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MORAL CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMSMORAL CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMSMORAL CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMSMORAL CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS

By : Mark Arvin Cembrano

This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0Philippines License.

Table of Content:

James Rachel

………………………………………………………………………………………...…3

Egoism and Moral Skepticism

……………………………………………………………………….3

John Arthur

………………………………………………………………………………………..…….6

Religion, Morality, and Conscience

…………………………………………………………………6

Friedrich Nietzsche

…………………………………………………………………………………….9

Master and Slavery Morality

………………………………………………………………………….9

Mary Midgley

…………………………………………………………………………………………..11

Trying out One’s New Sword

……………………………………………………………………….11

John Stuart Mill

………………………………………………………………………………………..14

Utilitarianism

…………………………………………………………………………………………..14

James Rachel

....................................................................................................................…....17

The Debate over Utilitarianism

……………………………………………………………………..17

Emanuel Kant

………………………………………………………………………………………….20

Categorical Imperative

............................................................................................................20

Aristotle

…………………………………………………………………………………………………22

Happiness and Virtues

……………………………………………………………………………….22

Joel Feinberg

…………………………………………………………………………………………..25

The Nature and Value of the Right

…………………………………………………………………25

Ronald Dworkins

…………………………………………………………………………………...…27

Taking Right Seriously

……………………………………………………………………………….27

John Rawl

………………………………………………………………………………………………30

A Theory of Justice

…………………………………………………………………………………...30

Annette Baier

…………………………………………………………………………………………..32

The Need for More than Justice

……………………………………………………………………32

Contemporary Moral Problem Chapter 1: Egoism and Moral Skepticism

Library Reference: N/A

Amazon:http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-James-White/dp/0495553204

Quote:

“Psychological egoism has a view that all men are selfish in everything that they do, thatis, that the only motive from which anyone ever acts is self-interest “

- James Rachel

Learning Expectations:

My learning expectation is to know what this theory message and to gain knowledgealong the way that I can apply to life what I have just learned

Review:

Egoism and moral scientism was presented by James Rachel’s. He has written severalbooks like vegetarianism and animal rights, preferential quotas, the humanitarian use ofeuthanasia and the idea that parents should give as much fundamental moral consideration toanother's children as they do to their own. This particular chapter of the book talks aboutEgoism and Moral Scientism, which is a two part where in Psychological Egoism and EthicalEgoism. He also argued about the legend of Gyges where in the story that was taken from thebook of Plato, to cut the story short there is a shepherd who found a magical ring that can makehim invisible; he used that power for gain. Rachel’s tells Gloucon that the action will be thesame for a person who a rogue and the virtues man .Psychological Egoism has a view that allmen are selfish in everything that they do, that is, that the only motive from which anyone everacts is self-interest. On this view, even when men are acting in ways apparently calculated tobenefit others, they are actually motivated by the belief that acting in this way to their ownadvantage as said in the book. While Ethical Egoism is, by contrast, a normative view abouthow men ought to act, It is the view that, regardless of how men do in fact behave, they have noobligation to do anything except what is in their own interest, regarding less of the effect onothers as said also in the book. They have also argument which is support psychologicalegoism for example if we describe one person’s action as unselfish, we are overlooking thecrucial fact that in both cases, assuming that the action is done voluntarily, the agent is onlydoing what he wants to do as said in the book. To make it simple the first argument says thatthe action of helping a person is an act of selfishness because in action of a person who wantsto help is doing it for himself because is motive is for his self gain. The second argument forpsychological egoism is this. Since so called unselfish actions always produce sense of selfsatisfaction in agent, since this sense of satisfaction is a pleasant state of consciousness, itfollows that the point of the action is really to achieve a pleasant state of consciousness, ratherthan to bring about any good for others as stated on the book.

What I’ve learned

I’ve learned that the view of James Rachel is more on saying that man is Selfish and heonly cares for himself which is false for me. But to make it clearer I have learned thatPsychological Egoism is more on doing things for your own gain even if it’s helping others, it’smainly focusing on this topic of some more arguments about the psychological egoism and the