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TheLagrangePoints  
Thereareveequilibriumpointstobefoundinthevicinityoftwoorbiting masses.Theyarecalle
LagrangePoint
inhonouroftheFrench-Italian mathematicianJosephLagrange,whodiscoveredthemwhilestudingtherestrictedthree-bodyproblem.Thetermrestricted"referstothecondition thattwoofthemassesareverymuchheavierthanthethird.Todaywknowthatthefullthree-bodyproblemischaotic,andsocannotbesolveinclosedform.Therefore,Lagrangehadgoodreasontomakesomeapprox- imations.Moreover,therearemanyexamplesinoursolarsystemthatcan beaccuratelydescribedbytherestrictedthree-bodyproblem
r
1
r
2
M
1
M
2
rm
Figure1:Therestrictedthree-bodyprobleTheprocedureforndingtheLagrangepointsisfairlystraightforward: Weseeksolutionstotheequationsofmotionwhichmaintainaconstant separationbetweenthethreebodies.I
an
arethetwomasses,and 
~r 
an
aretheirrespectivepositions,thenthetotalforceexertedonthirdmas
,ataposition 
~r 
,willb
,  
G
~r 
,  
 
~r 
,  
 
,  
G
~r 
,  
 
~r 
,  
 
1 Thecatchisthatbot
~r 
an
~r 
arefunctionsoftimesince 
an
areorbitingeachother.Undaunted,onemayproceedandinserttheorbital 
 
solutionfor 
~r 
 
and 
~r 
 
obtainedbysolvingthetwo-bodyproblemfor 
an
andlooksolutionstotheequationofmotion 
 
~r 
 
 
d
2 thatkeeptherelativepositionsofthethreebodiesxed.Itisthes
stationary 
solutionsthatareknowasLagrangepointsTheeasiestwaytondthestationarysolutionsistoadoptaco-rotating frameofreferenceinwhichthetwolargemassesholdxedpositions.The newframeofreferencehasitsoriginatthecenterofmass,andanangular frequencygivenbyKepler'slaw 
 
 
3 Her
isthedistancebetweenthetwomasses.Theonlydrawbackofusing anon-inertialframeofreferenceisthatwehavetoappendvariouspseudo- forcestotheequationofmotion.Theeectiveforceinaframerotating withangularvelocit
isrelatedtotheinertialforc
accordingtothe transformation 
 
,  
  
 
  
d~r d
,  
 
  
 
 
  
~r 
 
4 TherstcorrectionisthecoriolisforceandthesecondisthecentrifugalforceTheeectiveforcecanbederivedfromthegeneralisedpotential 
 
,  
~v 
 
 
 
  
~r 
 
 
  
~r 
 
 
 
 
  
~r 
 
5 asthegeneralisedgradient 
 
,r  
~r 
 
d
 
r  
~v 
 
 
6 Thevelocitydependenttermsintheeectivepotentialdonotinuencethe positionsoftheequilibriumpoints,butthearecrucialindeterminingthe dynamicalstabilityofmotionabouttheequilibriumpoints.Aplotof 
 
wit
~v 
=0
=1
=1an
=10isshowninFigure2.TheextremofthegeneralisedpotentialarelabeledL1throughL5. 
 
LLL
1235
L
4
L
Figure2:AcountourplotofthegeneralisedpotentialChoosingasetofcartesiancoordinatesoriginatingfromthecenterof masswiththe 
axisalinedwiththeangularvelocity,wehave 
= 
~r 
 
^
 
^ 
~r 
,  
^ 
~r 
^7 wher
 
; 
8 Tondthestaticequilibriumpointswesetthevelocit
~v 
d~r=d
tozerandseeksolutionstotheequation 
 
0,wher
 
= 
  
,  
 
 
 
 
 
 
,  
 
 
,  
 
 
,  
 
 
^  
  
,  
y
 
 
 
,  
y
 
,  
 
 
^ 
9 
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