IC Temperature Sensors

Jared Bench ECE 5320 Spring 2004

Contents
Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

Why IC Temperature Sensors Limitations/Advantages IC Temperature Sensors Explained Types of IC Sensors Interfacing Applications Conclusions
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References
Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

Claire O'Keeffe and Brian Black, Choosing an IC Temperature Sensor http://www.electronicproducts.com/ IC Temperature Sensors Find the Hot Spots, http://www.maxim-ic.com/ Jay Scolio, Temperature Sensor ICs Simplify Designs, Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. MAX675 Data Sheet, Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. National Semiconductors Temp Sensor Handbook, www.national.com/appinfo/tempsensors/files/temphb.pdf National Semiconductors Analog University, www.national.com/AU/design/1,4678,18_0_,00.html

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Further Reading
Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

List of Vendors, http://temperatures.com/semivendors.html Introduction to Semiconductor Temperature Sensors, www.capgo.com/Resources/ Temperature/Semiconductor/Semi.html Sensor Industry Developments and Trends, Sensor Business Digest, September 2004 Tons of Temperature Sensor Information, http://temperature-measurement.globalspec.com/ Computer Interfacing Example, http://www.iguanalabs.com/tempture.htm http://www.temperatures.com/forum/

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Why Monitor Temperature

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

Monitoring Temperature is becoming more important as electronic systems become increasingly dense and powerhungry. Systems are affected by temperature extremes Components may be damaged if the temperature falls outside the operating range.
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Desired Sensor Characteristics

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

Accuracy Practicality Reliability High Precision Easy to Interface Linearity Wide Range
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Common Temperature Sensors

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

Thermistors Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) Infrared (IR) Thermocouples IC Temperature Sensors

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IC Temp Sensors at a Glance

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

Varied array of functions, features, and interfaces. Capabilities:

Report both local and remote temperatures Monitor other system parameters Control fans Warn when a specific temperature is exceeded.

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IC Temp Sensor Advantages

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

Small and simple Accurate Inexpensive No linearization or cold-junction compensation is required. External or internal hot spots can be monitored. Generally provide better noise immunity through higher-level output signals. Easy to interface with other devices such as amplifiers, regulators, DSPs, and microcontrollers.

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Linearity

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

IC Temp Sensors are highly linear.

The linearity of thermistors and Si temp sensors is contrasted below.

Image: Maxim Integrated Products

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IC Temp Sensor Limitations

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

The use of IC temperature sensors is limited to applications where the temperature is within a 55 to 150C range.

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Principle of IC Temp Sensors

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

Operation of IC temperature sensors is based on the behavior of silicon PN junctions as a function of temperature.

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IC Temperature Sensor Theory

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

A current is forced through two PN junctions with different active areas. The difference between the forward voltages on the two junctions is proportional to absolute temperature: V1 - V2 = (kT/q) ln(J1/J2)
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IC Temperature Sensor Theory

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

V1 - V2 = (kT/q) ln(J1/J2) Thus the difference in forward voltage is directly proportional to absolute temperature

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IC Temperature Sensor Theory

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

With accurate forcing of the two current levels, temperature can be calculated from a measured VBE almost without regard to the initial forward voltage, physical size of the junction, leakage, or other junction characteristics.

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IC Temperature Sensor Theory

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

The excessive leakage currents characteristic of silicon PN junctions limits the temperature for IC-based sensors to about 200C. These currents double with every 10C rise in temperature, causing malfunctions in bandgap references and signal-conditioning circuitry.
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Types of IC Temp Sensors

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

Classified according to the input source and output-signaling method. Two main types of IC temperature sensors:

Analog

Produce a voltage or current proportional to temperature Include an integrated A/D converter Can include other features such as voltage monitoring, fan control, and over or under limit alarms.

