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comfortablelight.
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ioLr\ l.arc. ii r bccaLt!c the \irrrt liLlctl hlrJldrr r it ing sanrplc is nrci|c sulrlccl lrt \eili!r! rcfiect i('rls or lcllccLc,:lglare thifr nla,\L r eldi rg rrilttcr.
A llhoLLglr \\ c Uscil x \pccial pr irr L ing rnk tr, (Jr r nrir l i.,c thc c1l c.l. iL . lin e 1llrcl lhil ( is prc!cI]1 jn irll pencrlled Jr( )t c.. ( ) r .r crl.
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Veilifg
I lte ll nl inoLr\ \ ciL r cLlLrcc: c,jrr lr'tt.t LretncL-n lxcL un!l bltukgroLrrrd. enLl
thc
sits is important
llrc sou|cc ol reilrrrLr rall!-cli()rr\ i\ lrslrl
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thi: lLnglc cltorcr rpcrtL ill rcllc.li()ni l(j lroLlrlac lraifl tl)c Lit'k irtr, IIc rail.lcr'e] e\
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thc I>cr'acflil
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Tlrc Ilolophune l'crceILx II lrLrrlirrlirc :Lrh:trrntie 1r lctiLrces liglrL lronr ollcrrilirrg rr, rc' in ilesrrLrL,rr: lrrrcl L,llicc:. Tlrr,rLrglr
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ESI.
History of ESI
It has long bccn knorvn that task
visibilit) is affected by tr',o vaIiables the chariicLerislics of the tas k anal t he ell'ect of rhe lightiJrg s)stenr on the task. Lntil a few years ago. irr rcscarch on the task itscll $'c macle onlr (luanli1111i\e mersLrrements of I he gross arnount of light on Ihc task. Wc did not iake into accollnt glare and other lactors that havc an aclver se eflect on lhe "seeability" ofa task. (See Figulc 4)
To solve lhis problern. the Illunrinating Engineering Societ) proposed Llsing thc ' : dr. r'rl-U',., ,. , lr,rr irr,'.r,. Trr, . r sphcrc (Frgrlrc 5) as I stitfdird. and published thrs conccpt ir IllUnrirrating Engir-reer ing magazine in 197{1. This
r.
l.igure 6). P.Y. Ngri. R.D. Zcllcrand i.W. Ciriflllh inrroduced the mctcr in thcir article ESI-Mcrcr Theot) ind I'racticill
(
T tr E
ffi {s
F ELrre,l 1./ei
lf rt
f, {3
II \ ic re- \'crc tc luok..r il L-r\1, .rr Lllc " spherc at a typical 25" \'iewirEl angle, thirt task would. olcourse, be lighled partiall) fronr the offencling zonc. BLr! the illunrinat ion from thc o11'ending zone rvoulcl be such a small pcr-ccntagc of the lotrl lighr rcaching rhe rask rhitl therc
w
ould
lt
Yer'y
\\.lerlr..pTr'rtC re lrrcct-cit
splrere li!ll'l
r
i11g
Sphere Illumil]al ion. or ESl. Ell'ectivcncss is evaluated b) measurinq and conrpar-ing thc contrasts lliven by the two sl s1efis. I l l hey irrc cqLral. lhe s) slent bein-c lesicd i! said lo have a Conlrast Rcndition Factor (C'R F) ol l .00. Thu:,. if a classroorn had 70 tbotcxndles
!r!r. i ES ir.t.r.
chara.ters on ..n:o e b!11ons. Ert characiers are snnrp eid .!l lr e \rliln ,,r|ird b\r
i! ref.r.l.rs ob:.!re
P.rc'jpla
!|rinairc:i
Also, allhough we knew that light distribution and the viewer's position couid alter task visibility. rve had no prirctical standard of measLlrement and
(calclrlated in the classical \\ay. but inclucline body shadow), it rvould have an ESI of 70 ibotcandles only if it had a
The meler mersurenrents arc casil) iaken and un(ler slood. and agree closcl) \\'ith conrputer progrllm mcasutements. ThLls the engincer can now usc calculaled ESI tables in the design stagc and then check lhe actual !alues in the finishccl installation using the ESI meter.
CRF ol
1.00.
e
evalualion.
