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= ( 8 + 10 + 1 ) 6 = 114
:

114 ,
- (.8).
, :

;
.

, .
() .

,
,
.

87

3.6

(NIOSH, 1991)

- ,
- (low back pain ).
,
.
,
, ,

, , .

.

(NIOSH) ,
- -
.
Concil,1991)

22%

(National Safety

.

, 1981 . NIOSH
.
,
2 .
, -
, ,

, 1991 . NIOSH

- .

..

(revised lifting quation,1991). 1981 .,

:
;

-);
.

88

 NIOSH

.

. ,

, , ., NIOSH
- (.. -)

( 1991 .)

(1981),

, (. 9).
. 9. NIOSH

L5/S1

3,4N
2,2 4,7 kcal/min
(85183W/m )
2

75%
99%

. ,

L5/S1 (5- ) -
.
, ,

89

 3.4 N -

L5/S1, ai

()
( ) .
,

, .

: 1 ., 1 2 ., 2 8 .
,
, 2.2 4.7 cal/min.

,
.
,
.

,
.

( ) 99 %

75 % .

(1991) NIOSH
,
,
.
:
() ()
.
r NIOSH (1991)

(), kg

,
( 8 .)
.

90

 (g) =
,

,
//

, :
//, //,
//,

//, // ,

//.
//, ,

// kg .
.

(. .10
, . 11 - , ..).

()

1. //, kg
,
: ,
25 m, .
23 kg. ,
99% 75%

.
2. //, m

, (.21).
.
( )
25 cm

63 m. //

25/,

: -

25 m, =1,0; - 63 m, =0 (. 10).
. 10. ()

91

 (cm)

(cm)

<25
25

1.00
1.00
26
0.52
0.93
28
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.47
0.46
0.45
0.45
0.71
36
0.43
0.42
0.42
0.41
0.40
0.40
0
0.57
0.56

46
47

0.54
0.53
48

49

0.51
50
0.86
0.83
0.81
0.78
0.76
0.74

57

0.44

27

51
52
53
54
55
56
35

59
60
61
62
63
>63
44
45

0.96

0.89
29
30
31
32
33
34

0.69
37
38
39
40
42
43

58
0.68
0.66
0.64
0.63
0.60
0.58

92

. 21.
3. //, cm

cm

.
(. 21). 75 m,

0 cm

175 m.

(BM), = 1- (0.003/75), . 11.

. 11. ()

(cm)

(cm)

0.78

105

0.91

0.79

110

0.90

10

0.81

115

0.88

15

0.82

120

0.87

20

0.84

125

0.85

25

0.85

130

0.84

30

0.87

135

0.82

35

0.88

140

0.81

40

0.90

145

0.79

45

0.91

150

0.78

50

0.93

155

0.76

55

0.94

160

0.75

60

0.96

165

0.73

65

0.97

170

0.72

70

0.99

175

0.70

75

1.00

>175

80

0.99

93

85

0.97

90

0.96

95

0.94

100

0.93

, 75 cm =
1,0 ,
( = 0 m, = 0,78, > 175 m - = 0).
4 . //, m

cm ( )

( ) ()

. 25 m
175 m.

() :

0.82 + (4.5/).

. 12.
.12. ()

(cm)

(cm)

<25

1.00

65

0.89

25

1.00

70

0.88

26

0.99

75

0.88

28

0.98

80

0.88

30

0.97

90

0.87

32

0.96

100

0.87

34

0.95

110

0.86

36

0.95

120

0.86

38

0.94

130

0.85

40

0.93

140

0.85

42

0.93

150

0.85

44

0.92

160

0.85

94

46

0.92

170

0.85

48

0.91

175

0.85

50

0.91

>175

55

0.90

60

0.90

( 1,0 25 cm,
0,0 175 cm).
5. //,

()

(. 22). ,
. ,
//

(. 13).
. 13. ()

()

()

1.00

80

0.74

0.98

85

0.73

10

0.97

90

0.71

15

0.95

95

0.70

20

0.94

100

0.68

25

0.92

105

0.66

30

0.90

110

0.65

35

0.89

115

0.63

40

0.87

120

0.62

45

0.86

125

0.60

50

0.84

130

0.58

55

0.82

135

0.57
95

60

0.81

65

0.79

70

0.78

75

0.76

>135

(. 22).

,
, .
0 135

/ /,

= 1-

(0.0032) , .13.
, (
135 ), =0: =0, ,
. ,
( 0), = 1,0 .
, , 0.57 =135.