Digital

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Representative Temperature Sensors

Device Measures Output Interface Package Comments Very stable, immune to linevoltage drops in remote sensing, good noise immunity Often combined with a voltage reference or other building blocks, shunt and buffered-VOUT types available

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions
Dallas Semiconductor DS1621, National Semiconductor, LM75 and LM78, Linear Technology LT1392 Package temperature Serial digital interface SO-8, SO-16 TMP01, TC620, Maxim MAX6502 Package temperature Thermostat logic output SOT-23 Analog Devices AD590 Package temperature Analog current SO-8

Maxim MAX675, REF-01, LM45, Analog Devices AD22103

Package temperature

Analog voltage

SO-8 or SOT-23

Built-in analog comparators, usually with adjustable hysteresis

I2C, SPI, SMBus interfaces; sometimes built into large, multifunction A/D-converter ICs

Maxim MAX1617

Remote diode junction

Serial digital interface

16-pin QSOP

SMBus interface; monitors CPU temperatures directly

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Analog Sensors

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

An ideal analog sensor provides an output voltage that is a perfectly linear function of temperature
Images: Maxim Integrated Products

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Analog Plus Sensors

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

"Analog Plus" sensors are available with various types of digital outputs. The "plus" added to the analog temperature sensor can be a comparator such that logic output trips when temperature passes a preset threshold. Other types of "plus" sensor relay temperature data in the form of the delay time after the part has been strobed, or in the form of the frequency or the period of a square wave.

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Digital I/O Sensors

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

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Digital temperature data is passed to the microcontroller, usually via a serial bus. Data is sent to the temperature sensor from the microcontroller along the same bus, usually to set the temperature limit at which the alert pin's digital output will trip. An interrupt is sent to the microcontroller when the temperature limit has been exceeded. May also provide fan control.
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System Monitor Sensors

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

In addition to the functions provided by the digital I/O type, this type of device commonly monitors the system supply voltages, providing an alarm when voltages rise above or sink below limits set via the I/O bus. Fan monitoring and/or control can also be included in this type of IC. In some cases, this class of device is used to determine whether a fan is working. More complex versions control the fan as a function of one or more measured temperatures.

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Types of Interfaces
Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

Interfaces include:

Single wire Pulse Width Modulation (PMW) Two wire I2C and SMBus

Used mostly in PC and communications applications Serial interface common in non-PC environments Microcontroller gives instructions to the temperature sensor.

Three or four wire SPI protocols.

Can also be bi-directional

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Applications
Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles

Remote Temperature Monitor

Measures two temperatures

Local Temperature Temperature of a remote location using a diode connected transistor

Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

Very useful in space constrained applications May be integrated on a microprocessor chip

Eliminates the inaccuracy that results from a thermal resistance path between the sensor and chip. Facilitates the ability to increase clock speed without exceeding thermal capabilities. Can be used as a sensor for clock throttling.

Used in almost every electronic system larger than a pager.

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CPU Temperature Sensor

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

A user-programmable temperature sensor monitors the temperature of a remote CPU's on-chip PN junction.

Image: Maxim Integrated Products

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Remote Temperature Sensor

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

This user programmable temperature sensor can monitor its own local temperature and the temperatures of four remote PN junctions.

Image: Maxim Integrated Products

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Distributed Temperature Sensing

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

Here a microcontroller strobes eight temperature sensors connected on a common line and receives the temperature data transmitted from each sensor on the same line.

Image: Maxim Integrated Products 27/32

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Applications
Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

Monitoring systems

Systems requiring thermal monitoring and control may require monitoring of other system parameters

Power supply Internal voltages and currents DC offsets of critical signals.

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Digital Fan Controller

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

A fan controller/temperature sensor IC can use either a PWM or a linear mode control scheme.

Image: Maxim Integrated Products

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Analog Plus Heater Controller

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

A temperature sensor can transmit a square wave whose frequency is proportional to temperature as part of a heater controller circuit.

Image: Maxim Integrated Products

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Digital Over-Temp Indicator

Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

This sensor can signal when a temperature has been exceeded Well suited for:

Over or undertemperature alarms On/off fan control.

Image: Maxim Integrated Products
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Conclusions
Introduction Limitations & Advantages Working Principles Sensor Types Interfacing Applications Conclusions

IC Temperature Sensors:

Are small and inexpensive Have desirable sensor characteristics Are available in many interface types Can be easily integrated into existing systems Have many practical applications

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