Solutions to Chapter 2 Problems

15

i.e. 1.29 + 8.14 =

2 72 + 4xy

from which xy = 3.17 N/mm2 . The shear force at P is equal to Q so that the shear stress at P is given by xy = 3.17 = from which Q = 95 100 N = 95.1 kN. 3Q 2 150 300

Solutions to Chapter 2 Problems

S.2.1
The stress system applied to the plate is shown in Fig. S.2.1. The origin, O, of the axes may be chosen at any point in the plate; let P be the point whose coordinates are (2, 3).
2p 4p

P (2,3)

4p 3p

3p O 4p 4p 2p
x

Fig. S.2.1

From Eqs (1.42) in which z = 0 x = 2p 3.5p 3p = E E E 2p 3p 2.75p y = + = E E E 3.5p x + f1 ( y ) E (i) (ii)

Hence, from Eqs (1.27) 3.5p u = x E so that u = (iii)

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where f1 (y) is a function of y. Also v 2.75p = y E so that v = 2.75p y + f2 ( x ) E (iv)

in which f2 (x ) is a function of x . From the last of Eqs (1.52) and Eq. (1.28) xy = Suppose f1 (y) =A y then f1 ( y) = Ay + B in which A and B are constants. Similarly, suppose f2 (x ) =C x then f2 (x ) = Cx + D in which C and D are constants. Substituting for f1 (y) and f2 (x ) in Eqs (iii) and (iv) gives u= and 2.75p y + Cx + D (viii) E Since the origin of the axes is xed in space it follows that when x = y = 0, u = v = 0. Hence, from Eqs (vii) and (viii), B = D = 0. Further, the direction of Ox is xed in space so that, when y = 0, v/x = 0. Therefore, from Eq. (viii), C = 0. Thus, from Eqs (1.28) and (vii), when x = 0. v= 4p u = =A y G Eqs (vii) and (viii) now become u= 3.5p 4p x+ y E G (ix) 3.5p x + Ay + B E (vii) (vi) (v) 4p v u f2 (x ) f1 (y) = + = + G x y x y (from Eqs (iv) and (iii))

Solutions to Chapter 2 Problems

17

2.75p y E From Eq. (1.50), G = E/2(1 + ) = E/2.5 and Eq. (ix) becomes p u = (3.5x + 10y) E v= At the point (2, 3) u= and 8.25p (from Eq. (x)) E The point P therefore moves at an angle to the x axis given by v= = tan1 8.25 = 19.73 23 23p E (from Eq. (xi))

(x)

(xi)

S.2.2
An Airy stress function, , is dened by the equations (Eqs (2.8)): x = 2 y2 y = 2 x 2 xy = 2 x y

and has a nal form which is determined by the boundary conditions relating to a particular problem. Since = Ay3 + By3 x + Cyx 4 =0 x 4 4 =0 y4 4 =0 x 2 y2 (i)

and the biharmonic equation (2.9) is satised. Further x = y = xy 2 = 6Ay + 6Byx y2 (ii) (iii) (iv)

2 =0 x 2 2 = 3By2 C = x y

The distribution of shear stress in a rectangular section beam is parabolic and is zero at the upper and lower surfaces. Hence, when y = d /2, xy = 0. Thus, from Eq. (iv) B= 4C 3d 2 (v)

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The resultant shear force at any section of the beam is P. Therefore

d /2 d / 2

xy t dy = P

Substituting for xy from Eq. (iv)

d /2 d / 2

(3By2 C )t dy = P

which gives 2t Bd 3 Cd + 8 2 3P 2td 2 P td 3 =P

Substituting for B from Eq. (v) gives C= It now follows from Eqs (v) and (vi) that B= (vii) (vi)

At the free end of the beam where x = l the bending moment is zero and thus x = 0 for any value of y. Therefore, from Eq. (ii) 6A + 6Bl = 0 whence A= Then, from Eq. (ii) x = or 12P(l x ) y (ix) td 3 Equation (ix) is the direct stress distribution at any section of the beam given by simple bending theory, i.e. My x = I 3 where M = P(l x ) and I = td /12. The shear stress distribution given by Eq. (iv) is x = xy = 6P 2 3P y td 3 2td 12Pl 12P y 3 xy td 3 td 2Pl td 3 (viii)

