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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]

SUBJECT NAME: ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY SUBJECT CODE: EE 2202 BRANCH: EEE SEMESTER: III UNIT III CONTENTS:
1.Lorentz Law of force 2. Magnetic field intensity 3. Biotsavart Law 4. Ampere s Law

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5. Magnetic field due to straight conductors 6. Magnetic flux density (B) 7. Magnetic materials 8. Boundary conditions 9. Scalar and vector potential 10. Torque 11. Magnetic circuits.

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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]

1. FORCE ON A MOVING CHARGE: In electric field, force on a charged particle is F=QE Force is in the same direction as the electric field intensity (positive charge) A charged particle in motion in a magnetic field force magnitude is proportional to the product of magnitudes of the charge Q, its velocity V and the flux density B and to the sine of the angle between the vectors V and B. The direction of force is perpendicular to both V and B and is given by a unit vector in the direction of V x B. The force may therefore be expressed as F=QV x B

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Force on a moving particle due to combined electric and magnetic fields is obtained by superposition. F=Q (E + V x B) This equation is known as Lorentz force equation. 1.1 FORCE ON A DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT ELEMENT: The force on a charged particle moving through a steady magnetic field may be written as the differential; force exerted on a differential element of charge. dF = dQ Convection current density in terms of the velocity of the volume charge density Differential element of charge may also be expressed in terms of volume charge density. dQ = v dv Thus, dF = v dvVxB

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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]

dF = JxBdv

JdV is the differential current element Jdv = Kds = IdL

Lorentz force equation may be applied to surface current density. dF = KxBds

Differential current element

dF = IdLxB
Integrating the above equations over a volume, surface open or closed F=

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vol

JxBdv

F = KxBds
s

To a straight conductor in a uniform magnetic field F= IdLxB = I BxdL

F = ILxB

The magnitude of the force is given by the familiar equation F=BILsin

Where is the angle between the vectors representing the direction of the current flow and direction of the magnetic flux density.

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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]

2. MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY: The quantitative measure of strongness or weakness of the magnetic field is given by magnetic field intensity or magnetic field strength. The magnetic field intensity at any point in the magnetic field is defined as the force experienced by a unit north pole of one Weber strength, when placed at that point. The magnetic flux lines are measured in webers (wb) while magnetic field intensity is measured in newtons/weber or amperes per metre (AT/m) It is denoted as H. It is a vector quantity. This is similar to the electric field intensity E in electrostatics.

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3. BIOT-SAVART LAW: The law of biot savart then states that at any point P the magnitude of the magnetic field intensity produced by the differential element is proportional to the product of the current, the magnitude of the differential length, and the sine of the angle lying between the filament and a line connecting the filament to the point P .the magnitude of the magnetic field intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the differential element to the point P. dH = IdLxaR 4R 2 The unit of the magnetic field intensity H are ampere s per meter (A/m) Point 1 dL1 aR12 R12 P Point 2 I1

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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]

The law of Biot savart is sometimes called Ampere s law for the current element.

dH 2 =

I1dL1 xaR12 4R12

2

The magnetic flux density at any point P due to current element I dl is given by dB = Where, IdL a 4r 2

=0 r is permeability of the medium

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r is the distance between the point P and current element a is the unit vector Its magnitude is dB = IdL sin 4r 2 The magnetic field intensity is given by dH 2 = I1dL1 sin 2 4R12 This is referred to as Ampere s law for current element

IdL is the current element

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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]

4. AMPERE S CIRCUITAL LAW: o The Ampere s circuital law states that, The line integral of magnetic field H around a closed path is exactly equal to the direct current enclosed by that path.

H .dL = I
v In electrostatics, the gauss s law is useful to obtain the E in case of complex problems. v Similarly in the magnetostatics, the complex problems can be solved using a law called Ampere s law or Ampere s work law.

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PROOF: z I Y a x I Consider a long straight conductor carrying direct current I placed along Z-axis. Consider a closed circular path of radius r which encloses the straight conductor carrying direct current I. The point P is at a perpendicular distance r from the conductor. Consider dL at point P, which is in a direction, tangential to circular path at point P.

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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]

dL = rda While H obtained at point P, from Biot-savart law due to infinitely long conductor is, H = I a 2r I a .rda 2r I rd 2r I d 2

H .dL =

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Integrating H.dL over the entire closed path,

H .dL =
=

I d = 0 2 I [ ]2 0 2 I 2 2

=I=current carried by conductor.

