BF-CS-Higgs theory.If one writes the action (1) explicitly in terms of coordinates, one can see that itis spacetime covariant since the metric factors in the products of the covariantepsilon symbol and measures [
 
|
g
|
d
n
x
] [
µ
1
µ
2
.....µn
√
|
g
|
] cancel out as they should.In this sense one may view the action (1) as being ”topological” due to thefact that the metric does not appear explicitly. Different actions where thescalars play the role of a Jacobian-like measure have been proposed by [2].Before we continue with our derivation we must emphasize that our action(1) (and procedure) is not the
same
as the action studied by [3]; we have acovariantized Chern-Simons term instead of a Jacobian-squared expression andit is not
necessary
to choose a preferred volume, leaving a residual invarianceunder volume-preserving diffeomorphisms, in order to retrieve the MacDowell-Mansouri-Chamseddine-West (MMCW) action for gravity [4], [5].We shall perform a separate minimization of the 4
D
and 5
D
terms. TheHiggs-like potential is minimized at tree level when the
vev
(vacuum expectationvalues) are
< φ
5
>
=
v. < φ
a
>
= 0
. a
= 1
,
2
,
3
,
4
..
(8)which means that one is freezing-in at each spacetime point the internal 5 di-rection of the internal space of the group
SO
(3
,
2). Using these conditions(8) in the definitions of the gauge covariant derivatives acting on the internal
SO
(3
,
2)-vector-valued spacetime scalars
φ
A
(
x
), we have that at tree level:
µ
φ
5
=
∂ 
µ
φ
5
+
A
5
aµ
φ
a
= 0;
µ
φ
a
=
∂ 
µ
φ
a
+
A
abµ
φ
b
+
A
a
5
µ
φ
5
=
A
a
5
µ
v.
(9)A variation of the action (1) w.r.t the scalars
φ
a
yields the zero torsion condi-tion after imposing the results (8, 9)
solely after
the variations have been takenplace. Therefore it is not necessary to impose by hand the zero torsion condi-tion like in the MMCW procedure. Despite that the v.e.v of 
φ
a
(
a
= 1
,
2
,
34)are 0 one must not forget the constraint equations which arise from their vari-ation. Thus, varying the action w.r.t the
φ
a
yields the
SO
(3
,
2)-covariantizedEuler-Lagrange equations that lead naturally to the zero torsion
T 
aµν
condition(without having to impose it by hand)
δS δφ
a
−
d
A
δS δ
(
d
A
φ
a
)= 0
⇒
F 
5
b
∧
F 
cd
abcd
= 0
⇒
F 
5
bµν
=
T 
bµν
=
∂ 
µ
e
bν
+
ω
bcµ
e
cν
−
µ
↔
ν 
= 0
⇒
ω
bcµ
=
ω
bcµ
(
e
aµ
)
∼
e
νb
∂ 
ν
e
cµ
−
e
νc
∂ 
ν
e
bµ
.
(10)and one recovers the standard Levi-Civita (spin) connection in terms of the(vielbein) metric. A variation w.r.t the remaining
φ
5
scalar yields after usingthe relation
A
a
5
µ
=
λe
aµ
:
F 
abµν
F 
cdρτ 
abcd
5
µνρτ 
+ 5
λ
4
v
4
e
aµ
e
bν
e
cρ
e
dτ 
abcd
5
µνρτ 
= 0
⇒
3
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