-{
Early mcasurcment techniqucs and instrumcnts wcrc cLrn'lbersome. ho\!e\,er, and led to computcr prograIns that simulalecl real situations and comparcd thenl to sphere conditions. Inlot ftlltion on computer compLltations of Equivalent Sphcrelllrrrrirrrtin r'l Sll r. rrr.lr.dc.l . David DiLaura's article "On thc a o rrnut.rlnr) ol FSI t.r ' r.lr.,r r\c Januaq', 1975 Journal of the I llunrinating Enginccring Societ).
cases, a loss
of48.1t;
rg,"
BecaLrse
to achicvc bett,:r sLrrroLlnd lighting. the intensily ol the offending zone would also bc incr-eased. As a i-ule of thun'rb. a 1.6 loss ofcontrast nra)' reclLrire an]\\'herc
veiling reflections. Pcrccpta II gooc 1ob ui getting rjd of direct glare, which is
Besicles
lirm
rlire. do nl eoLJll\
ft-orrabout
l0';
to l5r'; increasein
\no\\n J. J-\co rjor.3lu"e. cl,.e rn ir\ harmflrl effect on visual comlort. As yolt can see in the IES Visual C omlbrt Probability (VCP) dala, thc Pcrccpta I I
lurlinairc cxceeds recor'nmenclccl lcvcls of 70 for virtually all standard classroont
and ofllce sizes. it is in visual conrfort and econonical operation. \ ,e nrLlst not lorget its primary lunclion: provicling unifo|nr and high le\,els of ESI foolcandles lor hanclwriting and printcd tas k s. And il-lhere is one reason for Percepta II
Bu1 as good as
C.i
nq Ca! iy Rel ectance 80% Floor Cav ty Fei e.lance 20",; Work P
-.clan...-so%
ec
(in
11.)
8.5 '10
20
The moral: witll a bacl CIIF, yolr don't get the visibility you pay for.
,r;3
60
20 30
60 80
1% os3 ol
contrast
20
30
''
,r!rhlfe$ nLl rron lask
001
50 80 100
30
25
40 60x60 80 100 40
rguor e rr.:htirr;
100
89 88 88 89 89 87 87 88 88 89 87 87 87 88 88 88 88 87 88 88 88 88 88 88
93 91 9r 9t 92 90 89 89 89 92 90 89 88 89 89 90 88 88 88 88 e9 88 88 88
13 97 95 94 93 96 93 92 9l 91 96 93 91 90 90 90 92 90 89 88 8e 90 88 88 88
16
99 97 96 95 98 96 95
93 93
3s
10 13
8.1
16
79
78 79 80 80 82 86 79 81 80 80 8t 8l 83 82
i7
69
9t
9 86
aa
8l
8l
90
85
a2 80
81 91
86
83 95 90 a1 a2 91 87 83 a2 82 83 82
98 95 94 92
8r 8t
82
86
81
91 91 95 92 90 90 89 92 90 89 8E
84 83 85 84 83 8l 82 82 83 82 8r 83 85 8,1
8,1
82
8l 8l
8l
87
81
8l
85 a2
85 86 a6
83
83 8.: As
ln fact, that's
II luminaires
T1
75
6l
51
43 36 30
211
.51
.45 36 .32 28
Fiqure l0
9 10
22 .18
85
71
59 49 12
.35
.30
.25
.18 .16
Fig ! re 8.
Con!e.tional
Fl!l!re L
lig ht
i1
However you measure Percepta II luminaires, you'll find effectiveness and uniformity.
ActLral neasLrrelnenls on test installatrons confir'm Percepla ll lrrnrinaire superior perlbrmancc in conrparison with convcntional fluoresccnt Iighting systenrs.
The 36-lanrp Perccpta ll llrminaires achicved an average illumination level 01' 99 classical lbotcandles in the core area measured (Figr.rre 11). This compares to an average iiiunrination of 11 1 classical footcandles rvith,l2 lamps in the conventional system (FigLrre 12). When usir-rg the zonal cavity nlethod to calcLrlate the crllrc room, tbe average classical footcandlcs arc lorvcr. This is bccause the lowcr footcandle valLres near thc walls are not ir-rclLlcled in the computer'measurcd corc areas-
Figures 1l thru 16 are conplrter readolrts that compare Percepta II luminaires mounled in 5'x 5'coffers with a systen using conventional I'x 4',2-lamp fixtr.Lres.
0510t5'2a
36
25
0'
5'
r0
15
2Q
Fiqure
T2.
oistance
ttom
1s
122 8
96
9,1
113.1 111
,1
187I198122.3 122I
119 D 121.3 114
9t
93.5 98.8
99
946 975
99 0 142.2
f67118012041208
5 1166 1172
1224
Avg =
Avg.
Unir. or
llum. =
88
87,
Avg.
