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1230
CHAPTER
35
NOISE MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL
George M. Diehl
Machinery AcousticsPhillipsburg, New Jersey1 SOUND CHARACTERISTICS 12302 FREQUENCY ANDWAVELENGTH 12313 VELOCITY OF SOUND 12314 SOUND POWER AND SOUNDPRESSURE 12315 DECIBELS AND LEVELS 12316 COMBINING DECIBELS 12347 SOUND PRODUCED BYSEVERAL MACHINES OF THESAME TYPE 12348 AVERAGING DECIBELS 12349 SOUND-LEVEL METER 123510 SOUND ANALYZERS 123511 CORRECTION FORBACKGROUND NOISE 123612 MEASUREMENT OFMACHINE NOISE 123613 SMALL MACHINES IN AFREE FIELD 123614 MACHINES INSEMIREVERBERANTLOCATIONS 123715 TWO-SURFACE METHOD 123716 MACHINERY NOISECONTROL 123917 SOUND ABSORPTION 124018 NOISE REDUCTION DUE TOINCREASED ABSORPTIONIN ROOM 124119 SOUND ISOLATION 124220 SINGLE PANEL 124221 COMPOSITE PANEL 124322 ACOUSTIC ENCLOSURES 124423 DOUBLE WALLS 124524 VIBRATION ISOLATION 124625 VIBRATION DAMPING 124726 MUFFLERS 124927 SOUND CONTROLRECOMMENDATIONS 1250
1 SOUND CHARACTERISTICS
Sound is a compressional wave. The particles of the medium carrying the wave vibratelongitudinally, or back and forth, in the direction of travel of the wave, producing alternatingregions of compression and rarefaction. In the compressed zones the particles move forwardin the direction of travel, whereas in the rarefied zones they move opposite to the directionof travel. Sound waves differ from light waves in that light consists of transverse waves, orwaves that vibrate in a plane normal to the direction of propagation.
 Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook: Materials and Mechanical Design, Volume 1, Third Edition.
EditedbyMyerKutzCopyright
2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 
5 Decibels and Levels
12312 FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH
Wavelength, the distance from one compressed zone to the next, is the distance the wavetravels during one cycle. Frequency is the number of complete waves transmitted per second.Wavelength and frequency are related by the equation
v
ƒ
where
v
velocity of sound, m/sƒ
frequency, cycles/s, Hz
wavelength, m
3 VELOCITY OF SOUND
The velocity of sound in air depends on the temperature and is equal to
v
20.05
273.2
C m/swhere
C is the temperature in degrees Celsius.The velocity in the air may also be expressed as
v
49.03
459.7
F ft/swhere
F is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.The velocity of sound in various materials is shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3.
4 SOUND POWER AND SOUND PRESSURE
Sound power is measured in watts. It is independent of distance from the source and inde-pendent of the environment. Sound intensity, or watts per unit area, is dependent on distance.Total radiated sound power may be considered to pass through a spherical surface surround-ing the source. Since the radius of the sphere increases with distance, the intensity, or wattsper unit area, must also decrease with distance from the source.Microphones, sound-measuring instruments, and the ear of a listener respond to chang-ing pressures in a sound wave. Sound power, which cannot be measured directly, is propor-tional to the mean-square sound pressure,
p
2
, and can be determined from it.
5 DECIBELS AND LEVELS
In acoustics, sound is expressed in decibels instead of watts. By definition, a decibel is 10times the logarithm, to the base 10, of a ratio of two powers, or powerlike quantities. Thereference power is 1 pW, or 10
12
W. Therefore,
W  L
10 log (1)
W 
12
10where
L
W 
sound power level, dB
W 
sound power, Wlog
logarithm to base 10Sound pressure level is 10 times the logarithm of the pressure ratio squared, or 20 times
 
1232
Noise Measurement and Control
Table 1
Velocity of Sound in SolidsLongitudinal Bar Velocity Plate (Bulk) VelocityMaterial cm/s fps cm/s fpsAluminum 5.24
10
5
1.72
10
4
6.4
10
5
2.1
10
4
Antimony 3.40
10
5
1.12
10
4
— —Bismuth 1.79
10
5
5.87
10
3
2.18
10
5
7.15
10
3
Brass 3.42
10
5
1.12
10
4
4.25
10
5
1.39
10
4
Cadmium 2.40
10
5
7.87
10
3
2.78
10
5
9.12
10
3
Constantan 4.30
10
5
1.41
10
4
5.24
10
5
1.72
10
4
Copper 3.58
10
5
1.17
10
4
4.60
10
5
1.51
10
4
German silver 3.58
10
5
1.17
10
4
4.76
10
5
1.56
10
4
Gold 2.03
10
5
6.66
10
3
3.24
10
5
1.06
10
4
Iridium 4.79
10
5
1.57
10
4
— —Iron 5.17
10
5
1.70
10
4
5.85
10
5
1.92
10
4
Lead 1.25
10
5
4.10
10
3
2.40
10
5
7.87
10
3
Magnesium 4.90
10
5
1.61
10
4
— —Manganese 3.83
10
5
1.26
10
4
4.66
10
5
1.53
10
4
Nickel 4.76
10
5
1.56
10
4
5.60
10
5
1.84
10
4
Platinum 2.80
10
5
9.19
10
3
3.96
10
5
1.30
10
4
Silver 2.64
10
5
8.66
10
3
3.60
10
5
1.18
10
4
Steel 5.05
10
5
1.66
10
4
6.10
10
5
2.00
10
4
Tantalum 3.35
10
5
1.10
10
4
— —Tin 2.73
10
5
8.96
10
3
3.32
10
5
1.09
10
4
Tungsten 4.31
10
5
1.41
10
4
5.46
10
5
1.79
10
4
Zinc 3.81
10
5
1.25
10
4
4.17
10
5
1.37
10
4
Cork 5.00
10
4
1.64
10
3
— —CrystalsQuartz X-cut 5.44
10
5
1.78
10
4
5.72
10
5
1.88
10
4
Rock salt X-cut 4.51
10
5
1.48
10
4
4.78
10
5
1.57
10
4
GlassHeavy flint 3.49
10
5
1.15
10
4
3.76
10
5
1.23
10
4
Extra heavy flint 4.55
10
5
1.49
10
4
4.80
10
5
1.57
10
4
Heaviest crown 4.71
10
5
1.55
10
4
5.26
10
5
1.73
10
4
Crown 5.30
10
5
1.74
10
4
5.66
10
5
1.86
10
4
Quartz 5.37
10
5
1.76
10
4
5.57
10
5
1.81
10
4
Granite 3.95
10
5
1.30
10
4
— —Ivory 3.01
10
5
9.88
10
3
— —Marble 3.81
10
5
1.25
10
4
— —Slate 4.51
10
5
1.48
10
4
— —WoodElm 1.01
10
5
3.31
10
3
— —Oak 4.10
10
5
1.35
10
4
— —
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