This proves that the integral H. dL along the closed path gives the direct current enclosed by that closed path.

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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]

5. MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR: Consider a infinitely straight conductor carrying a current I and also consider a current element IdL. Let P be any point at which magnetic field intensity is to be measured at a distance r from the current element Idl. According to Biot savart s law, the magnetic flux density at any point P is given by B= From ABC 0 I dL sin 4 r 2

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But arc AC = dL sin AC =rd dL sin = rd
d

AC = sin AB

dL sin r 0 I d B= 4 r =

Substitute the value of r in above equation B=

0 I sin .d 4d 0 I B= 0 ( cos ) 0 4d I B= 0 .2 4d The magnetic flux density due to infinite conductor I B= 0 wb / m 2 2d

The magnetic field intensity due to infinite conductor H = I a/m 2d

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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]

6. MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY: The total magnetic lines of force i.e. magnetic flux crossing a unit area in a plane at right angles to the direction of flux is called magnetic flux density. It is denoted as B and is a vector quantity. It is measured in Weber per square metre (wb/m2). Which is also called Tesla(T). This is similar to the electric flux density D in electrostatics. B= 0 H free space only Wb/m2 (or) tesla (or) Gauss. 6.1 MAGNETIC FLUX:

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The magnetic flux through a surface area is the normal component of magnetic field times over the area. m = Hds Where is the permeability of the medium.(H/m) 7. MAGNETIC MATERIALS: All material shows some magnetic effects. In many substances the effects are so weak that the materials are often considered to be non magnetic. A vacuum is the truly nonmagnetic medium. Material can be classified according to their magnetic behavior into v Diamagnetic v Paramagnetic v Ferromagnetic v Antiferromagnetic v Ferromagnetic v Super paramagnetic

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DIAMAGNETIC: In diamagnetic materials magnetic effects are weak. Atoms in which the small magnetic fields produced by the motion of the electrons in their orbit and those produced by the electron spin combine to produce a net field of zero. The fields produced by the electron motion itself in the absence of any external magnetic field. This material as one in which the permanent magnetic moment m0 of each atom is zero. Such a material is termed diamagnetic.

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ANTIFERROMAGNETIC: In anti-ferromagnetic materials the magnetic moments of adjacent atoms align in opposite directions so that the net magnetic moment of a specimen is nil even in the presence of applied field. FERRIMAGNETIC: In ferromagnetic substance the magnetic moments of adjacent atoms are also aligned opposite, but the moments are not equal, so there is a net magnetic moment. It is less than in ferromagnetic materials. The ferrites have a low electrical conductivity, which makes them useful in the cores of ac inductors and transformers. Since induced currents are less and ohmic losses are reduced.

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EE 2202 [ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY]

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8. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS: A boundary between two isotropic homogeneous linear materials with permeability 11 and 2. The boundary condition on the normal components is determined by allowing the surface to cut a small cylindrical gaussian surface. Applying gauss s law for the magnetic field.

B.ds = 0
s

We find that BN 1S BN 2 S = 0

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BN 1 = BN 2 1 H N1 = H N 2 2 The normal component of B is continuous, but the normal component of H is discontinuous by the ratio 1 . 2 The relationship between the normal components of M,is fixed once the relationship between the normal components of H is known . For linear magnetic materials, the result is written simply as M N 2 = m2 1 H N 1= m 2 1 M N 1 2 m22 Next, Ampere s circuital law

H .dL = I
Is applied about a small closed path in a plane normal to the boundary surface. Taking trip around the path, we find that

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H t 1L H t 2 L = KL Boundary may carry a surface current K whose component normal to the plane of the closed path is K.Thus H t1 H t 2 = K The direction are specified more exactly by using the cross product to identify the tangential components, ( H1 H 2 ) xaN 12 = K Where aN12 is the normal at the boundary directed from region 1 to region 2. An equivalent formulation in term of the vector tangential components may be more convenient for H: H t1 H t 2 = K x a N 12

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For tangential B, we have Bt1 Bt 2 =K 1 2 The boundary condition on the tangential component of the magnetization for linear material is therefore m 2m M t1 m 2 K m1 Mt2 = The last three boundary conditions on the tangential components are much simpler, the current density is zero. This is a free current density, and it must be zero if neither material is a conductor. 9. SCALAR AND VECTOR POTENTIAL: 9.1. SCALAR MAGNETIC POTENTIAL: Ampere s law stated that the line integral of the field H around a closed path is equal to the current enclosed.