Lln
f. =
8s,
Avg =
8,1
ll
llrminaircs, the
or
llti.
smaller
99 to
(lt.) lion 5
N
11
13
15
Uniform illumination
Howcvcr, a high avcragc classical illuminatiorl level is not al$,ays a good measure ofe1'lectiveness. Like all averages, it can be derived by combining very high po'nt n cr..rrcn cr'ts rritl rcrr l,'u ln.nt rlled\ll-er'reIl\ an(1. n r,re inlfoIl"nll]. il is nor a nreasure of the qLlaLiiy (ESl footcandles) of the li:ht. A better measure of lighting effectiveness is tl're unilbrmity of illr,rmination rvithin a room. Figurcs l7-20 take the data |-on tlle computcr conrparison oi the Percepta ll lunlinaire and conventional systems (Figlues l5 and 16) and illLrstrate it in graph lbrm shoq'ing the number of points of equal ESI lbotcandle mcasurenlents. The top two graphs comparc thc ESI values looking lengthwise, parallel to the rows ol6xtures. ln a typical classroom or ofllce, this is the way desks would be orienled to the rows of fixtures.
s
N E
576
86.0 56.8
s
N E
886
55.8
834
55.1
s
N
7 5
E s w N E s w N E s w
57.5 56.7 648 624 13 9 76.0 ,13.5 50.1 5AA 52.6 OZ.g OSS 77.3 79.3 47 4 55.1 53.2 52.7 62.7 59.7 71.2 73.0
59.5
50.9
407
463
466 489
55.3 69.2
s
N E
790
50.0 78.5
s
N E
529
71.4
62.3 61.6 71.5 73.3 42.7 54.4 48.2 47.7 60.9 57.8 68.8 70.6
5D3
66.
459
76.4
.15 3
370
73 58 90
422
8 61.3 30I 39.4 41.4 141 624 1126 23.0 67.6 9t 3 424 40.3 14.0 61.3 |0 8 94 7 61.5 31.1 39 4 40.6 r4 4 6r.8 112 I 22.4 66.4 A9.A 41.4 39.4 13.7 59 8 109.2 92.9 60.5 30.2 38.5 40.6 14.2 62.1 1128 21.9 65 3 87 7 40.5 38 I 13.4 58.9 108 2 91.s 595 29.6 37.7 38.6 14 0 59.0 108.0 20.2 61 2 42.4 37.4 38.1 12 9 57.9 105I 86.7 55.3 27.2 3,1.8 33.3 13.7 50.8 g,l.t 17.2 54.4 72.9 31 0 39.4 13.7 59.0 101.,1 TTA 49.Q 22.8 28.8
93
407 14.,1 61.8 112.5 67.A 2a.1 224 A7T 94.2 42.4 34.9 69.8 404 142 61 3 1117 6ri4 19A
89.3 69.1 67.3 203 35.1 70.1
65
19 6
89.,1 69.6
670
20.0
33.4 67.3 63.5 18.5 86.2 66.7 63.4 l9 6 30.6 62.8 62.1 17.9 81.1 62.3
sq
256
Je e
63.3 71.8
556
19.0
55.1
Average N4in mlm Maximum Unil. oi i lurn. Average M n nium Maximlm llnif of lllm
"'
Unlf.
ol lum.
111 52Y, 55
91%
F gLrre 15.
Nlaximlm Lrn I .1 il um
17
94
61%
Flgure
16.
'Wl1h Advaice Mark I 2-lamp baLlasis. "Summar es are based upon resu ts of values al 2/ incremenls lhroLrghoul lhe room as show. on lhe drawinq. Values at spec iic po n1s are lor one q!adra.t ol the room
lin
:S
t-:
Avs
ESI
Better ESI rating \otc !lrr! thc Pcr'ccpLl ll lLLnrinairc s)\l!1r1 r.lri!\cs il 9l'; rinilarnlii\ ()l_ illLrnrinlLlion \\ jlh x niirrorr ri1]rgc ol
llrclr\LL|crlcfl5 ff(inr 5S to 110 FSI, itnd ltn it\crirge (il ll I Sl. Thc conrcnrirrnel s)slcrn hirr lL rt]lrclr \!i(lef Ixrllle ()l
:,r .:
i.
I
[]
rxlirls. ll
o\c|nll
tLn
1c' l l-1
tl
1t:l
lirrrfl\ ol rllr rrrirriLLioir lc\cl ol_{)nll )lrI. \\ th ln lt\eluge tSl o1 5,1. Thc Lr()Lr()nr t\() srrplrs illt:sLrrte ESI
LLfilrjrrrri{} cr(jss\\ i\c. lookins
LLlrr 1r)
llrc to\\\ !)1 li\LL rcs. Ag;Lin- rltc I'crccl)lx II lrrrrri ririrc sr:lcnr dcnr()f:lrlltcs x nruclr grellter (legrcc of
LrnLlirrnrit\
I hc
Far }-.cr)ilLc
Conventionall lin
:Sl
,,.1'.'rt...,1
:SI
incl)icrrc I gltt.
i
1a
altllol glr both \\stcnls r.hic\c lood e\criLgc ch\siclrl illurrLrrarion lcrcls in rhc
-, r. . .