96

. 22. ( ).

6. //

3 :
. (), /
(), //.

97

, 15- .
,
,

.
)
-
3 /
, :
-

- 1 h

),

(min)= 1,2 (min);

- -

1 2 h, (min) = 0,3 ( min);

- - 2 8 h
(. -
).
,
. ,
8 !
) -
.
2 : > 75 cm, <
75 m.
()
0.2 / .

//
(. 14).

. 14. (.)

cm

(cm)
< 75 cm
75

<1
<2

12
10

15
12

<8

10

98

//,

(, ),

. 15.
.15 .
(M)

<8
<2
<1
(/min) <75cm
>75cm
<75cm
>75cm
<75cm B>75cm
0.2
0.85
0.85
0.95
0.95
1.00
1.00
0.5
0.81
0.81
0.92
0.92
0.97
0.97
1
0.75
0.75
0.88
0.88
0.94
0.94
2
0.65
0.65
0.84
0.84
0.91
0.91
3
0.55
0.55
0.79
0.79
0.88
0.88
4
0.45
0.45
0.72
0.72
0.84
0.84
5
0.35
0.35
0.60
0.60
0.75
0.75
6
0.27
0.27
0.50
0.50
0.70
0.70

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
>15

0.22
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.22
0.18
0.15
0.18
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.42
0.35
0.30
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.42
0.35
0.30
0.26
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.60
0.52
0.45
0.41
0.37
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.60
0.52
0.45
0.41
0.37
0.34
0.31
0.28
0.00

7. - () ( )

- ,
,

() .
-

( , .)

, ,

. -
,

99

- , 1.9
3.8 m,
> 11.5 m, 5 m,
, .

- , :
> 3.8 m,

- 11.5 m, ,

5 m, , 0.60 m
.

(, , , , .) - ,

40 m, 30 m,

.
90 .

) -
,
( 90 ),
,

) ,
> 40 m, > 30 m,
, , , ,
, ,
, .
//
- , .
-

( . , ,

.), - ,

100

 (
, ).

,
, . , , ,
- ,

).

, , ).

, ,
, ,
90 ( )

, ,

( ).

(, .)
, , , , .
( )
-

, //

. 16 .
. 16. - ()

7 5

<

7 5

c m

c m
1.0

1.0

101


1.0

0.95

0.90

0.90

()

. //
/ / .
:
//

//

, . (,

, .).
g,

.
, ,
- ,

- 1.0 .

( -

.) ,

- 1.0,

,
- 1.0.
r

NIOSH

102

, .

( )

.
:

()

. .
,
,

, - ,
,
.

() ,

( ,
./

()

(.
- 1.0 ,
).
?

, g () - .
,

// // , cm -
,

103

 ()

() .

// -
.

() -

, - 15 - .
2/,
.

, min -
.

- -

(, , ).
.

2 , ,
.

, .
,

,
. ,

NIOSH, :

/ ;

/ 8 ;

/ ;

/ ;

/ ;

/ , , ;

/ ;

104

/ , -
;

/
(- - 0,4);

/ - 19-26

, - 35-

50%.

.
r

1.

. 23.

13 kg,
(. 23). C
, .
.

105

,
, 67 cm ( =67),

, () 25 m.
// 37 m

, 50 m

.
() 0 -
.
() 4 - - 0.2 /.
() - 1.
- ,

90 ( = 0.90, .16).

()

-
( ) ( ) .
(
NN 10, 11 16 ), :
= 11, 8 kg;

8, 0 kg

, (), , -

()

2- -

/ 11.8 g 8.0 g). () :

= 13,0 g. / 11.8 g. = 1.1

= 13,0 g. / 8,0 g.

= 1.6

( ), )
.

1.

( ) , ,
a;

2.
,,-,:

106

 () - / ) = 0.50,
( ) - = 0.68
() -

0,85

0,9

.
,
, . :

(), -
- , :

:
.

- - ,

//,

, //
, .

10 g,

/.22/.

1 /.

90 .

8 .

( )
// 35 m, a // - 60 m.
40 m, 100 m.

. - .

90 , .

8 . 1 / .

107

,
- , . ., - ,
( = 0,64), (A = 0,71), ( =
0,75).

: (7 kg) (10 kg).
, .

= 10

kg ( ) / 7 kg () = 1,5 ,

1.

- -
( ).

