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No. 07-1372
In the
Supreme Court of the United States
 
Ë
 HAWAII, et al.,
 Petitioners,
v.OFFICE OFHAWAIIAN AFFAIRS, et al.,
Respondents.
 
Ë
 
On Writ of Certiorarito the Supreme Court of Hawaii
 
Ë
 
BRIEF AMICUS CURIAE OFPACIFIC LEGAL FOUNDATION,THE CATO INSTITUTE, AND THECENTER FOR EQUAL OPPORTUNITYIN SUPPORT OF PETITIONERS
 
Ë
 
R
OBERT
H.
 
T
HOMAS
Of Counsel
Pacific Legal FoundationHawaii CenterP.O. Box 3619Honolulu, Hawaii 96811Telephone: (808) 733-3373Damon Key LeongKupchak Hastert1003 Bishop Street1600 Pauahi TowerHonolulu, Hawaii 96813Telephone: (808) 531-8031J
OHN
H.
 
F
INDLEY 
Counsel of Record
R
 ALPH
W.
 
K 
 ASARDA 
Pacific Legal Foundation3900 Lennane Drive,Suite 200Sacramento, California 95834Telephone: (916) 419-7111Facsimile: (916) 419-7747I
LYA 
S
HAPIRO
The Cato Institute1000 Mass. Ave. NWWashington, DC 20001Telephone: (202) 842-0200
Counsel for Amici Curiae Pacific Legal Foundation,the Cato Institute, and the Center for Equal Opportunity
 
i
QUESTION PRESENTED
In the Joint Resolution to Acknowledge the 100th Anniversary of the January 17, 1893, Overthrow of theKingdom of Hawaii, Congress acknowledged andapologized for the United States’ role in thatoverthrow. The question here is whether this symbolicresolution strips Hawaii of its sovereign authority tosell, exchange, or transfer 1.2 million acres of stateland—29% of the total land area of the State andalmost all the land owned by the State—unless anduntil it reaches a political settlement with nativeHawaiians about the status of that land.
 
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTSPage
QUESTION PRESENTED....................iTABLE OF AUTHORITIES..................ivIDENTITY AND INTERESTOF AMICI CURIAE.....................1STATEMENT OF THE CASE.................3SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT..................5 ARGUMENT...............................8I.RACE-BASED GOVERNMENTIS IMPERMISSIBLE UNDERCONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLESOF EQUAL PROTECTION...............8 A.This Court Already Held in
Rice
Thatthe Terms “Native Hawaiian” and“Hawaiian” Are Racial Classifications...9B.Government Action Providing forRace-Based Claims to the CededLands Fails Strict Scrutiny...........12C.Determining Who Should BeClassified as a “Native Hawaiian”or “Hawaiian” Is Repugnantto Our ConstitutionalIdeals of Equal Protection............18II.THE INDIAN COMMERCE CLAUSEDOES NOT PROVIDE A BASIS FORLAWS THAT GRANT PREFERENCESTO NATIVE HAWAIIANS...............23
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