\\ ir r
P....,'
ll L r
r.
sls{enr. ciL.h pcrjon !\ill bcnclil lionl a\'eLr, cllecLi\c lisht. th|oLighoLLt tltc r-oont.
Percepta II luminaires
save energy! as well! R. c .r. r ..r .,.,r1.r
srLrr-
cL)rlrPiu
ison \\ith
'I
Perceptatr 5
l!
._rl.
.tir
r Li:
tt)
:.
:.
t..
x5
:SI
tl
Lr1 lrTas l'\.+' i'l l aellLcri Lt:Cj l \\lLt\ lrat \!tritr('l,irit ol lloot \l)iLec. I'crccIlx II lrLr)rin,Lilc\ rrrr -i' ccntcrs Ltsc onlr I \atls. tl\ing (lr \ \ir\ n!\ ol onc \\irlr (.0()l l\\) llrr s.LLLxrc l,j(jt. \\a cilll celclLllla llre )errl) dolhr \ir\ings rclrrc\r-,1 l)l lt [)elceptll ll 1L tllinei|c sl\rcnr n ilf il\alugl j(1.000 \.1. lt.
\\rth;llfrtllLIJ
-1-ltLrrrp ti..tLrrcs
L)r
rlilin{.
I he l()r'nr rLia s:
=-.1
kw saviills/sq. ft. )i no. o1 sq il. >: no. oJ hoLrrs per year of operat cn I cost per kv,/h - iotal do lar sav ngs Der ycar
l]\ LL!rng iornc col]\cr\uli\c llgLLfcs irl thc lirrrnLLlit, \\ !' g!'t:
r
i:l
.001 kw sav ngs/sq. ft : 50 000 sq. 2600 hrs. )i S 0.1 per k\\,h
55.2C0
ir. r
C,onventionall
'!i
.L-
x4
tl
sit!.os per ycar l'crccl.lx ll lunrinxirc ,' .\. ,rl .,:l \\iLils ol c()r1\ci.ronxl \\i1cnl!. \arrL ciUl ' 1 ..|,... |.t .l
\rrrl
L.ecurLsc
I
aorrrlLLi,)ring insLlLlleLion iLnrl ol)ctil1 or. YttLr crltitttLc L() sll\c ntonc\ \clf lllcf
s;li]lr'Li:Iu.
]]
tL I
I
I
suffix
Dimensions in inches
Description
For 277V ballast, substitLite
Length
Widlh
Height
' 2"
6201ElMl
6201E1i|1
6201E211 6201E2M1
6 7/8 6-7l8
6-718
6-3/r6
7
-114
-t
.PB -SB
06125
1,1t1
6 3/16
97-3/8 2 F48tHA Noter Slems Jor pendant mounting (06125) are optiona
6-7/8 6-7/8
11t4
avarlab
4'x 4'I-Bar
Dimming ba Last Premium P ballast. Super Premium P ballast. 24" stem hanger (2 req!ired per i xture), lor suriace unlts only.
HPLlPEl
HP I!'I1P E1
I F48|AS
1
T
SPLl PEl
SPNI1PE,l
48
.18
48
48
48 48
48
48
For 2' x 4'T-Bar Sides and Ends {Heal Exchanse & Static Unils) 48 HQLl PE'1 1-F,18/FS 48 1-F48/HO HOMl PE'1 48 1-F48/RS SOLl PEl 48 I F48/HO SQMl PEl
24
24 24 24
9
9
wilh straight-cdgc
lnlegraled Cerlrnq Syslems Fot 2r;' x 5'.4' \ 4' and 5' x 5' Availab e as niegrated ceiling system incorporaling suspens of acoust cs, lixt!res and air distr bLrtlon. For Iufther detai s, consu t the Johns Manv e lntegrated Ce ng Systems calalog
manufacturers.
.4
For mole inlorination on thc usc of Pcrcepta Il llxtLtrcs in integrated ceiling systeIns, refer to J-M lntegrated Ceiling Systems catalos. C-ontact your local H olophane lightirrg sales represeDlalive
cost-studies. and samplc units for trial instalLation. For inforrration on othei J-M products and svstems, call the Producl Infolnalion Cerlter at 103-979-r000.
Irfi
Johns-Manville
The phys.a prop.n e5 ol the Fo ophan. p.r..pla um na res ,.prcsnl lyp.a average v: u.s .bta'ned a.co,dance w lh a..cPI.d ie
a(
bJecl lo chaiae w
lh.!1 rni.E
Ho ophane D v,, Johns-Manvrlle Sa es Aorp , Ken Caryl Ranch, Denver Co o.80217 / The Flo ophane Company, Lld, Bramalea, Ont., and S1. Hyacinthe, Oue., Canada / Ho ophane Europe L rn led, Bond Ave, Milion Keynes MKI 1JG,
Eng and