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H .dL = I
If no current is enclosed i.e. J=0

Hdl = 0
Magnetic field H can be expressed as negative gradient of a scalar function. Vm = H .dl This scalar potential also satisfies lapalace equation

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.B = 0 0 .H = 0 but H = Vm 0.( Vm) = 0 0 2Vm = 0 2Vm = 0

In free space

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VECTOR MAGNETIC POTENTIAL: Scalar magnetic potential exists if there is no current enclosed i.e. H .dL = 0 . If current is enclosed, the potential which depends upon current element (vector quantity) is no more scalars but it is vector quantity. Since the divergence of a vector is a scalar, vector potential is expressed in curl.
.B = 0

B = xA

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Where A is magnetic vector potential. Take curl on both sides xB = xxA By the identity xxA = (. A) 2 A But xB = J (. A) 2 A = J For the steady dc (. A) = 0 Then 2 A = J x 2 Ax + y 2 Ay + z 2 Az = ( xJx + yJy + zJz ) Equating 2 Ax = Jx 2 Ay = Jy 2 Az = Jz

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They are in the form of Poisson s equation. from the above equation ,magnetic vector potential can be written as Ax = Jx ( )dv 4 v r Jy ( )dv 4 v r Jz ( )dv 4 v r

Ay =

Az =

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A= 4 J r dv

The general magnetic vector potential can be expressed as

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10. TORQUE: When a current loop is placed parallel to a magnetic field, forces act on the loop that tends to rotate it. The tangential force multiplied by the radial distance at which it acts is called torque or mechanical moment on the loop. and breadth B Consider the rectangular loop of l carrying a current i in a uniform magnetic field of flux density B. F Ft

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l Axis of rotation b Axis of rotation B The force on the loop Ft F=Bil. If the loop plane is parallel to the magnetic field ,the total torque on the loop T=2 x torque on each side = 2 xforce x distance =2(Bil).b/2 =Bilb =BIA Torque is given by T=BIA F

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If loop plane makes an angle with respect to flux intensity B, the tangential component of the force is Fts = F cos The total torque on the loop T=BIA cos . The magnetic moment of loop is IA m =IA T=mBcos In vector form

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M=T/B The magnetic moment is defined as the maximum torque on loop per unit magnetic induction. 11. MAGNETIC CIRCUITS: In magnetic circuits are analogous to the electric circuits. The common examples of the magnetic circuits are transformers, toroids motors, generators, relays and magnetic recording devices. An electric circuit forms a circuit (i.e. closed path) through which current flow. Similarly in magnetic circuits, magnetic lines of flux are continuous and can form closed paths. A single magnetic line of flux or all parallel magnetic lines of flux may be considered as magnetic circuits. Electromotive force in an electric circuit, in magnetic circuit called magnetiomotive force (m.m.f.) The magnetomotive force (m.m.f.) is defined as, em =NI= H .dL

T=m x B

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The SI unit of m.m.f. is ampere(A) In electric circuit, resistance is defined as the ratio of voltage to current given by R=V/I In magnetic circuit, reluctance as the ratio of the magnetomotive force to the total flux.

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IMPORTANT QUESTION PART A 1. State Biot Savart Law? 2. What is magnetic vector potential? 3. Name any two dielectric materials. 4. Name any two applications of Ampere s Law? 5. Define magnetic flux density? 6. What is the difference between scalar and vector magnetic potential? 7. Compare the usefulness of Ampere s Circuital Law and Biot-Savart Law in determining B of a current carrying circuit.

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8. A conductor 1.5 m long carries a current of 50 A at right angles to a magnetic field of density 1.2T. Calculate the force on the conductor. 9. What is the expression for the torque experienced by a current carrying loop, placed in a magnetic field. 10. Define magnetic flux? 11. Define Amperes law? 12. Obtain H due to infinitely long, straight filament of current I. PART B 1. State and explain ampere s Circuital Law for least two specific cases. 2. State and explain Biot savar s law. 3. Using the biot savart s law in H, find the magnetic field intensity at a point on the axis of a circular loop of radius a carrying a current I. The point is at a distance (on the Z axis) from the centre of the loop. 4. A steady direct current I amps flows in a wire bent in the form of a square of side a. Assuming that the Z axis passing through the centre of the square is normal to the plane of the square ,Find the magnetic field intensity H at any point on the axis. 5. Obtain the flux density produced by an infinitely long straight wire carrying a current I, at any point distant a normal to the wire. 6. In a cable the solid inner conductor of radius a carries I amps.

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