Solutions to Chapter 2 Problems

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or 6P 2 d 2 (x) y td 3 4 Equation (x) is identical to that derived from simple bending theory and may be found in standard texts on stress analysis, strength of materials, etc. xy =

S.2.3
The stress function is = Then 2 w = (30h2 y 10y3 ) = y x 2 20h3 w 2 = (30x 2 y 12h2 y + 20y3 ) = x 2 y 20h3 w 2 = (30h2 x 30xy2 ) = xy x y 20h3 4 =0 x 4 4 w = (120y) 4 y 20h3 4 w = (60y) 2 2 x y 20h3 Substituting in Eq. (2.9) 4 = 0 so that the stress function satises the biharmonic equation. The boundary conditions are as follows:
At y = h, y = w and xy = 0 which are satised. At y = h, y = w and xy = 0 which are satised. At x = 0, x = w/20h3 (12h2 y + 20y3 ) = 0.

w (15h2 x 2 y 5x 2 y3 2h2 y3 + y5 ) 20h3

Also
h h

x d y =

h w (12h2 y + 20y3 )dy 20h3 h w = [6h2 y2 + 5y4 ]h h 20h3 =0

i.e. no resultant force.

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Finally
h h

x y d y =

h w (12h2 y2 + 20y4 )dy 20h3 h w = [4h2 y3 + 4y5 ]h h 20h3 =0

i.e. no resultant moment.

S.2.4
The Airy stress function is = Then 4 =0 x 4 4 3pxy = 3 4 y d 4 3pxy = 2 2 x y 2d 3 p [5(x 3 l 2 x )(y + d )2 (y 2d ) 3yx (y2 d 2 )2 ] 120d 3

Substituting these values in Eq. (2.9) gives 0+2 3pxy 3pxy 3 =0 2d 3 d

Therefore, the biharmonic equation (2.9) is satised. The direct stress, x , is given by (see Eqs (2.8)) x = 2 px = [5y(x 2 l 2 ) 10y3 + 6d 2 y] 2 y 20d 3

When x = 0, x = 0 for all values of y. When x = l x = and the total end load =
d d

pl (10y3 + 6d 2 y) 20d 3

x 1 dy
d d

pl 20d 3

(10y3 + 6d 2 y)dy = 0

Thus the stress function satises the boundary conditions for axial load in the x direction. Also, the direct stress, y , is given by (see Eqs (2.8)) y = 2 px = 3 ( y3 3yd 2 2d 3 ) x 2 4d

Solutions to Chapter 2 Problems

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When x = 0, y = 0 for all values of y. Also at any section x where y = d y = and when y = +d y = px 3 (d 3d 3 2d 3 ) = px 4d 3 px (d 3 + 3d 3 2d 3 ) = 0 4d 3

Thus, the stress function satises the boundary conditions for load in the y direction. The shear stress, xy , is given by (see Eqs (2.8)) xy = When x = 0 xy = p [5l 2 ( y2 d 2 ) 5y4 + 6y2 d 2 d 4 ] 40d 3 p 2 = [5(3x 2 l 2 )( y2 d 2 ) 5y4 + 6y2 d 2 d 4 ] x y 40d 3

so that, when y = d , xy = 0. The resultant shear force on the plane x = 0 is given by

d d

xy 1 dy =

p 40d 3

d d

[5l 2 ( y2 d 2 ) 5y4 + 6y2 d 2 d 4 ]dy =

pl2 6

From Fig. P.2.4 and taking moments about the plane x = l, xy (x = 0)12dl = i.e. xy (x = 0) = pl2 6d 1 2 lpl l 2 3

and the shear force is pl 2 /6. Thus, although the resultant of the Airy stress function shear stress has the same magnitude as the equilibrating shear force it varies through the depth of the beam whereas the applied equilibrating shear stress is constant. A similar situation arises on the plane x = l.