2. , :

- (
) -

, () ,
();

-
();

() -

/ ;

- ,
,

() 1.0 , (

108

) ,

()

11 g,

() - 1.0.
, -

, -
.
,
.
3.

, .24, : ,
( )

1, 1
2. 11 kg, 3 /,
- 45 .
, ,
.
. ,
.

. 24.

109

 ( 1) // = 25
cm, =1,0. ( 2)
=50 cm, =0,50cm. B = 55 cm, .
= 0,94, 2 - 147 cm (B)
0,78(BM). // 37 cm (
).
( = 0).

= 3 /.,

0,88,

- 45 . ,
, - .

( ), ()
, :
= 15.4 g

6.7 kg

/11 g / - ( )
/15.4 g/, -

/6.7 g).

= 11 kg () /
15, 4 kg ()

= 0,78, = 11,0 kg / 6,7 kg

= 1,5.

, :
- / 2/ -
;
-
.

, -
-

, ,

(-) . T
.
:
1.

-
:

(), - ().

110

2.

() 2 -
() .

3.

- ().

4.

-
().

5.

,
-
- ()

.
: 2 - /
/, 1 /
/

/ .
(), (45
).
4.

, ,
(multi tasks analysis) .
, , .,
.

, . 25. - , ,
. , :
; ,
; ,
; ,
.

111

.25.

,
, multi tasks
analysis ( ). . 25
, , .
:

//
: 40 m,

- 30 m,

- 20 m;

// -
, :
= 0 m , - 0 m, - 75 m ;

/ / -
,

75 cm , 15 m , 98 m - ;

:
10 g, -15 g , - 5 g ;

112

: 15 g,
- 19 g, e ca - 10 g ;

-
/=0/;

: 1 /,

- 2 /, - 5 /;

//
- 8 ., ;
( - ) 5 .;

- - (. )

(, ) .
(multi tasks analysis ) (
) , :
1

() (), ,
=1.0,

).
, . ,

9.0 g

1.6

14,0 g

1.4

22,0 g

0.4

,
- , - 1.0.
2

() ()
( ) (),

113

 .
:

7,0 g

1.4

9,0 g

1.6

8,0 g

0.6

,
.
3

,
- - .

3,

// // :
= 1 +

= [2 x (

:
1
1,2

1
1

) ] + [3 x (

1,2,3

) ]

1,2

:
; () . 15,
,
.

()
3,6. ,
. ,
, () .

114


, ,

,
, .

).
, - , -
.

, ,

, .:

, //;

( );

(
);

( 2).

115

3. 7.

, , , - .

.

. :

,
,

. .
25 kg 125 kg ,
: 30 cm 1 m, - 60 cm
. 150 cm
. ,
.
, - .
.

, ,
.
( ),
. ( 25 kg 125
kg) ,
.
,
. .

- .
.
,
.
, .

116

; .
.
,

a :

- ;
- ;
- ;
- ( )
;

a :
- (
);
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
a :

- ,
;
- ,
- - ,
;
-
;

117

:
-
;
- ,
;
- .
:
, ,

, .
.

. :

(, )

. 120 180 kg
4 . 90 cm
. ,
,
.
80 cm .

(120 - 180 kg)

, 4 . .
, .
.
, .

:
.
.
,

118

,
.

a :

- ,
;
- ;
- .
a :

- :
( ,
, -
);
-

;
- .
: ,
, , ,
, .

. : ( )

80 100 kg .
.
, , .

, , 80 kg .
.
.
-

119

 . ,
.

:
.
, .
,

- .

,
, (-) ;
.

,
,
:
a

,
, ;

, : .
;
3 - 4 cm; ,
.

:
: ,
, , ,
, .

. :

, ,

, .

50 kg .
, 15 cm,

120

 150 cm.
- .
, ,
.
.

,
: ( );
;
( ), ;
(50 kg) ; ,
; ,
- , .

:
: .

.
,

,
. :

4 , - 25 kg.

() .

.
a .
a

(
).

121

a , ,

, .
a ,

- .
a , :

- ;
- .
: ,
, , ,
- .

. :

,
, .
, ,
. ,
.

, . :
70 kg ,
. 50% (35
kg), .
( 450) ,
5 . ,
. , ,
, ,
.
(. ),
.

:
-

122

 .
.
,

,
. :

a ,

.
a

(. ).
a

.
a

.
a , , ,

.
:
.

123

V .

1.

.
.
N 16, . 3

, ,
:

.....
N 16, . 4, . 5

, N 16

. ,

;
;
;
;
;
.
,
,
, , .
:

;
;
124

,
.

