THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE for Internet Governance Booklet

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Eduardo Gelbstein • Jovan Kurbalija

INTERNET

GOVERNANCE

ISSUES, ACTORS AND DIVIDES

The Information Society Library

GETTING THE BEST OUT OF CYBERSPACE

&

GKP Issues Paper

KNOWLEDGE FOR DEVELOPMENT SERIES

INFORMATION SOCIETY LIBRARY

There is no shortage of books on all matters relating to information management and informa-tion technology. This booklet adds to this large collection and attempts to do a number of things:• oﬀernon-technicalreadersaninsightintothefewprinciplesthatareimportantandrea-sonably stable;• present the material in a context relevant to the work of those involved in international re-lations;• awaken the curiosity of readers enough that they will progress beyond this booklet and in-vestigate and experiment and thus develop knowledge and take actions that will meet theirparticular needs.The format of these booklets and their contents evolved from courses given by the authors overthe last few years in various environments and the feedback of the attendees. Readers’ feed-back on these booklets would be greatly appreciated by the authors so that future editions canbe improved. The coordinates of the authors are given at the end of this booklet.

KNOWLEDGE FOR DEVELOPMENT SERIES

This publication is part of the Global Knowledge Partnership’s ‘Knowledge for DevelopmentSeries’, an overall effort to increase the availability of information and knowledge on variousissues in the area of ICT4D.

ISBN 99932-53-09-XPublished by DiploFoundation and Global Knowledge Partnership

DiploFoundation

Malta:

4

th

Floor, Regional BuildingRegional Rd.Msida, MSD 13, MaltaSwitzerland: DiploFoundationRue de Lausanne 56CH-1202 Genève 21, SwitzerlandE-mail: diplo@diplomacy.eduWebsite: http://www.diplomacy.edu

Global Knowledge Partnership Secretariat

Lot L2-I-4, Enterprise 4Technology Park Malaysia, Bukit Jalil57000 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaEmail: gkps@gkps.org.myWebsite: http://www.globalknowledge.org

Edited by Dejan Konstantinović and Steven Slavik

Illustrations: Zoran Marcetic - Marca

Cover Design by Nenad DošenLayout & prepress by Lidija Tušek © Copyright 2005, DiploFoundation

Any reference to a particular product in this booklet serves merely as an example and should not beconsidered an endorsement or recommendation of the product itself.

P R E F A C E

C O N T E N T S

Introduction

The Evolution of Internet Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8International Negotiations and Internet Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9What does Internet Governance Mean? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Internet Governance Toolkit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Approaches and Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Guiding Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Analogies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22The Classification of Internet Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26“Building under Construction” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

The Infrastructure and Standardisation Basket

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33The Telecommunications Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Technical Standards and Services (The Internet Infrastructure) . . . . . . 37Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38The Domain Name System (DNS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Root Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Internet Service Providers (ISPs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Internet Bandwidth Providers (IBPs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Economic Model for Internet Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Web Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Open Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Convergence: Internet-Telecommunications-Multimedia . . . . . . . . . . . 54Internet Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Spam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

The Legal Basket

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Legal Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Social Norms (Customs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Self-Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Jurisprudence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71International Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Arbitration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

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