S.2.5
The stress function is = w (10c3 x 2 15c2 x 2 y + 2c2 y3 + 5x 2 y3 y5 ) 40bc3

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Then w 2 = (12c2 y + 30x 2 y 20y3 ) = x y2 40bc3 w 2 = (20c3 30c2 y + 10y3 ) = y x 2 40bc3 w 2 = (30c2 x + 30xy2 ) = xy x y 40bc3 4 =0 x 4 4 w = (120y) y4 40bc3 4 w = (60y) x 2 y2 40bc3 Substituting in Eq. (2.9) 4 = 0 so that the stress function satises the biharmonic equation. On the boundary, y = +c w xy = 0 y = b At y = c y = 0 At x = 0 x = Then
c c

xy = 0

w (12c2 y 20y3 ) 40bc3

x dy =

c w (12c2 y 20y3 )dy 40bc3 c w [6c2 y2 5y4 ]c = c 40bc3 =0

i.e. the direct stress distribution at the end of the cantilever is self-equilibrating. The axial force at any section is c c w x d y = (12c2 y + 30x 2 y 20y3 )dy 40bc3 c c w = [6c2 y2 + 15x 2 y2 5y4 ]c c 40bc3 =0 i.e. no axial force at any section of the beam.

Solutions to Chapter 2 Problems

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The bending moment at x = 0 is

c c

x y dy =

c w (12c2 y2 20y4 )dy 40bc3 c w [4c2 y3 4y5 ]c = c = 0 40bc3

i.e. the beam is a cantilever beam under a uniformly distributed load of w/unit area with a self-equilibrating stress application at x = 0.

S.2.6
From physics, the strain due to a temperature rise T in a bar of original length L0 and nal length L is given by = L0 (1 + T ) L0 L L0 = = T L0 L0

Thus for the isotropic sheet, Eqs (1.52) become x = 1 (x y ) + T E 1 y = (y x ) + T E

Also, from the last of Eqs (1.52) and (1.50) xy = Substituting in Eq. (1.21) 1 2(1 + ) 2 xy = E x y E or 2(1 + ) 2 y 2 y 2 xy 2 x 2 x + + E 2 T = x 2 y2 x y y2 x 2 (i) 2 y 2 x x 2 x 2 + 1 2 T + 2 x E 2 y 2 x y2 y2 + 2 T y2 2(1 + ) xy E

From Eqs (1.6) and assuming body forces X = Y = 0 2 xy 2 x = 2 y x x Hence 2 2 y 2 xy 2 x = 2 x y x y2 2 xy 2 y = 2 x y y

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and 2 Substituting in Eq. (i) Thus 2 2 + x 2 y2 and since x = 2 y2 y = 2 x 2 (see Eqs (2.8)) + E 2 T = 0 (x + y ) + E 2 T = 0 2 y 2 y 2 x 2 x = + + E 2 T x 2 y2 x 2 y2 2 y 2 xy 2 x = 2 2 x y x y

2 2 + 2 2 x y or

2 2 + 2 y2 x

2 ( 2 + E T ) = 0

S.2.7
The stress function is = Then 2 = 0 = y x 2 3Qxy 2 = 3 = x y2 2a 2 3Q 3Qy2 = = xy x y 4a 4a 3 Also 4 =0 x 4 4 =0 y4 4 =0 x 2 y2 3Qxy Qxy3 4a 4a 3

so that Eq. (2.9), the biharmonic equation, is satised.

Solutions to Chapter 2 Problems

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When x = a, x = 3Qy/2a2 , i.e. linear. Then, when y=0 y = a y = +a x = 0 3Q x = 2a x = 3Q 2a

Also, when x = a, x = 3Qy/2a2 , i.e. linear and when y=0 y = a y = +a The shear stress is given by (see above) xy = y2 3Q 1 2 4a a , i.e. parabolic x = 0 3Q x = 2a x = 3Q 2a

so that, when y = a, xy = 0 and when y = 0, xy = 3Q/4a. The resultant shear force at x = a is = i.e. SF = Q. The resultant bending moment at x = a is = = i.e. BM = Qa.
a a a a a a

y2 3Q 1 2 4a a

dy

x y d y 3Qay2 dy 2a3