:
( - );

- (
); (
);
( ,
); ( - );
( , ,
, ).
,
:
a (

);
a ( ,

, , );
a ;
a ;
a ;
a , .
2.

2. 1.

)
, e ( ,
, ).

.
, :

125

 ,
.

:
.

:
,
.

() :
, ;

.
)

, ,

- ,
, ,
.

, - ,
:
-; - ;
-
-; -
- .

: . ,
( ,
.)
.

,
(. 26).

126

. 26.

(
, ,
- , .

:
, -, - .

,
(. 27 , ).

. 27.

127

.

.

,
(. 28).

. 28.

,
:
, ;
.
)
,

2 .
,
:

, , ,
- ,
:
- , 2 , 2/3
,
;

128

- , 3 , 1/2
,
;
-

,
- .

:
- ;
- ;
-

;
-
;
-
.
2. 2.

- , , ,
, .

,
, ,
-.

- .

:
(), , - .

, :

.

129

: - -
.

,
, .
)

,
: , ,
;

(.29).

. 29.

,
, ,
, .

,
: .
,
;
, .

( - , )
, , .
.

130

)

.

:
( ),
, ..

, , ,
, .
)

, , , .

;
.

, ,

; ,

.
2. 3.

( , , .)
.

, , .

,
, , .
)
( )

(
, , , .).

131

:
,
,
(. 30).

. 30.

(. 31).

. 31.

(.
),

:
.

132

) ,

-,
, :

, :

- , , :
- ;
- (
);
-

, ,
,

.
2. 4.

,
. ,
, ,
.
.
, :

, ,
. ,
.

, ..
. ,
-
- .

133

2. 5.

, . , , ,
. ,
:

,
:
, ; ,
, ,
.

, () ,
.
:
- - ;
- - ;
- - , ,
.

,

.

:
, ,
.

, ,
,

.

,
:
.

134

2. 6.

)

. ,
,
.

, .
, N 16
, :
-
, ,

;
- ,
.
)
, ,

,
.
)

:
- ;
- ,
;
- ;
- ;
-

;
-
;

135

-
, .
)

: , ,
.

: -
, ,

;
;
, (, ,
.) .

,
(. 32);
( );
, - - ;
, ;

.

.32.

,
; -
; .

136

)

.. (
). -
, ,
.
,
,

.
.
- -,
.

-:
r !

- ;
- - ()
;
- , .
a

- (.
, , , .);
- (, ,
, , );
- - (. )
,
- .
r

a , ,

- (
).
a ( ),

; (. 33).

137

.33.
a - , .
a , ,

- .
a - .
a , .
r

a : - -

- .
a ,

, (. 34).

138

.34.
a ,

-.
a (. 35)

. 35.
r

, :
( ) - ,
;
.
a ()

, .
2. 7.

139

,
.
, .
, - -
, . (.
36) , :

, , , -;

,
;

-
, ;

(, , , .)
, .

140

. 36.

141

V I .

1. . . - ,
. , , 2000.
2. ., . - . , ,
1998.
3. . (.) - . , , 1984.
4.
-

- . , , 1985.
5. , . II. , , 2000.
6. . (.) - . , ,
1988.
7. . . - . ,
, 1984.
8. Applications Manual for the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation. US Department of Health
and Human Services, Cincinnati, 1994.
9. Armstrong Ph., P. Buckle, L. Fine et al. A conceptual model for work-related neck and
upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 1993, 19:73-84.
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Danish working environment service, WES Guidlines N 4.0.0.1, 1994.
11.

Buckle P., G. Devereux - Work-related neck and upper limb disorders. European

Agensy for Safety and Health at Work, 1999.

12.Bystrom S., C. Hall, T. Welander, A. Kilbon Clinical disorders and pressure pain
threshold of the forearm and hand among automobile assembly line workers. Hand
Surg., 1995, 20 B(6):782-790.
13.Cohen A., Ch. Gjessing, L. Fine, B. Bernard, J. McGlothlin - Elements of ergonomics
programs - A primer based on workplace. Evaluations of musculoskeletal disorders,
NIOSH, 1997.
14.De Beeck R.O., V. Hermans - Research on work-related low back disorders. European
Agensy for Safety and Health at Work, 2000.
15.De Beeck R.O., V. Hermans - Work-related low back disorders. European Agensy for
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17.Ergonomics for the prevention of muskuloskeletal disorders. Swedish National Board of

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42.Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to
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*
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